1、1、This review briefly describes the areas where in silico approaches are already operating in early pharmaceutical research and contribute significantly to drug discovery. 計算機(jī)方法現(xiàn)已運用于早期的藥物研究，并為新藥的發(fā)現(xiàn)作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)，本文就是對這一領(lǐng)域作一簡單的介紹。2、When you eat too much sugar, enzymes in your liver cells act on the excess,

2、 converting it first to glucose and then to glycogen or fat. 如果你進(jìn)食的糖分太多，那么肝細(xì)胞中的酶就會將這些多余的糖分先轉(zhuǎn)化為葡萄糖，然后再轉(zhuǎn)化成糖原或脂肪。3、Chondroitinases could be used for the treatment of spinal injuries where they promote regeneration of injuried spinal cord. 由于軟骨素酶能夠促進(jìn)受損脊髓的再生，因此它已被用于治療脊骨損傷。4、Sine Pasteurs recognition of t

3、he significant role of microorganisms, knowledge of their capabilities has gradually evolved into a flourishing branch of the chemical industry. 自從巴斯德認(rèn)識微生物的重要作用以來，關(guān)于微生物能力的知識已逐漸發(fā)展成為化學(xué)工業(yè)一個繁榮的分支。5、Gene engineering is on of the most important developments in recent years, because of its applicability to

4、 many fields of bioscience and its applicability to practical uses. 基因工程是近年來最重要的科學(xué)成就之一，因為它可以應(yīng)用于許多生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，也適合各種實際應(yīng)用。6、The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumption on which it is based are slightly change

5、d, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 物理學(xué)家不敢做精確的論證，因為一個只有當(dāng)它是精確的時候才令人信服的論證，如果作為它的基礎(chǔ)的假設(shè)發(fā)生了一點點變化，就失去了其全部的說服力；而一個盡管不很精確但是令人信服的論證，當(dāng)作為它的基礎(chǔ)的假設(shè)稍有波動時，仍有可能是穩(wěn)定的。7、Sample must be treated with some organic solvent, p

6、revious to or simultaneously with saponification or extraction process, in order to disrupt the structures where vitamin E can be associated to (membranes, lipoproteins, fat droplets . . .), to eliminate interferences from big molecules such as proteins or carbohydrates, that are non-soluble in orga

7、nic phases, and to provide a medium in which analytes can be freely soluble. 樣品在皂化或提取的時候，或在此之前，必須用某些有機(jī)溶劑進(jìn)行處理，其目的是為了破壞VE和細(xì)胞膜、脂蛋白、脂肪滴等之間的結(jié)合；消除蛋白質(zhì)或碳水化合物等大分子的干擾，這些大分子在有機(jī)相中都是不可溶的；以及為被分析物提供能在其中充分溶解的介質(zhì)。8、Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is translated into the protein that it encod

8、es by an organelle known as a ribosome，which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule. mRNA被傳送出細(xì)胞核到達(dá)細(xì)胞質(zhì)，然后被一種我們稱之為核糖體的細(xì)胞器翻譯成它所編碼的蛋白質(zhì),該細(xì)胞器把氨基酸以mRNA分子中堿基的序列所規(guī)定的次序串聯(lián)在一起。9、The addition of small quantities of so-called surface active compounds b

9、rings about considerable reduction in surface tension. 添加少量所謂的表面活性化合物能引起表面張力顯著降低。10、Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells differs from that in prokaryotes in that the primary transcript from the eukaryotic chromosome is not mRNA but a high molecular weight heterogeneous nuclear RNA. 真核生物細(xì)胞中蛋白質(zhì)的合成與原核

10、生物中的區(qū)別在于真核生物染色體的初級轉(zhuǎn)錄本并不是mRNA，而是一個高分子量的不均一核RNA。11、The Kjedahl method is less general than of Dumas, but it is useful for the rapid analysis of specific groups of low nitrogen content, for example protein. Kjedahl法的通用性不如Doma法，但對于迅速分析某些低氮含量的物質(zhì)，例如蛋白質(zhì)則是有用的。12、An important aspect of protein synthesis is t

11、he secretion of proteins across the cytopalsmic membrane of bacteria or the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes. 蛋白質(zhì)合成的一個重要問題是，蛋白質(zhì)穿過細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞膜或真核生物的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜而分泌出來。13、By studying such molecular interactions, researchers hope to better understand the bodys chemical feedback mechanismssystems of two opposing but interacting forces whose bala