1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上【名解】Immunity: refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental substances that are foreign to the body.(to recognize and eliminate foreign substances)【名解】Lymphocyte homing: the migration of lymphocytes from central immune organ to peripheral immune organ【名解】

2、Lymphocyte recirulation：lymphocyte cirulation between blood lymph other tissues【名解】Antigen: the substances that are recognized by TCR/BCR or antibody and induce a specific immune response【名解】Hapten（半抗原）：have the property of immunoreactivity but not immunogenicity . 【名解】epitope (antigenic determinant

3、 )：the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.【名解】idiotypic Ag：The combined antigenic determinants (idiotopes) found on antibodies of an individual that are directed at a particular antigen; such antigenic determinants are fo

4、und only in the variable region. 【名解】superantigen： antigens ，only need very low concentration ,can polyclonally activate some subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%). 【名解】Adjuvants: A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.【名解】Antigen: Globulin pr

5、oduced by plasma cells in response to antigen and binds specifically to particular Ag.【名解】Immunoglobulins (Ig)：The Igs are globulin which function as Abs or similar to Abs in chemical structure.【名解】idiotype,id:Variation in the V domain ,particularly in CDR, produces idiotype.【名解】Major histocompatibi

6、lity complex,MHC A cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans, encoding major histocompatibility antigen which lead to rapid graft rejection.【名解】Cytokine (CK)： Cytokines are small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocyte

7、s and other cells【名解】Leukocyte differentiation antigen(LDA) :The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different leukocytes in the different stage of differentiation and activation.【名解】CD (cluster of differentiation) : Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable wi

8、th monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker.【名解】CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extra-cellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc. 【名解】Integrin:Mediate adhesion of cell and extracellular matrix，Elementary structure: heter

9、odimer of a, b chain【名解】ADCC：NK cell FcR recgonize antibody Fc region binding with target cell,and directly kill the target cell.【名解】opsonization:antibody such as IgG Fc region binding with neutrpilic cell or macrophage IgG FcR to increase phagocytosis.【名解】APC:A variety of cells specialized in captu

10、ring、processing and present the antigen to the T lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity. 【名解】cross presention: APC can capturingprocessing exogenous antigen and presenting to CD8 T cell by MHC1 pathway.【名解】Positive selection:DP cells that bind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic

11、stroma cells survive-MHC restriction MHC I-CD8+ T cells MHC II-CD4+ T cellsNegative selection:Cells that bind to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells (or auto-reactive T cells, ART) with high affinity will undergo apoptosis-Formation of central immune tolerance【名解】ALLELIC EXCLUSION：Expression of a gene on

12、one chromosome prevents expression of the allele on the second chromosome，Ensures only one specificty of Ab expressed per cell.WHY: Allelic exclusion prevents unwanted responses;Allelic exclusion is needed for efficient clonal selection; Allelic exclusion is needed to prevent holes in the repertoire

13、 【名解】Affinity maturation ：Affinity maturation is the process by which the affinity of Abs produced in response to a protein Ag increases with prolonged and repeated exposure to that Ag.【名解】Treg: Down-regulation of immune response by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells

14、.【名解】FoxP3+ :is the transcription factor that program the development of Tregs （IPEX綜合癥）【名解】Immune tolerance :is the process by which the Immune system does not attack an antigen. Is an active process which is different from immunodeficiency or immunosuppression.【名解】AICD: Activation-induced Cell Dea

15、th,recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth.【名解】AIRE(autoimmune regulator): transcription factor that enables ectopic expression in the thymus of genes usually considered tissue-specific.【名解】Immuno-la

16、beling techniques：Specific Abs (or Ags ) labelled with fluorescein, enzymes or radioisotopes are used as probes for the detection of Ags (or Abs).【名解】ELASA【簡答】Functions of V regions：Recognition and binding to antigen by HVR (CDR) - neutralization of toxins (e.g. diphtheria, tetanus); - immobilizatio

17、n of microorganisms; - neutralization of viral activityFunction of C regions (Fc portion)1. Activation of complement: IgM, IgG Ab( IgM、IgG )+Ag- C1q-補體經典途徑 IgG4、IgA和IgE的凝聚物-補體旁路途徑2. Binding to Fc receptor of cellsOpsonization: enhancement of Ag uptake by macrophages (M?)Antibody-dependent cell-media

18、ted cytotoxicity (ADCC): NK cells.Participation in type I hypersensitivity: IgE3. Passage through the placenta (IgG, CH2) and mucosa (sIgA)【簡答】Biologic function of complement systemplement mediates anti-infection immunity (1) Lysis of cell or microorganisms (2) opsonization C3b, C4b, iC3b cell: phag

19、ocyte enhance phagocytosis (3) inflammation symptoms: redness, swelling, heat and pain inflammation mediators: C5a, C3a, C4a ( anaphylatoxins) C5a (chemotaxis)2. Complement maintains homeostasisclearance of IC: C3belimination of apoptosis cells C1q, C3b, iC3b3. Complement mediates adaptive immunity4

20、. Complement interacts with other enzyme systems【簡答】MHC molecules difference1) HLA class I molecules Genes: A, B, C Distribution: every nucleated cell Structure: chain (45k) 2m (12kD) chromosome 15 peptide-binding cleft: 1+2 CD8 binding: 3 Function: recognize and present endogenous Ags to CD8+ T cel

21、ls2) HLA class II molecules Genes: DR, DQ, DP Distribution: APC (B, DC, M) thymic epithelial cell, activated T cell Structure: chain (35kD) chain (28kD) peptide-binding cleft: 1+1 CD4 binding: 2 Function: recognize and present the exogenous Ags to CD4+ T cells 【簡答】Biological function of MHC1、Partici

22、pate in the adaptive immune response serving as antigen presenting molecules(1)T cells recognize both the antigenic peptide and MHC molecules by TCR (double recognition)(2)MHC molecules can present both autoantigens and allogenic MHC molecules(3)MHC molecules participate in selection and differentia

23、tion of T cells in the thymus.(4)MHC is the crucial determinant of disease susceptibility in different individuals；(5) MHC contributes to the genetic heterogeneity of the population2. Participate in the innate immunity serving as regulatory molecules(1)Classical MHC class III genes encode complement

24、, hereby participating in complement reaction and the pathogenesis of some immune diseases.(2)Non-classical HLA class I molecules (HLA-E, G) regulate the activity of NK cells.(3)Inflammation related genes initiate and control inflammation. They also play a role in stress. (such as HSP).【簡答】General p

25、roperties of CKsSmall proteins (MW: approx. 8-30 KD)Extremely potent, acting at 10-910-15MThe production is transient and tightly regulatedAutocrine, paracrine or endocrineCytokine actions: Pleiotropy, Redundancy, Synergy and Antagonism【簡答】What are the differences between immature DC and mature DCIn

26、mature DCPhenotype: high expression of receptors related to phagocytosis (FcR, CR, mannose receptor, DC-sign); low expression of CD54, CD40, CD80; CD86 and MHC II, CD14-Function: 1) strong capacity to ingest and process Ags, but weak ability to present Ags 2) induction of immune tolerance 3) sensing

27、 of infectious agents by TLR (pattern recognition receptors) Mature DCPhenotype: low expression of receptors related to phagocytosis (FcR, CR, mannose receptor); high expression of CD54, CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC II; CD83+ and CD25+ Function: weak ability to capture and process Ags, powerful ability

28、to present Ags【簡答】Effector functions of activated T cells（重點）1) CD4+ T cells Th1: secrete IFN-g, etc. express CD40L express FasL, kill Fas+ target cells effect on lymphocytes: IL-2 effect on neutrophil: TNF-a,b Th2: promote B cell growth and Ig production mediate hypersensitivity Th17: IL-17,IL-8,TN

29、F-a: enhance leukocyte recruitment and inflammation 2). Effector functions of CD8+ T cellsCytotoxicity: kill target cells a. necrosis: perforin and granzyme b. apoptosis: granzyme, FasL 【簡答】fuction of b cell1. Production of antibody Abs prevent microorganism from entry into cells and eliminate microorganisms by opsonization causing phagocytosis, complement activation and toxin neutralization.2. Ag presentation to T cells3.