1、英語句子成分及基本結構 （一）句子成分的定義 構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主語和謂語； 次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。（二）句子的具體成分主語（subject)：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定代詞或相當于名詞的單詞或短語來充當，也有從句充當的現象。大多數主語都在句首。1 The room is very clean. （名詞）2 We often speak English . （代詞）3 Eight is my lucky number. （數詞）4To

2、 teach them English is my job. （動詞不定式）5 Swimming is good for our health. (動名詞）6.What we need is food. （句子）7.The poor are everywhere in some countries. (the +形容詞)找出下面句子的主語1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. To talk with you is a great pleasure 3. Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.4. They a

3、re our good friends.5. What he said was right.6. Eight is a lucky number in China .謂語(predicate) 謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態,說明主語“做什么”，“是什么”，“怎么樣”。謂 語必須是動詞，體現時態和語態，一般放在主語之后。謂語分簡單謂語和復合謂語：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如： He practices running every morning.2、復合謂語：由情態動詞+動詞原形 或其他助動詞加動詞某種形式構成。 如： He can speak English. 常見情

4、態動詞：can / could 能，可以，可能may / might 可以，可能need 需要must 必須，務必will /would 表意愿should 應該have to 不得不 + 動詞原形作謂語助動詞：幫助構成時態和語態，不同時態有不同的助動詞,后加動詞的某種形式構成謂語。一般現在時態： does/ do一般過去時態： did一般將來時態： will / shall過去將來時態： would/ should現在完成時態： have / has過去完成時態： had現在進行時態：am / is / are 過去進行時態：was /wereWe always get up at seve

5、n.They are talking about something.He went to the park yesterday.The boy can play guitar very well.He doesnt like speaking Chinese.I have seen the film before.He didnt finish his homework last night.找出下列句子的謂語1. We saw them playing football.2. Our teacher is telling us something.3. A blind man was wa

6、lking slowly.4. Friends make my life full of excitement.5. Recently ,we have developed the good habit.6. We must study English very hard.7. Our country will become stronger.8. The train had left by 10 last night.表語(predicative) 表語用以說明主語是什么或怎么樣，它一般位于系動詞之后，構成主系表結構，說明主語的狀況，性質，特征等。常見的系動詞：1. 表狀態：be 2. 表感

7、官：look, sound, smell, taste, feel3. 表變化：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, fall4. 表持續,保持：keep,remain,stay5. 表似乎,像：seem，appear1 I am a teacher. （名詞）2 I am ten. （數詞）3 He became rich and successful. （形容詞）4 Everyone is here. （副詞）5 They are at home now. （ 介詞短語）6 My job is to teach them English. （不定式）找出下列

8、句子的表語1. We are the master of our future.2. The old man felt very sad.3. Our country will become stronger4. My father kept silent.5. Your words seemed right.6. The drink tastes quite wonderful.7. In spring the trees turn green.8. The boy is very clever.9. No one remains young forever.10. The girl has

9、 become skillful.11. It doesnt seem quite true.12. The idea sounds wonderful.賓語(object) 賓語：表示動作所涉及的對象，內容或承受者。 賓語動賓：動詞+賓語介賓：介詞+賓語例：read books like English The book is good for us .1 He is playing the piano.（名詞）2 He often helps me.（代詞）3 He likes to watch TV. (動詞不定式）4 He likes watching TV. （動詞ing)5.I d

10、ont know what he is talking. (句子）找出下列句子的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming . The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.賓語補足語 英語中有些句子只有賓語并不能表達完整的意思，還必

11、須在賓語的后面加上賓語補足語才能表達完整的意思。我們把“賓語+賓語補足語”稱為復合賓語。復合賓語表達的意思相當于一個句子的意思。1 We called him Dongming.（名詞）2 We saw him playing soccer. （現在分詞）3 We saw him play soccer. (省to不定式)4 We found math difficult.（形容詞）5 Mom makes me study all day. （省to不定式）找出句子中的賓語補足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in th

12、e reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.定語 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： 1 She is a beautiful city.（形容詞）2 My beef noodles is here. ( 代詞）（名詞） 3 The boy with glasses is my brother. (介詞短

13、語） 4 I have something to say.( 不定式）找出下列句子的定語1. The black bike is mine.2. Whats your name?3. I have five books.4. They made paper flowers.5. The book in the room is Jack.6. It is a swimming pool.7. Do you know the sleeping boy.狀語(adverbial)狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分, 說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的，比較等,可用作狀語

14、的有副詞, 不定式, 分詞, 介詞短語, 從句等。 1. Tom runs quickly.2. I get up at six every day.3 .I play soccer very well.4. In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 5. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.6. The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 找出下列句子的狀語1. We arrived at Shanghai at six yesterday.2. She

15、didnt go to the party because of the rain.3. Mr Smith lives in America.4. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.5. He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly.6. I am taller than he is.同位語 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞或名詞短語對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. We all are stud

16、ents. Carol , an American teacher, will come to our school.獨立成分 有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞yes 否定詞no 稱呼語：mum, dad。 插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情態詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,actually實際上,certainly當然，等。 1.簡

17、單句、并列句和復合句句子種類兩種分類法 1、按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳述句（肯定、否定） 2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意） 3）祈使句 4）感嘆句2、按句子的結構可分三種：1）簡單句： 只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語 （或并列謂語）。1. He often reads English in the morning.2. Tom and Mike are American boys.3. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（

18、；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構成。 e.g. 1. You help him and he helps you. 2. He wants to go there but I dont 3. Hurry up, or you will be late. 4. This house belongs to Mr.Smith； It costs millions of dollars.3）復合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子 。復合句包含：名詞性從句、定語從句， 狀語從句等。1. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they wer

19、e at the Great Wall. (狀從）2. This is the book that I want. （定從）3. I think that he is right. (賓從）判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復合句：We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home

20、 at seven in the evening.4. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.5. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.簡單句復合句簡單句并列句復合句下列句子哪些是正確的？ 為什么？1. I like English, my English is very good.2. I like English and my English is very good. 3. As I like English, my English is very good. 4. I have a h

21、ouse, its windows are very big. 5. I have a house and its windows are very big. 5. I have a house, whose windows are very big. 簡單句的五種基本句型 1 主語+不及物動詞：( 主謂) 1 We work. 2 She came just now 3 They went. 常見的不及物動詞：come go work walk swim arrive stay laugh happen2 主語+系動詞+表語(主系表)系動詞一be動詞類：am、is、are、was、were 二表示變化類：become、get、turn、grow、三感官動詞類:look sound smell taste feel seem1 He is a student2 That sounds good.3 The apple t