1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上自考英語詞匯學筆記整理Chapter 1 1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. language A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given

2、 sound and meaning and syntactic function. 1 詞定義包括以下幾點： （ 1 ）一門語言中最小的自由形式; （ 2 ）一個聲音的統一體 （ 3 ）一個意義單位; （ 4 ）在一個句子中獨立起作用的一個形式。 詞是一門語言中具有一定的聲音 一門語言中具有一定的聲音、 詞是一門語言中具有一定的聲音、意義和句法功能的最小的自由形式2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic conne

3、ction is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 2 -聲音和意義：象征性聯系幾乎總是任意和約定成俗的 狗稱為狗不是因為這個聲音以及這三個字母在一起就能自動表示這種動物。3- Old English, the speech of the time was re

4、presented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combinati

5、on. 3 古代英語，隨著語言的發展，聲音和形式之間的差異越來越大。產生這種差異的內在原因是英語拼 寫采用了拉丁字母，從而使英語中的每個音位并不能都用單獨的字母來表示，有些字母必須起雙重職能或組 合在一起來表示一個音4 Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 另一個原因是，發音比拼寫變化的快，在某些情況下，兩者產生了很大

6、的差異。 A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. 第三個原因是，是由于早期抄寫僧所造成的一些差異。 Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 最后一個原因是外來詞。外來詞是豐富了英語詞匯的重要途徑。5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language

7、make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individ

8、ual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words. 5 -詞匯：一門語言中所有的詞構成該語言的詞匯。“詞匯”一詞具有多重含義。它不僅可以指一門語言的詞匯量，還可以指某一特制定時期的詞匯。我們還可以用該詞指稱某一方言 的詞匯、某一本書的詞匯、某一學科的詞匯，甚至還可指某個人的詞匯量。英語是世界上高度發達的語言之一，也是詞匯量最大、最豐富的語言之一。據初步統計，當代英語詞匯量已達 100 多萬詞。6 - Words may fall

9、into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin. 按使用頻率分，詞可以分為基本詞匯和非基本詞匯;按有無實義來分，詞可以分為實義詞和功能詞；按起源 分，它又可分為本族語詞和外來語詞。7 - The basic word stock is the foundation of the voca

10、bulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.-一門語言的基本詞匯是長期積累下來的，是該語言的共核。雖然英語中的基本詞匯只占總詞匯量的一小部

11、分，但卻是最重要的部分。基本詞匯 具有下列明顯的特點。8 - All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people language。 relating who speak the language。They include words relating to the following respects

12、: Natural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions 全民性。基本詞匯指稱我們周圍世界最常見的食物和現象，是講這門語言的人們所必不可少的。基本詞匯包 括以下幾個方面相關的詞：自然現象/人體和人們之間的關系/動、植物名稱/行為、尺寸、范疇，狀態/數詞、 代詞、介詞、連詞等9 - Stability. Words of the b

13、asic word stock have been in use for centuries.-穩定 性。基本詞匯長期為人們所使用。10 Productivity . Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.能產性。基本詞匯大多根詞或單音節詞。他們可以分別單獨使用，也可以和其他根源和詞

14、綴一起構成新詞。11 - Polysemy. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.多義詞。基本詞中的詞由于長期使用過程中產生了語義變化，単義變成了多義。 12 - Collocability . Many words of the basic word stock quite a

15、number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. 搭配性。基本詞匯中的許多詞形成了諸多固定的詞語，慣用用法，習語和諺語等。 Words, void of the stated characteristics, do not belong to the commom core of the language. they include the following.不具備上述特點的詞不屬于改語言的共核，包括： 13 - Terminology consists of tec

16、hnical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas 術語。是指特定學科和敘述領域所使用的專有名詞。 14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.-行話。是流行于藝術，科學，商業和其他職業內部的專有名詞。15 -

17、 Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. -俚語

18、屬非標準語言，介于一般標準詞匯和團體內部用詞 之間，如套語、行話和黑語，都在特定人群中流行。 Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colorful, blunt, expressive and 2 impressive. 俚語大多還是由現有詞匯語義的改變或引申，只有少數是自創的，俚語在表達上富有色彩，直接，表現力強，效果明顯。 

19、;16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals 黑話通常指罪犯的行話.17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. 方言詞限于講方言的人所使用。18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.古語詞是指過去

20、曾經廣泛使用而現在僅限于某些特殊用法的詞。19 - Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.-新詞語是指新創造的詞語或又產生新義的舊詞。20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They incl

21、ude nouns, verbs, adjectives,adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity. 20 詞匯可以根據有無實義分為實義詞和功能詞。實義詞表示明確的概念，它們包括名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞和數詞，表示事物、現象、行動、物質、狀態、程度、數量等。 21 - Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also call

22、ed empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. 21 功能詞本身不具有實義，因此又稱為虛詞。虛詞就是表示兩個實義之間的關系以及詞與詞之間、句子

23、0;與句子之間的關系，也可稱為形式詞。虛詞有介詞，連詞，助動詞和冠詞。22 - However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words. -然而在英語中，功能詞比實義詞起著更重要的作用。23 - Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus kno

24、wn as Anglo-Saxon words 英 語本族語詞是公元 5 世紀由日耳曼部落盎格魯人、薩克遜人和朱特人帶入英國的，又稱盎格魯-薩克遜詞語。 24 - Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features: 除了上文提到的英語基本詞匯的共同特點外，與外來語詞相比，本族語詞還有另外兩個特點： 1）Neut

25、ral in style. they are not stylistically specific. 文體上中性。文體上有什么特定的色彩。 Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropiate in formal style. 從文體上來講，本族語詞無所謂正式或者不正式，而來源于法語和拉丁語的外來詞富有文學色彩，為有學問

26、人所用，使用的場合也較為正式。 2）Frequent in use. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. 使用頻繁。本族語詞在日常口語和書面語中使用的最為頻繁。25 - Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings

27、constitute 80 percent of the modem English vocabulary. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings 來自其他語言的詞簡稱為外來詞或者借詞。英英語中源于其他主要語言的借詞有很多，據估計，現代英語詞匯有 80%是借詞。由于廣泛地使用借詞，英語中的詞匯呈現極為復雜而不純的局面。26 According to t

28、he degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,we can bring the loan-words under four classes.根據同化的程度和借詞的方式，可以把外來語詞歸為 4 類。 1）Denizens. denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.同化詞是指早期從其他語言中借來現今已被英語通話了的詞。 2）Aliens are borr

29、owed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin -非同化詞是仍保留他們原來的發音和拼寫形式的詞。僅從發音和拼寫形式我們便可看出這些詞是外來詞. 3）Translation-loans. they are words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.譯借詞，是利用母語現有的詞語但在構詞

30、模式上模仿了外語而構成的詞。 4）Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. 借義詞，只借義，不借形。換句話說，英語利用現有詞的形式賦予其新的外來語含義。 Chapter 21 - It is assu

31、med that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.-據估計，世界上約有 3 000 多種（有人認為 5 000 種 ）語言，這些語言可以根據他們的基本詞匯和語法的相似性大致劃分為 300&#

32、160;個譜系。 2 - The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. -印歐語就是其中之一。該語系包括歐洲的大多數語言、近東諸語言和古梵語。 3 - They accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian , Arme

33、nian and Albanian ; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic. 3 這些語族相應地分為 8 大語族，這 8 大語族又可分為東部諸語族。東部諸語族有波羅的海-斯拉夫語族，印 度-伊朗語族，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語族;西部諸語族有凱爾特語族，意大利語族，希臘語族，日耳曼語族。 4 - In the Eastern set, Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respective

34、ly. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and Russian. 4，在東部諸語族中，亞美尼亞-阿爾巴尼亞語族都只留下今天的亞美尼亞語和阿爾巴尼亞語。波羅的海-斯 拉夫語族包括普魯士語，立陶宛語，波蘭語，捷克語，保加利亞語，斯洛文尼亞語和俄語等。5 - In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last thre

35、e of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit. 5 -印度-伊朗語族語族波斯語。孟加拉國語，印地語，普吉賽語，后 3 門語言來源于已經消亡的古梵語。6 - In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. 6 -在西部諸語族中，現代希臘語來源于古希臘語族。7 - The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian

36、, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English. 7 -日耳曼語族包括 4 門北歐語言：挪威語，冰島語，丹麥語和瑞典語，這 4 門語言統稱為斯堪的納維亞 語。其次是德語，荷蘭語，佛蘭芒語和英語。 8 - Old English (450-1150) Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old En

37、glish has a vocabulary of about 50, 000 to 60, 000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like moderm German. 4 8 盎格魯-撒克遜語被稱為古英語。古英語約有 50000 至 60000 詞匯。而且也如現代德語一樣是一門典型的 屈折語。9 - Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英語（ 1150 年至一五 年） Although there wer

38、e borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled ending

39、s. 9 雖然英語也從拉丁語中借詞，但影響英語的主要還是日耳曼語。 從 1250 年到 1500 年的 250 年間，大約有 9000 個法語詞匯進入到英語中，其中 75%仍在使用。這些詞語人類社會的各個方面都有關系。 如果說古英語近視此為的話，那么中古英語的詞尾已去了一半10 - Modern English (1500-up to now) -現代英語（ 1500 到現在） Modern English began with the esta

40、blishment of printing in England. 現代英語開始于印刷術傳入英國。 Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern English 現在英語分為早期（ 1500 至 1700 年）現代英語和晚期（ 1700 -至今）現代英語 In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek a

41、nd Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. 在早期現代英語階段，歐洲掀起了學習希臘和羅馬的古典著作的運動。這場運動史稱文藝復興。 Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great literary heritage and of great scholarship. 當時拉丁語和希臘語被認為是達標西方世界燦爛文學遺產的語言，是學術語言 In fact, more tha

42、n twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事實上，現代英語詞匯中有 25%以上幾乎是直接從古典語言中直接介入的（WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Ol

43、d English) to the present analytic language.在現代英語中，除了少數幾個詞之外，詞尾幾乎都消失了。可以這樣說，英語已從古英語的綜合型語言發展成了現在的分析型語言 。11 - Three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology 45  ） social, economic and political changes 11  ） the influence 

44、;（  （  of other cultures and languages（ 24  ）. 11 -新詞的產生有 3 大來源：現代科學和技術的迅猛發展（ 45 ） 社會，經濟和政治的變化（ 11  ）  其它文化和語言的影響（ 24  ）。  12 - Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation

45、, semantic change, borrowing. 現代英語詞匯的發展主要通過三個渠道：創詞、舊詞新義和借詞。13.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. In modern times, this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 創造是指通過使用現有的材料，即詞根，詞綴和其它形式創造新詞。這是詞匯

46、詞匯擴展的最重要的形式。 Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary. 舊詞新義是指賦予舊有新詞新的含義以滿足新的需要。這一方式不增加詞得數量，但卻創造了詞的許多新用法，以豐富詞匯。 5 Borr

47、owing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times. Borrowed words constitute merely six to seven percent of all new worlds. In earlier stages of English, French, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors.借詞在詞匯的發展中起了重要的作用，尤其是在早期。借詞在所有新詞中，借詞只占 

48、6%。英語在早期階段主要是向法語、拉丁語、希臘語和斯堪的納維亞語借詞。 Reviving archaic or obsolete words(復活古詞和廢棄詞) also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. 復活古詞和廢棄詞對整個英語詞匯來說雖然影響不大，但卻是是一種發展方式。Chapter 3 1 - These different forms occur owing to different sound environment. These minimal

49、 meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, the morpheme is "the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words" 1 在不同的發音環境下以不同形式出現。這些最小的有意義單位稱為詞素。 換言之，詞素是“構詞中最小功能單位” 2 - Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.

50、 They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone. 2 -詞素（形位）是抽象的單位，是由分立的形素在話語中具體實現的。“形素”是實際說出來的最小的意 義攜帶體形位與形素的關系同音位與因素的關系一樣。 3 - These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a senten

51、ce. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. 3 -這些詞素與詞一致，因為它們在句子中可以獨立起作用，這類詞叫單語素詞。 4 - Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. 4 -有些詞素根據它們在詞中的位置不同可有一個以上的不同形素實現，這些不同的形素叫詞素變體。

52、60;5 - There are cases where the allomorphs of the plural morpheme are realized by the change of an internal vowel or by zero morph. 5 名詞復數詞素的變體也有一些特殊情況，可以通過改變內部元音來實現名詞復數。 6 - Free Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanin

53、gs in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots. 6 -彼此之間相互獨立的詞素叫自由語素。這些詞素本身具有完整的意義，在句子中用作自由語法單位。自 由詞素與根詞一致，因為根詞就是由單個的自由詞素構成的。因此，我們

54、不妨說自由詞素就是自由根詞。 7 - Bound Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. 7 不能獨立成詞的詞素叫做粘附詞素。之所以叫粘附詞素是因為它們要粘附在別的詞素上才能構成詞。粘 附詞素重要出現在派生詞里。 8 - Bound mor

55、phemes include two types: bound root and affix. 粘附詞素有兩類：粘附詞根和詞綴。 Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a tree root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other 6 morphemes to make words. 粘附詞根。就如自由詞根一樣，是帶有基本意義的詞的組成部分

56、。與自由詞根不同的是，粘附詞根是一種粘附形式，必須與別的詞素結合在一起才能構成詞。 In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek. Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing. 英語中粘附詞素不是來源于拉丁語就是來源于希臘語。粘附詞素雖然數量不多，但卻有驚人的能產性，構成 數以百計的現代英語詞匯。 Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word e

57、lements to modify meaning or function.詞綴是附著于詞并對其意義或者功能作修飾的形式。 According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups; inflectional and derivational affixes. 根據詞綴的功能，可講詞綴分為兩組：內部屈折詞綴和派生詞綴。 Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inf

58、lectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable. 加在詞尾表示語法關系的詞綴發生屈折變化，因此稱為內部屈折詞素。內部屈折詞綴數量很少而且穩定。 Derivational affixes. As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational a

59、ffixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes come before the ward and the suffixes after the word.派生詞綴。是加在其他詞素上創造新詞的詞綴。派生詞綴還可以進一步分為前綴和后綴。前綴加在詞的前面和后綴加在詞的后面。 9 - A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The root, whe

60、ther free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. Root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 9 -詞根是一個詞的基本形式，這個形式若再分析下去就不再是這個詞了。不管是自由詞根還是粘附詞根， 在詞中都是主要的意義成分。詞根是當所有內部屈折詞綴和派生詞追都去掉時剩下的那部分詞形。 10 - A

61、 stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added10 一個詞干可能由單個詞根詞素所組成，如 iron（鐵

62、，鐵制品）中：也可以由兩個詞根詞素所組成，如在復合詞 handcuff（手銬）中，它可能是一個詞根詞素，外加一個或者更多的詞綴詞 素。如在 mouthful(滿口，少量)。因此，詞干可以定義為任何詞綴都可以添加的一個形式。 Chapter 4 Word Formation 2 1 - Word-formation: affixation (30%-40%), compounding (28%-30%), conversion (26%), shortening (8%-10%), blending and other means (1%) 構詞

63、的方式有：詞綴法（ 30  -40  ） ，復合法（ 28  -30  ） ，轉類法（ 26  ） ，縮略法 （ 8 -10  ） ，拼綴法和其他方法（ 1 -5% ） 2 - Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The w