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1、 3.特點:a.無被動句式; b.其疑問及否定句式的變化分兩種情況:.含有“是 ” 類系動詞的借助于“ be ”直接變化;.含有非“是 ” 類系動詞的則借助于助動“ do, does, did ” ; e.g1).He is a good student. E.g2).She works hard.疑問句:Is he a good student? Does she work hard?否定句:He is not a good student. She doesnt work hard. c.有人稱和數的變化(含有“是 ” 類系動詞的變化規律同于“ be ”) ;.含有非“是 ” 類系動詞的變

2、化規律同于實義動詞。 e.g3).I am a teacher./She is a student./They are good boys./He was fine./We were out. e.g4).It seems a little dark./You look very tired./Their words sounded as if they had been here before.二.主謂句(即用句子做賓語,因位于賓語位置,故叫賓語從句)。 c.,如:She finds him a good job./They find him a good job.= fix sth. fo

3、r sb.為某人準備某物 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 為某人拿來某物 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 為某人做某物 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 為某人訂購某物 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 為某人采摘某物 prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 為某人準備某物 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 為某人留某物 sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for s

4、b. 為某人唱某物(歌) spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 為某人讓出某物 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 為某人偷某物三、有的動詞后接的雙賓語易位時,既可用介詞to引出間接賓語,也可用介詞for引出間接賓語,含義相同。如bring,play等: 1. Bring me todays paper. = Bring todays paper to for me. 把今天的報紙拿給我。 2. He played us the record he had just bought. = He played the recor

5、d he had just bought for to us. 他放了他剛買的唱片給我們聽。 四、有的動詞后接的雙賓語易位時,即可用介詞to引出間接賓語,也可用介詞for引出間接賓語,含義不同。如leave等: 1. They left me no food. = They left no food for me.他們沒給我留一點食物。 2. My uncle left me a large fortune. = My uncle left a large fortune to me. 叔叔死后留下一大筆財產給我。 五、而有的動詞后接雙賓語時,既不能用介詞to引出間接賓語,也不能用介詞for引

6、出間接賓語。如allow, ask, cause, charge, cost, forgive, refuse等: He allows his son too much money.他給他兒子的錢太多。 He asked me some questions. 他問了我一些問題。 This caused me much trouble. 這給我帶來了許多麻煩。He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 His mistake cost him his job. 他的錯誤讓他丟了工作。 I envy you your good

7、luck. 我羨慕你的好運。 They forgave him his rudeness. 他們原諒了他的魯莽。 He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就給什么。 五.主謂復合賓語句1.構成:主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語功能:表示主語的動作2.注意:.該句型的謂語動詞須為可帶復合賓語的及物動詞,像使役動詞、感官動詞等(如:have 、let、 make 、see、 hear 、find、notice、ask等);.通常把“賓語+賓語補足語”合成為復合賓語;.可用作賓補的有: a.名詞;b.代詞(人稱代詞用賓格);c.形容詞;d.副詞(只能是趨向副詞,如up、down、

8、in、 out、 off、 away等;但不能是帶-ly的副詞);e.不定式;f. -ing形式(當賓語與其為邏輯主謂關系且表示該動作正在或一直延續時);j. -ed形式(當賓語與其為邏輯動賓關系且表示該動作已經完成時);h.介詞短語;如:I saw him enter the class-room then. He was seen to enter the class-room then.3.特點:a.主謂復合賓語句均有被動句式(變為被動句后賓語補足語則稱為主語補足語;在主動語態中,使役動詞和感官動詞后由不定式作賓補時to要省略,而在被動句中則須加上to ); b. c.,如:He hea

9、rs a boy crying in the next room./We hear a boy crying in the next room. 附:1.除使役動詞和感官動詞外,常見能帶“復合賓語”的有:call, name, make, elect, think, consider, keep, leave, find等。2. 同學們對下面兩種句型常?;煜?及物動詞+賓語+名詞賓補(即復合賓語) 及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(即雙賓語) 我們討論識別這兩種結構的方法。請看下面的例子: They made him captain of the ship. She told the child

10、ren an interesting story. 在句中,him與captain之間在邏輯上有主語和表語的關系,即“He was captain.“句中him為賓語,captain為賓語補足語,兩者合稱“復合賓語”。 在句中,children與story之間的關系是及物動詞與涉及到的人與物之間的關系。一般表示人的(children)為間接賓語,表示物的(story)為直接賓語,兩者合稱“雙賓語”??梢钥闯?,間接賓語與直接賓語在邏輯上沒有主語與表語的關系,即不能說:“The children were story”,但可以改寫成:“She told an interesting story t

11、o the children”,即間接賓語可以加介詞to(或for)后置,而“復合賓語”不能。 綜上所述,識別“復合賓語”和“雙賓語”的方法有二: 其一,看賓語與它后面的詞在邏輯上的關系,能改寫為主語和表語關系的,是“復合賓語”;若不能,只是及物動詞所涉及到的人與事物之間的關系,并且表示人的賓語可以加介詞后置的,則為雙賓語。 其二,英語動詞在使用中要符合句型表達習慣。能充當賓語補足語的成分很多,如不定式、分詞、形容詞、介詞結構、名詞等。從上面例子可以看出,其中只有名詞作賓補時,才有可能引起與“雙賓語”結構相混。 以上五種句型為基本英語句型,以下各句型為人們習慣使用的此五種句型中的特例 。 注意

12、:注意: 六.There be 句型1.構成:There is /was/are/were+名詞/代詞功能:表示物與物間的存在關系2.注意:. There be 句型區別于have/has句型,前者表示物與物間的關系,即“某物有另一物”;而后者則表示人與物間的關系 ,既“某人有某物”,且There be句型不能與have/has混用,既不能說:There has a book on the desk.而應說:There is a book on the desk. 但,該句型也有其現在和過去完成句式,如:There has been a tower here for years.該句型中的be

13、有時可用一些半系動詞(如:live、lie、stand、come、go等)代替以示形象,如:There stands a tall tree on the top of the hill. .該句型的反義疑問句中的附加部分須用is/are/was /were (not) there?3.特點:a. There be句型表狀態,因此無被動句形式; b. 其疑問和否定形式的變化分兩種情況:.含有be系動詞的借助于“ be ”直接變化;.含有半系動詞的則借助于助動“ do, does, did ” ; c.有人稱和數的變化:該句型是一種倒裝句式,be的單復數形式由其后的名詞或代詞的單復數形式要保持一

14、致;若be后有兩個甚至兩個以上的名詞或代詞時,be的單復數形式應與離be最近的名詞或代詞的單復數形式保持一致,如:There is a pencil-box、some books and a few cards in the bag. 另外,要注意下面的句式:There is+ =sb has/have+本句式中,若nothing之后或no choice之前謂語中有do的任一種形式時,but后不用to;否則,but后的不定式須帶to. 如: e.g1). They can do nothing but leave .e.g2).We got nothing but to leave. Ther

15、e be 結構的其它用法nothing to do but go home.no choice but to go home.nothing to do but go home.no choice but to go home.There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 意為:干什么事情無意義。E.g1).There is no point (in) answering his silly questions. no doubt + that+(同位語從句)意為:某事毫無疑問。.There be + not any doubt + that+(同位語從句) 意為

16、:某事毫無疑問。 some doubt + whether+ (同位語從句) 意為:懷疑某事。e.g1).There will be no/not any doubt that he has come back.(他已回毫無疑問。) e.g2).There is still some doubt whether she has married.(她是否已婚尚有疑問。) sb + doubt + if/whether +(賓語從句)sb + (do/does/did/will) not + doubt + that+(賓語從句). There is no use(in)v-ing:毫無用處 .

17、There is no sense in v-ing:毫無道理. There is no need to v:沒有必要 . There is no v-ing:不可能,無法 no trouble/difficulty/problems with sth .There be + some trouble/difficulty/problems (for sb) + not any trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth .譯為:(對某人來說),在(干)某事上有困難/麻煩/問題。 no trouble/difficulty/problems with

18、sth .=sb have/has/had+ some trouble/difficulty/problems + not any trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth . There be與情態動詞及含有情態意義的動詞或短語連用 例如:He felt that there must be something wrong他感到一定是出了錯兒。 There might be drinks if you wait a bit如果你等一會兒,可能會有酒。 There cant have been much traffic so late at nigh

19、t這么晚了,街上的車輛不會太多。 There oughtnt to be too great discrepancy in our views我們的看法不應該有太大的分歧。 英語中有些動詞或短語具有一定的情態含義,我們稱之為半助動詞。There be句型中的謂語動詞be可與這些半助動詞連用,表達更為復雜的意念。能用于There be句型中的這類詞語主要有:happen to(碰巧)、appear seem to(似乎)、be going to(將會)、used to(曾經)、have to(必須)、be likely to(很可能)、be bound to(必定)等。 例如:There hap

20、pened to be an old friend of mine in the club在那個俱樂部碰巧有我的一個老朋友。 There appear to be several reasons for changing our plans看來改變我們的計劃有幾個理由。 There used to be a cinema here before the war戰前這里曾有一個電影院。 Is there going to be a dancing party tonight?今晚有舞會嗎? There are bound to be obstacles for us to get over一定會

21、有障礙需要我們去克服。 . There be的復合結構及用法 There be結構也可以以不定式(there to be)、動名詞(there being)和現在分詞(there being)的形式出現在句子中,作主語、賓語或狀語。這種復合結構形式中的there在形式上起著邏輯主語的作用,因此,不定式there to be前有時需加介詞for,從形式上滿足引出不定式邏輯主語的需要,而分詞there being則具有獨立主格結構的意味。例如:I dont want there to be any more trouble我不希望再有麻煩了。(作賓語) Whats the chance of th

22、ere being an election this year?今年舉行大選的可能性有多大?(動名詞作介詞賓語) There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage離屋子這么近有一個汽車站,這太便利了。(動名詞作主語) There being nothing else to do,we went home沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。(分詞作狀語) 七.帶強調結構的強調句1.構成:It is/was + 被強調部分(可以是該句成份中除謂語外的任一成份)+ that /who + 剩余部分.功能:強調一個句子中(除謂語外)需

23、要強調的某一成份( 若強調句子的謂語,則要根據原句時態常用do/does/did + 動詞原形形式)2.注意:.無論被強調部分為單數還是復數,該句型均只能以It開頭,且該被強調部分應保持其在原非強調句中的形式不變,即若強調在原句中作主語的人稱代詞時,其在被強調位置時要保持其原主格形式不變(不能變為賓格形式);.當被強調部分屬于人時,該句型中被強調部分后用who;當被強調部分屬于除人外的其它時,該句型中被強調部分后均用that,但,當被強調部分雖為人而其后又有who引導的定語從句時,為避免重復,該句型中被強調部分后要用that(區別于以It開頭的定語從句的引導詞的用法);.若原句的事態為現在時態

24、(一般現在時、現在進行時、現在完成時等)和將來時態( 一般將來時、將來進行時和將來完成時等)時,該句型用It is開頭;若原句的事態為過去時態(一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時和過去完成時等)時,該句型用It was開頭; .該強調句型的最大特點是:在去掉強調結構 “It is/was .that/who”后,所剩部分仍為一個完整句,即:“各個成份齊全,只不過被強調部分被提前了”,如:He visited me yesterday. It was yesterday that he visited me.(而It開頭的定語從句在去掉相應結構后,所剩部分成份殘缺,如:It is a

25、 place where/in which I used to live.本句不能用that,因為該句不是強調句,而是It開頭的定語從句。).用強調句對“notuntil”時間狀語進行強調時,須將主句中的not提到被強調的until時間狀語前,同時主句變為肯定句;如:We didnt leave until he came.若要強調“until he came .”則為:It was not until he came that we left. .強調句與其它句型一樣也有其否定句、疑問句及感嘆句諸形式,如:It was an interesting book that she bought.

26、 否定句:It was not an interesting book that she bought.一般疑問句:Was it an interesting book that she bought ? 對an interesting book 提問的特殊疑問句:What was it that she bought? 感嘆句為:What an interesting book it was that she bought ! 八.It is /has been+段時間+since+過去的時間點/一般過去時態的時間狀語從句 特點: .當since后為過去的時間點或since后一般過去時態的時

27、間狀語從句 的謂語動詞是瞬間動詞時,該句譯為“自以來,已長時間了”;而since后一般過去時態的時間狀語從句 的謂語動詞是延續性動詞時,該句譯為“自不以來,已長時間了”; 如:e.g1).It is/has been five years since 2006/he left school. 譯為:自2006年/他從學校畢業以來,已五年了。 e.g2).It is three years since you smoked (=stopped smoking). 譯為:自你不抽煙/戒煙以來,已三年了。 .該句型一般指從過去截至到現在的情況,若要表示從過去某一時間點截至到過去的另一時間點的情況時,

28、則要用:“It was/had been +段時間+since+過去的時間點/一般過去時態的時間狀語從句 ”,如:By 2010, it was/had been ten years since 2000/he went to Beijing. 九.It was/will be (not)+段時間/long before+時間點/一般時態的時間狀語從句 was (not) 時間點(如:Christmas) will be(not) 時間狀語從句注意:.當主句為肯定句時,該句譯為:“再過多久才”,強調時間之長;否定句譯為:“不久就”,強調時間之短; .before后跟時間狀語從句時,該從句時態不

29、能用將來時態,應用相應的一般時態代替(即:要用一般將來時態時,應用一般現在時態代替;要用過去將來時態時,則應用一般過去時態代替),因為時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不能用將來時態;.before前既可以是具體的一段時間,也可是獨詞long。 如:e.g1).It was three days before they left.(過了三天他們才走。) e.g2).It was not three days before they left.(才過了三天他們就走了。)e.g3).It will be long before we see him again.(再過很久我們才能又看到他。) 十.動詞不

30、定式的復合結構:It is/was + adj(形容詞) + for/of sb to do sth. for of注意:.本句型中的It為形式主語代替置于句尾的真正主語動詞不定式(to do sth),以保持句子平衡; .若本句型中的adj(形容詞)是表示人的品質的形容詞時,其后用of sb;若是表示其它的adj(形容詞),則應用for sb.e.g1).It is very kind of you to help me with my English.e.g2).It is very important for us to learn English well. 十一.It is the

31、first time / second time that sb have / has done sth.譯為:這是某人第一/二 次做某事.注意:.本句型表示截至到現在這是某人第幾次做某事,句中的It也可換成This;若要表示截止過去某時是某人第幾次做某事,則應用It was the first time/second time that sb had done sth,句中的It也可換成That; .本句型區別于表示“該某人做某事的時候了?!毕盗芯湫停舯硎尽霸撃橙俗瞿呈碌臅r候了?!保唵尉溆茫篒t is/was (the) time for sth/doing sth.或It is/was

32、 (the) time (for sb) to do sth ;復合句常用虛擬語氣表示,則用: (the) timeIt is + very/high time + that + about timee.g1).It is the first time that we have seen the real turkey.e.g2).It was the second time they had met then.e.g3).It is time for lunch now.e.g4).It is (the) time for us to go to school.e.g5).It is the

33、 high time that we went home.e.g6).It is about time that you should visit your parents. 十二.It is/was adj(形容詞)/過去分詞 that+(主語從句).注意:.本句型中的It為形式主語代替置于句尾的真正主語主語從句,以保持句子平衡; .主從句時態應保持一致,若從句的事態為現在時態(一般現在時、現在進行時、現在完成時等)和將來時態( 一般將來時、將來進行時和將來完成時等)時,該主句用It is開頭;若從句的事態為過去時態(一般過去時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來時和過去完成時等)時,主句用I

34、t was開頭; .當本句型中的形容詞為important、necessary、 strange、 surprising、 funny、 natural等,或為動詞advise, suggest, propose, recommend的過去分詞時,從句謂語要用虛擬語氣形式,即(should)+動詞原形,should可以被省略。例如:e.g1).It is important that we (should)learn English well.e.g2).It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting tomorrow.e.g3).I t is

35、advised that everyone (should) try to work hard. 十三.It is/was said/reported/expected/believed/ hoped/thought/announced that sb do sth. 意為:據說/報道/料想/相信/希望/認為/宣告 某人要做/已做某事。注意:.本句型為一個主語從句,It為形式主語,that引導主語從句;.本句型??赊D換為一個簡單句,即: to do/to have done sth. to be done/to have been done.本句型區別于As is was said/repor

36、ted/expected/believed/thought/hoped/announced/ , sb/sth do/be sth.這是一個as引導的非限定性定語從句,as及其后的從句既可如前被置于句首,也可被置于句末,即: Sb /Sth do/be sth, as is/was said/reported/hoped/expected/thought/announced/ .且兩句子由“ ,”相隔,as作為引導詞代替了It,因此就不可能再有that(一種從句只能用一個關系詞來引導).例如:e.g1).It is said that he will come back soon. 可轉換為:

37、He is said to come back soon.e.g2).It is reported that they have finished building the house. 可轉換為:They are reported to have finished building the house.e.g3).It was announced that a new shopping-center was opened here then. 可轉換為:A new shopping-center was announced to be opened here then.e.g4).As is

38、 hoped ,a new shopping-center is opened here now. 十四.sb/sth + think/find/hope/believe/feel + sb/sth+ adj(形容詞)/nun/pro.(作賓補).注意:.本句譯為“某人(某物)認為(發現/希望 )某人(某物)怎么樣(是什么/誰)”;.本句型是一個簡單句,但??杀晦D換為一個復合句,即賓語從句,轉換時要注意其具體變化:要使從句的時態與原句時態保持一致,在將原句的賓語變為從句的主語時,須將其原賓格形式變為主格形式(若為人稱代詞),且要使從句的謂語單復數形式與其主語的單復數形式相一致。如: e.g1)

39、. We found them angry.可轉換為:We found (that) they were angry. e.g2).Our teacher believe him a good boy. Our teacher believe (that) he is a good boy. 十五.It occurs to sb that (主語從句).注意: .本句譯為:“(使)某人突然想起 ”,It為形式主語,that引導的主語從句為真正的主語被置于句末,以保持句子平衡; . 本句型無被動語態,也可說:sth occur to sb (某事被想到/出現在大腦中),如: e.g1).It o

40、ccurs to me that I have lots of clothes to wash today. e.g2).A wonderful idea occurred to him soon. 十六. hardly when / no sooner than 注意: .本句譯為:“一 就 ”,主句須用過去完成時,而從句須用一般過去時,且要配套使用,即:hardly 后要用when;而no sooner后要用than; . 本句型區別于as soon as/the moment/the instant/immediately/directly/instantly等,上述諸短語或詞語在引導時

41、間狀語從句時也譯為:“一 就 ”,但其主句常用將來時或一般過去時,而其從句常用一般時(不用將來時); .當hardly/no sooner被提前時,主句要實行將had提到主語前的倒裝。如:e.g1).We had hardly finished our homework when the teacher came in. e.g2).She had no sooner left than we saw her. e.g3).I will tell him the news as soon as/the moment/immediately I see him. e.g4).Hardly had

42、 I reached the station when the train left. e.g5).No sooner had they spoken to us than they arrived. 十七.幾個主動形式表示被動意義的常用句式 1.sth need/require/want doing(=to be done).譯為:“某物需要做?!?(主語須為物) e.g1).My bike needs repairing(=to be repaired). doing=sth be worthy of being done.(某事值得一做。) some money.(某物值多少錢。) e.

43、g1).The film is worth seeing/worthy of being seen. e.g2).The book is worth ten yuan. 3.sb has/have/had sth to do.譯為:“某人有某事要(自己)做?!?若表示:“某人有某事要(別人)做?!?,則要用sb has/have/had sth to be done.如:e.g1).I must go home , because I have lots of exercise to do today. e.g2).He is leaving for Xian , do you have anything to be bought (by him)? 4.sth be adj(形容詞) to do.譯為:“某事做起來如何如何(簡單/困難/舒適)?!?e.g1).The question is difficult to answer. e.g2).The house is big enough to live in.(若不定式為不及物動詞,其后介詞不能省略)

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