1、西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派西方語(yǔ)言學(xué)流派第五章第五章 布拉格學(xué)派和哥本哈根學(xué)派布拉格學(xué)派和哥本哈根學(xué)派l布拉格學(xué)派創(chuàng)始于1926年10月6日，布拉格語(yǔ)言學(xué)會(huì)召開(kāi)第一次會(huì)議l馬泰修斯、特魯別茨柯依、雅克布遜l特點(diǎn)：國(guó)際性、成員積極參加國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)、獨(dú)立刊物布拉格語(yǔ)言學(xué)論叢Contents l1. 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語(yǔ)言觀功能語(yǔ)言觀l2. 音位對(duì)立音位對(duì)立l3. 歷時(shí)音位學(xué)歷時(shí)音位學(xué)l4. 區(qū)別性特征區(qū)別性特征l5. 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分l6. 哥本哈根學(xué)派的基本理論哥本哈根學(xué)派的基本理論第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語(yǔ)言觀功能語(yǔ)言觀l基本觀點(diǎn)：基本觀點(diǎn)：l重視歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言研究的同時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)共時(shí)語(yǔ)言研究的首要

2、地位l語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)價(jià)值系統(tǒng)l研究實(shí)現(xiàn)各種功能的語(yǔ)體l從語(yǔ)言功能入手，然后去研究語(yǔ)言形式l結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語(yǔ)言觀第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語(yǔ)言觀功能語(yǔ)言觀l功能語(yǔ)言觀功能語(yǔ)言觀l雅克布遜語(yǔ)言學(xué)與詩(shī)學(xué)l對(duì)話6個(gè)因素：語(yǔ)境、講話人、聽(tīng)話人、信息、接觸方式、語(yǔ)碼l話語(yǔ)聚焦一個(gè)因素時(shí)，就產(chǎn)生一種功能l語(yǔ)境=所指功能（referential）、講話者=表情功能（expressive）、聽(tīng)話者=呼吁功能（conative）、信息=詩(shī)學(xué)功能（poetic）、接觸方式=寒暄功能（phatic）、語(yǔ)碼=元語(yǔ)言功能（metalingual）第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)-功能語(yǔ)言觀功能語(yǔ)言觀l布拉格學(xué)派注重語(yǔ)義研究，這是與美國(guó)結(jié)

3、構(gòu)主義布拉格學(xué)派注重語(yǔ)義研究，這是與美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義的根本區(qū)別的根本區(qū)別l功能文體和功能方言l語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)放性語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)放性l模糊性第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 音位對(duì)立音位對(duì)立l布拉格學(xué)派的突出貢獻(xiàn)是區(qū)分了語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)布拉格學(xué)派的突出貢獻(xiàn)是區(qū)分了語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)lLangue vs. Parolel區(qū)分音位對(duì)立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)區(qū)分音位對(duì)立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)l與整個(gè)對(duì)立系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系l對(duì)立成員之間的關(guān)系l區(qū)別力量的大小l雙邊/多邊對(duì)立、均衡/孤立對(duì)立、否定/分級(jí)/等價(jià)對(duì)立、抵消/永恒對(duì)立第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 歷時(shí)音位學(xué)歷時(shí)音位學(xué)l音位學(xué)研究方法不僅適用于共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)，也適用音位學(xué)研究方法不僅適用于共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)，也適用于歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)于歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)l歷時(shí)音

4、位學(xué)歷時(shí)音位學(xué)l用音位學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)研究語(yǔ)音演變l和諧原則和經(jīng)濟(jì)原則第四節(jié)第四節(jié) 區(qū)別性特征區(qū)別性特征l特魯別茨柯依找出了經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)音對(duì)立的音位特魯別茨柯依找出了經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)音對(duì)立的音位特性特性l雅克布遜發(fā)展了音位理論雅克布遜發(fā)展了音位理論l聲學(xué)頻譜分析語(yǔ)音（從描寫一個(gè)音如何產(chǎn)生到描寫一個(gè)音聽(tīng)起來(lái)是什么樣子）l雙分法第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分l句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分l用信息論的原理來(lái)分析話語(yǔ)或文句，測(cè)量一句話的各個(gè)部分對(duì)全句意義的貢獻(xiàn)l三分法 vs. 二分法l交際力l一個(gè)語(yǔ)言單位交際力的大小就是它對(duì)交際展開(kāi)過(guò)程的貢獻(xiàn)大小，即推動(dòng)交際向前發(fā)展的作用的大小第五節(jié)第五節(jié)

5、句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lCommunicative Dynamism (CD)lJ. FirbaslLinguistic communication is dynamic, not static.lCD measures the amount of information an element carries in a sentence. The degree of CD is the effect contributed by a linguistic element.lHe was cross.lThe lowest degree of CD is carried by he,

6、and the highest degree of CD is carried by cross, with the degree carried by was ranking between them.第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lTheoretically, any element - sentence, phrase, word, morpheme - may be singled out in order to establish a sharp contrast.lThe only element conveying new information has sign

7、ificant semantic content, whereas all the other elements conveying known information are determined by the context.lThe contextually dependent elements carry the lowest degree of CD.第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lContextual dependence or independence is determined by the very purpose of the communication.第

8、五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lNormally the subject carries a lower degree of CD than the verb and/or the object and/or adverbial provided either the verb or the object and/or adverbial are contextually independent. lThis is because a known or unknown agent expressed by the subject appears to be communicati

9、vely less important than an unknown action expressed by the finite verb and/or an unknown goal (object or adverbial of place) at or towards which the action is directed. - A man broke into the house and stole all the money.第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lIf the subject is followed by a verb expressing “exis

10、tence or appearance on the scene” and is contextually independent, then it will carry the highest degree of CD, because an unknown person or thing appearing on the scene is communicatively more important than the act of appearing and the scene itself.- An old man appeared in the waiting room at five

11、 oclock.第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lIf the subject is contextually dependent, a contextually independent adverbial of time or place becomes an important local and temporal specification, carrying greater degree of CD than both the subject and the finite verb, as in- The old man was sitting in the waitin

12、g room.第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 句子功能展示成分句子功能展示成分lFirbas defined FSP as the distribution of various degrees of CD.lThe initial elements of a sequence carry the lowest degree of CD, and with each step forward, the degree of CD becomes incremental till the element that carries the highest.lContextually dependent elements are always thematic. Non-thematic elements do not always depend on the context, and not every contextually independent element is