1、1Chapter 11User Interface DesignSoftware Engineering: A Practitioners Approach, 7/e by Roger S. Pressman2Interface Designlack of consistencytoo much memorizationno online guidance/helpno context sensitivitypoor responseunfriendlyTypical Design ErrorsEasy to use?Easy to understand?Easy to learn?Inter

2、face Design3什么是人機交互窗口、報告的設計格式為什么需要人機交互的設計人如何命令系統系統如何向人/用戶提交信息如何設計人機交互對人進行分類描述人和他們的任務設計命令層次菜單：下拉、彈出、加亮等設計詳細的交互根據GUI進行設計字型、坐標位置、事件、觸發4Three Golden RulesPlace the user in controlReduce the users memory loadMake the interface consistent5Place the User in ControlDefine interaction modes in a way that doe

3、s not force a user into unnecessary or undesired actions(雙重否定！可譯為：采用限制用戶誤操作的交互方式)Provide for flexible interaction. Allow user interaction to be interruptible and undoable(中斷或撤銷). Streamline(流線化) interaction and allow the interaction to be customized. Hide technical internals from the user. Design fo

4、r direct interaction with objects that appear on the screen. 6Reduce the Users Memory LoadReduce demand on short-term memory. Establish meaningful defaults. Define shortcuts that are intuitive(直觀的). The visual layout of the interface should be based on a real world metaphor(表征). Disclose information

5、 in a progressive fashion(不斷揭示信息).7Make the Interface ConsistentAllow the user to put the current task into a meaningful context. Maintain consistency across a family of applications. If past interactive models have created user expectations, do not make changes unless there is a compelling reason t

6、o do so. 8User Interface Design ModelsUser model a profile(輪廓) of all end users of the systemDesign model a design realization of the user modelMental(心理的) model the users mental image of what the interface isImplementation model the interface “look and feel” coupled with supporting information that

7、 describe interface syntax and semantics9User Interface Design Process用戶界面設計的分析與設計過程的迭代的（螺旋模型）。人機界面設計思想計算機按照機器的特性去行為，人按照自己的方式去思維和行為。要把人的思維和行為轉換成機器可接受的方式，把機器的行為轉換成人可接受的方式，這個轉換就是人機界面。一個友好美觀的界面會給人帶來舒適的視覺享受。界面設計不是單純的美術繪畫，他需要定位使用者、使用環境、使用方式并為最終用戶而設計，是科學性的藝術設計。檢驗界面的唯一標準是最終用戶的感受。1011Interface AnalysisInter

8、face analysis means understanding (1) the people (end-users) who will interact with the system through the interface;(2) the tasks that end-users must perform to do their work, (3) the content that is presented as part of the interface(4) the environment in which these tasks will be conducted.12User

9、 Analysis(需考慮的問題)Are users trained professionals, technician, or manufacturing workers?Are the users capable of learning from written materials?What is the age range of the user community?Do users work normal office hours or do they work until the job is done?Is the software to be an integral part o

10、f the work users do or will it be used only occasionally?What is the primary spoken language among users?What are the consequences(結果) if a user makes a mistake using the system?Do users want to know about the technology the sits behind the interface?13Task Analysis and ModelingAnswers the following

11、 questions What work will the user perform in specific circumstances?What tasks and subtasks will be performed as the user does the work?What specific problem domain objects will the user manipulate as work is performed?What is the sequence of work tasksthe workflow?What is the hierarchy of tasks?Us

12、e-cases define basic interactionTask elaboration refines interactive tasksObject elaboration identifies interface objects (classes)Workflow analysis defines how a work process is completed when several people (and roles) are involved 14Analysis of Display ContentThe format and aesthetics(美感) of the

13、content are considered.Are different types of data assigned to consistent geographic locations on the screen (e.g., photos always appear in the upper right hand corner)?Can the user customize the screen location for content?If a large report is to be presented, how should it be partitioned for ease

14、of understanding?Will mechanisms be available for moving directly to summary information for large collections of data.Will graphical output be scaled to fit within the bounds of the display device that is used?How will color to be used to enhance understanding?How will error messages and warning be

15、 presented to the user?15Interface Design StepsDefine interface objects and operations.Define events (user actions) that will cause the state of the user interface to change. Model this behavior.Depict each interface state as it will actually look to the end-user.Indicate how the user interprets the

16、 state of the system from information provided through the interface.16Mapping User Objectives17Interface Design-Example2022/7/1818USERPASSEXITPDMPDMBOMEXITADD“離開字段”事件及腳本：完成合法性檢查“鼠標點“時執行腳本：添加數據“鼠標點“時執行腳本：退出該窗口；返回上級窗口對象的屬性Interface Design-Example19Interface Design-Example20Interface Design-Example21Aesthetic DesignDont be afraid of white space.Emphasize content.Organize layout elements from top-left to bottom right. Group navigation, conte