1、語法考點一點通專題一名詞、冠詞、代詞和數詞專題一名詞、冠詞、代詞和數詞一、名詞一、名詞.名詞的種類名詞的種類.名詞在句子中的作用名詞在句子中的作用專有名詞普通名詞國名、地名、人名，團體、機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞主語表語賓語賓語補足語定語狀語同位語.名詞的數名詞的數名詞的規則復數形式：一般在單數形式后面加名詞的規則復數形式：一般在單數形式后面加s或或es。構成方法如下：。構成方法如下：規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(1)一般情況在詞尾加smapmaps, seaseas, girlgirls, daydays單句填空：There are 14_(class) in m

2、y grade.A camel has two_(stomach)(2)以s，x，ch，sh結尾的名詞后加esclassclasses, boxboxes, watchwatches, dishdishesclasses stomachs 規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(3)以f或fe結尾的詞變f或fe為v再加esleafleaves, thiefthieves，knifeknives，loafloaves，wifewivesPeople with different_(belief) disagree on this matter.A lot of_(city) participated in t

3、his campaign.加sbeliefbeliefs，chiefchiefs，proofproofs，roofroofs，gulfgulfs(4)以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加espartyparties，familyfamilies，storystories，citycitiesbeliefs cities 規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(5)以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加stoytoys，boyboys，daydays，rayrays，HenryHenrysOur school has just bought two_(piano)(6)以輔音字母加o結尾的名詞一般

4、加esheroheroes，NegroNegroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes不少外來詞加spianopianos，photophotos，autoautos，kilokilos，solosolos兩者皆可zerozeros/zeroes，volcanovolcanoes/volcanos(7)以元音字母加o結尾的名詞加sradioradios，bamboobamboos，zoozoos(8)以th結尾的名詞加struthtruths，mouthmouths，monthmonths，pathpathspianos 名詞的不規則復數形式：英語里有些名詞的復數形式

5、名詞的不規則復數形式：英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下：是不規則的，現歸納如下：規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(1)改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，goosegeese，mousemice語法填空：Three_(man) of the team are over 6_(foot) tall.Im very nearsighted without my_(gla ss) on.(2)單復數相同sheep，deer，series，means，works，fish，speciesmen feet glasses 規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(3

6、)只有復數形式ashes，trousers，clothes，thanks，goods，glasses，compasses，contentsHis_(good) were checked in the_(custom)The children are having fun on the _ (sand)(4)一些集體名詞總是用作復數people，police，cattle，staff(5)部分集體名詞既可以作單數(整體)也可以作復數(成員)audience，class，family，crowd，couple，group，committee，government，population，crew，t

7、eam，public，enemy，partygoods customs sands 規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(6)復數形式表示特別含義customs 海關，forces 軍隊，times 時代，spirits 情緒，drinks 飲料，sands 沙灘，papers 文件，報紙，manners 禮貌，looks 外表，brains 頭腦、智力，greens 青菜，ruins 廢墟，brains 智力，glasses 眼鏡，woods 樹林，waters 水域，pains 努力，goods 貨物，arms 武器，matters 事情，exercises 練習，演習，體操單句改錯：My class

8、 is all fond of pop music.The police is looking for the suspect.答案is改為areis改為are規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(7)表示“某國人”加sAmericans，Australians，Germans，Greeks，Swedes，Europeans單句填空：Im excited to have helped three_(Australia) to tour my hometown.This kind of cookers are attractive to_(housewife)單復數同形Swiss，Portuguese，Ch

9、inese，Japanese以man或woman結尾的改為men，womenEnglishmen，FrenchwomenAustralianshousewives規則例詞熱身訓練先練后背(8)合成名詞將主體名詞變為復數sonsinlaw，lookerson，passersby，storytellers，boyfriendsThe hospital has employed ten_(man) nurses.Many_(woman) singers are victims of affairs.無主體名詞時將最后一部分變為復數grownups，housewives，stopwatches將兩部分

10、變為復數women singers，men servantsmenwomen.名詞的所有格名詞的所有格名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是由介構成，二是由介詞詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。無生命的東西。1s所有格的構成所有格的構成單數名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her soninlaws photo單句填空：Have you read any

11、of_ (Dickens) novels?復數名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother不規則復數名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rightsDickenss 以s結尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house_ (Tom) family is from Africa.Bob was called into the_ (teachers) office just now.My hair is too longIll go to the_ (barbe

12、r)表示各自的所有關系時，各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一個詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示“某人家”“店鋪”，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my unclesToms teachers barbers 2.s所有格的用法所有格的用法(1)表示時間todays newspaper，five weeks holiday單句填空：We had

13、 a three_ (day) meeting last month.The_ (tree) branches were bent down by the heavy snow.(2)表示自然現象the earths atmosphere，the trees branches(3)表示國家、城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan，the worlds population，Chinas industry(4)表示工作群體the ships crew，majoritys view，the teams victorydays trees (5)表示度量衡及價值a miles journ

14、ey，five dollars worth of applesOnly a small part of the_ (wo rld) population are suffering from hunger now.單句改錯：Altogether, about fifty thousand dollar worth of possessions were lost in the big explosion.We live just a stone throw from here.答案dollar改為dollarsstone改為stones(6)與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞the lifes tim

15、e，the plays plot(7)某些固定詞組a birds eye view，a stones throw，at ones wits end(不知所措)worlds 3.of所有格的用法所有格的用法(1)用于無生命的東西the legs of the chair，the cover of the book語法填空：I came across an old book, the cover_which is made of bamboos.(2)用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時the classrooms of the firstyear students(3)用于名詞化的詞the st

16、ruggle of the oppressedof 二、二、 冠詞冠詞.不定冠詞的用法不定冠詞的用法(1)指一類人或事，相當于a kind of單句填空：_boy is waiting for you.We study eight hours_day.We are nearly of_age._Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out.That boy is rather_Lei Feng.(2)第一次提及某人、某物，非特指(3)表示“每一”相當于every, one(4)表示“某個”相當于some(5)用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類

17、似性質的人或事A a an A a (6)用于固定詞組中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time(7)用于quite，many，all，both，half，what，such之后單句填空：We left in such_hurry that we forgot to lock the door.She is as clever_girl as you can wish to meet.(8)用于so (as，too，how)形容詞之后a a .定冠詞的用法定冠詞的用法(1)表示某一類人或

18、物the spaceship, the tiger, the taxi單句填空：_horse is a useful animal._moon tonight is_beautiful and dreamy moon.What about_lecture?Oh, its_most inspiring lecture.(2)用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe，the moon，the Pacific Ocean(3)表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door？(4)用于樂器前面play the violin，play

19、the guitar(5)用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the rich，the living，the wounded(6)表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens，the WangsThe The a the a (7)用于序數詞和形容詞、副詞比較級、最高級前the second, the most simply, the better of the two_wounded were taken good care of in the local hospital.單句改錯：He went to study in United States in 1980s.He is taller of

20、 the two children.答案United前面加the；1980s前面加thetaller前面加the(8)用于國家、黨派等以及江河、湖海、山川、群島的名詞前the United States，the Communist Party of China，the French(9)用于表示發明物的單數名詞前the compass, the computer, the bulb (10)在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990s(11)用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.The .零冠詞的用法零冠詞的用法(1)專有名詞，物質名詞，

21、抽象名詞，人名，地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air單句改錯：He is afraid of traveling by the air.Is Bob in?Sorry, there is not Bob in my office.The National Day is approaching.Mr. Smith, the chairman of the club will retire next month.(2)名詞前有this，my，whose，some，no，each，every等限制I want this book, not

22、that one.Whose purse is this？(3)季節，月份，星期，節假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring(4)表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.(5)學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.Were living through terrible winter this year.Most boys are fond of playing the football.Lu Xun was a doctor be

23、fore he turned a writer.Its suprising that, a girl as she is, she looks stronger than most boys.答案去掉theBob前面加a去掉The去掉第一個theterrible前面加a去掉the去掉writer前面的a去掉girl前的a(6)與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train，by air，by land(7)以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night(8)表示泛指的復數名詞前horses, students,

24、players, typewriters(9)在turn(變成)作表語的名詞前，不用冠詞turn soldier, turn teacher, turn nurse(10)單數可數名詞as引導的讓步狀語從句Child as he is, he knows much about the world.有無定冠詞的區別有無定冠詞的區別by day在白天by the day按天計算單句填空：The workers are paid by_day.Mary and Jenny are my best friends and_three of us all like classical music.in

25、class上課in the class在那個班by sea乘船by the sea在海邊five of us我們中的五人(部分)the five of us我們中的五人(全部)at table進餐at the table在桌子旁the the take place發生take the place of代替單句改錯：His honesty is out of the question, for which, his colleagues all think highly of him.Who is the sales department in charge of?答案去掉question前面的

26、thecharge前面加thein front of在前面in the front of在(內部的)前部go to church去做禮拜go to the church去教堂out of question毫無疑問out of the question不可能in office執政in the office在辦公室in charge of負責，掌管in the charge of由負責三、代詞三、代詞.代詞的種類代詞的種類 (1)人稱代詞主格I，you，he，she，it，we，you，they核心要點賓格me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them(1)一般來說，作主語的用主格；作

27、賓語的用賓格。在簡短對話中，當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后，多用賓格。(2)形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞的區別：形容詞性物主代詞屬于限定詞，作定語修飾一個名詞，而名詞性物主代詞在句中作主語、賓語或表語。(2)物主代詞形容詞性(作定語)my，your，his，her，its，our，their名詞性(作名詞用)mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，theirs(3)反身代詞myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves(3)反身代詞出現的語境： 當作賓語、同位語和方式狀語的人稱

28、代詞與主語屬于同一人或物、事，要用反身代詞。常見習語：beside oneself with欣喜若狂by oneself單獨的；獨自的to oneself獨自享用，不與他人共享be oneself處于正常狀態； 顯得自然for oneself為自己；代表自己； 獨自地of itself自動地in itself本身；自身(4)指示代詞this，that，these，those(5)疑問代詞who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whichever，whatever等(6)相互代詞each other，one another(7)不定代詞some/any，many/mu

29、ch，few/little/a few/a little單句填空：I like English._too.Have more wine？Not_.May I use your pen？_works better.The door opened_itself.Whats wrong？You dont look_(you) today.the other/another，all/both，either/neither/none(8)關系代詞(引導定語從句)that，which，who，whom，whose，as(9)連接代詞(引導名詞性從句)who，whom，whose，which，what，wh

30、oever，whichever，whatever等(10)替代詞one，that，it，ones，thoseMe me Yours of yourself .替代詞的用法替代詞的用法itit代替的是前面提到的同一人或物。所代替的名詞可以是可數名詞，也可以是不可數名詞。單句填空：Id like to look at that dictionary. May I borrow_？ The population problem may be the greatest_in the world today.Which jackets are yours?The white_.oneone叫做泛指代詞。

31、代替的是前面提到的名詞類別中的任何一個，所代替名詞是可數名詞，其前可帶冠詞與修飾語。如果代替復數名詞，則用ones。it one ones thatthat叫做特指代詞。代替前面提到的名詞，不過這個名詞常有后置定語限制。代替的名詞可以是可數名詞，也可以是不可數名詞。The weather of this week is worse than_of last week.The computers in your office are more expensive than_in our school.thosethose是that的復數形式，只能指代被定語限制了的復數名詞，相當于the ones

32、。that those .不定代詞的用法不定代詞的用法不定代詞基本用法熱身訓練先練后背all與bothall表示三者或三者以上的人或物，both則表示兩個人或物。二者都表示肯定意義，如果與not連用時，則表示部分否定。單句改錯：Mary and Tom took part in the interview.But not all of them could pass it.Is there any water left?Nothing.答案all改為bothNothing改為None either與neithereither表肯定意義，意為“(兩者中的每一個)都”；neither表否定意義，意

33、為“(兩者中的每一個)都不”。二者都可單獨使用，也可與介詞of連用。不定代詞基本用法熱身訓練先練后背no one，none與nothingno one只能指人，不可與介詞of連用，常是對疑問詞who的回答。none既指人又指物，常與介詞of連用，通常指“三者及以上的人或物中沒有一個”；在上下文已明確的情況下，也可省略of短語，常是對疑問詞how many或how much的回答。nothing意為“沒有東西”，常是對疑問詞what的回答。單句填空：You can take_of the two gifts and leave the other for your sister.Would yo

34、u like_coffee?No, thanks.Have you_more chair?No, _are taken. eithersomeanyall不定代詞基本用法熱身訓練先練后背some與anysome用于肯定句，以及表示邀請、建議或期待得到肯定回答的疑問句中。修飾單數名詞，意為“某個”；修飾復數名詞或不可數名詞，意為“某些”。any用于否定句和疑問句時，表示“一些”。用于肯定句時，意為“任何都”。Masked Singer is a popular program, but not_of us are interested in it.Its raining today; lets

35、go camping_day.every oneanother不定代詞基本用法熱身訓練先練后背each與everyeach表示兩個或兩個以上中的“每一個”，在句中充當主語、賓語、定語和同位語。every表示三者或三者以上中的“每一個”，只能作定語。可以說each of them，但不能說every of them，可以說every one of them。與否定詞連用，every表示部分否定。One of my hands was hurt and I had to cook with my_hand.Some students were told to fetch water while_w

36、ere to plant the trees.otherothers不定代詞基本用法熱身訓練先練后背another，the other，others，the othersanother常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另一個”，泛指單數，可單獨使用，也可后接名詞。其泛指復數是others，可單獨使用，但此時不能接名詞。the other 表示兩者中的另外一個。可單獨使用，也可后接名詞。其復數是表示特指的the others，可單獨使用，但其后不能接名詞。Shall we go fishing on Saturday or Sunday?_is OK for me.Either .it的用法的用法分類

37、用法熱身訓練先練后背人稱代詞it替代剛提到過的同一事物語法填空：Who is that man over there?_is our headmaster.指動物或不考慮性別的嬰兒指代前句或后句所述的情況指時間、距離、天氣或環境等It 分類用法熱身訓練先練后背形式主語it(1)It doesnt matter.單句改錯：That doesnt matter whether he has read the book or not.He appears that he doesnt like his present work.There is no wonder he is too tiredhe

38、 stayed up all the night.It happened the weather turned too hot.(2)It appears/seems/happens/says that.(3)It is said/reported/believed/understood that.(4)It is a waste of time/money doing sth.(5)(It is) no wonder (that).(6)It makes no/much difference.分類用法熱身訓練先練后背形式主語it(7)It takes sb.some time to do s

39、th.As is reported that the Typhoon Soudelor has brought serious damages.答案That改為ItHe改為ItThere改為Itthe前面加thatAs改為It(8)Its ones turn to do sth.(9)If it were not for.(10)It is clear (obvious，true，possible，certain.) that.(11)It is important (necessary，strange，natural.) that.分類用法熱身訓練先練后背形式主語it(12)It is su

40、ggested (ordered.) that.(should) do.單句填空：_is important that we should pay attention to our handwriting.It proves no good_(stay) up too late at night.It usually takes me two hours_(take) a bus to work.It is considerate_you to arrange a welcome party for us.(13)It is time (about time，high time) that.(

41、14)It is the first (second.) time that.(15)It is kind(clever，honest，foolish) of sb. to do sth.(16)It is necessary (important，easy.)for sb. to do sth.(17)It is no good/use/worth doing sth.It staying to take of 分類用法熱身訓練先練后背形式賓語it動詞it賓語補足語不定式(動名詞或從句)(能用于此結構的動詞如下：believe，consider，count，feel，find，imagine，think，make，suppose，take)語法填空：Do you c