1、Topic hamster/hamster FAQ/syrian hamster genetics 主題 倉(cāng)鼠/倉(cāng)鼠常見問題/敘利亞倉(cāng)鼠遺傳學(xué)by kittykitty addicted to the board 由kittykitty上傳Syrian Hamster Genetics.敘利亞倉(cāng)鼠遺傳I am going to try to keep this as basic as possible but still remain informative. If any one has anything they would like to add to this or anything

2、they think I may be incorrect on, do tell me!我會(huì)盡量建立在基本知識(shí)上，但是仍然存在未知信息。如果有任何人想補(bǔ)充或者認(rèn)為我可能有不正確的地方，請(qǐng)告訴我。The Basics基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)A female's Chromosomes are written as XX, a males as XY.一個(gè)女性的染色體是寫成× ×，男性為XY。則Syrian hamsters have 44 chromosomes each of which has many thousands of individual genes that de

3、termine what the hamster will look like, how big it will get etc.敘利亞倉(cāng)鼠有44條染色體，每條染色體都帶有成千上萬的基因，來決定倉(cāng)鼠的長(zhǎng)相、個(gè)體大小等。Phenotype is the term used to describe an animal's physical, outward appearance表型是用來形容動(dòng)物的生理表現(xiàn)和外表Genotype is the word used for the animal's genetic or hidden characteristics. 基因之動(dòng)物的遺傳特

4、性或隱性特性Remember it like this.                    GENotype GENes記住這樣它. 基因型 - 基因           PHenotype Physical表型 - 物理The deciding factor on what colour fur an animal has or what colour its eyes are going to be are alleles.&#

5、160; Each set of alleles is located on its own individual locus or loci. 動(dòng)物毛皮的顏色或者是眼睛的顏色等外表表現(xiàn)都由基因決定。決定某個(gè)特性的對(duì)應(yīng)基因位于等位基因的個(gè)別基因或位點(diǎn)。If only a single allele is required to affect the animal's phenotype then it must be dominant. Dominant genes are shows as a capital letter (e.g. SS).如果影響動(dòng)物外表只需要一個(gè)單一的基因占主

6、導(dǎo)地位，該基因?yàn)轱@性基因。顯性基因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)大寫字母（例如SS）Factors that require two identical alleles on order for the colour or pattern to be present in the phenotype as said to be recessive. Recessive genes are written as a lower-case letter (e.g. ss)影響動(dòng)物外表需要由兩個(gè)相同的等位基因，則該基因?yàn)殡[性基因。隱性基因?qū)懗尚∽帜福ㄈ鐂s）Some hamster colours are incomple

7、tely dominant. In many cases the homozygous version of this colour or coat type will look slightly or dramatically different to the heterozygous individual. Silver grey Syrians can be either homozygous (SgSg) or heterozygous (Sgsg) and are a good examply of incomplete or partial dominance有些倉(cāng)鼠的顏色不完全是

8、顯性表象。在許多情況下，這種顏色的外表可能是純合子或雜合子所表現(xiàn)出的不同個(gè)體。Sliver grey敘利亞可以是純合子（SgSg），也可以是雜合子（Sgsg），是不完全顯性或部分顯性的一個(gè)典型范例。Animals inherit two alleles for each possible genotype (i.e. eye colour), one from each parent but these are not always the same. 動(dòng)物每個(gè)都可能繼承2個(gè)基因（即眼睛的顏色基因），分別來自父母，但這些并非都相同。If the animal inherits alleles

9、for a particular characteristic that are identical from each parent it will be homozygous (ss or SS)如果動(dòng)物從父母雙方繼承的特定特性是一致的，即為純合子（ss或SS）If it inherits one dominant gene from one parent and a recessive from another then it is said to be heterozygous (Ss)如果它從父母雙方繼承的特定特性一方是顯性基因而另一方是隱性基因，則為雜合子（Ss）。Dominant

10、 genes cover or mask recessives genes. Unless you know the background of your breeding animals you will not know that they are there.可知的顯性基因和不可知的隱性基因。除非你知道你繁殖動(dòng)物的背景，否則你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)知道它們的存在。In order for a recessive gene to present itself in the phenotype, there must be two identical alleles present on the same

11、 locus一個(gè)隱性基因要表現(xiàn)出來，必須有兩個(gè)相同等位基因出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)相同的位點(diǎn)。There are also sex-linked genes. Female animals possess two X chromosomes whilst males have a single X and one Y chromosome. Sex-linked genes are only ever passed on either from an X to an X or from a Y to another Y, they cannot be passed on indiscriminately f

12、rom one to another. The gene that governs sex-linkage is passed on with the chromosomes that determine gender and so are sex linked.  也有伴性基因。女性有兩條X染色體而男性只有一條X染色體和一條Y染色體。伴性基因永遠(yuǎn)只有通過一個(gè)X染色體傳給另外一個(gè)染色體，或者一個(gè)Y染色體傳給另外一個(gè)Y染色體，不能交叉?zhèn)鬟f。主導(dǎo)基因性狀的基因之間的聯(lián)系是通過由染色體決定的動(dòng)物性別聯(lián)系在一起的。Genetic crosses or punnet squares基因十字架或

13、小簍正方形These can be used to establish what proportion of your litter will be what colour. 這些可用于了解你將廢棄顏色的比例。The known genotype of the parents is written along the top and down the side of the square父母已知的基因型寫在正方形的上邊與左邊。This genetic cross shows a homozygous animal and a heterozygous animal. They are both

14、 visually the colour of the dominant gene which has masked their recessives這種遺傳交叉得出的雜合子后代，它們表面視覺上的顯性基因顏色會(huì)掩蓋其所帶有的隱性基因。  B  bB  BB  Bbb  Bb  bb50% of their offspring would be heterozygous carriers of the recessive gene like they are, 50的后代會(huì)是隱性基因雜合子攜帶者，25% would be homozyg

15、ous for the dominant gene25的人會(huì)是為顯性基因純合子and 25% would be homozygous for the recessive gene and sp show the colour or coat type in their phenotype. 和25將是隱性基因純合和SP的顏色顯示在他們的表型或外套類型。The different Syrian hamster colours have each been assigned their own designators in order to make it easier for the breed

16、er to establish traits of dominance and inheritance as well as what colours combine to make new colours and what genes cancel each other out.敘利亞倉(cāng)鼠不同顏色已經(jīng)得到區(qū)別，以方便飼養(yǎng)者更容易了解其優(yōu)勢(shì)和特點(diǎn)，由何種顏色父輩結(jié)合而得出的顏色，以及什么樣的基因之間是互斥的。Syrian Hamster Designators敘利亞倉(cāng)鼠指示符The basic colours:基本顏色：Colour 顏色Genetic Code遺傳密碼Phenoty

17、pe表型Golden金色的+Mahogany with heavy black ticking 紅褐色，毛梢為黑色Cinnamon肉桂ppRich orange橙色Black 黑色aaBlack to the roots黑色底毛Black Eyed Cream 黑眼奶油色ee Rich cream to the roots深奶油色，深奶油色底毛Rust繡色bbBrowny orange ticked with darker brown鮮艷的橙褐色，棕色毛梢Yellow黃色ToTo or ToYDusky yellow with black ticking暗黃色，黑色毛梢Silver

18、Grey銀灰色SgSg or SgsgSoft grey ticked with black淺灰色，均勻的黑色毛梢Light Grey淺灰色LglgButtermilk grey with heavy black ticking乳酪灰，均勻的黑色毛梢Dark Grey深灰色DgdgPearly grey with very heavy black ticking and black eye rings珍珠灰色，均勻的黑色毛梢，陰影部分是暗金色，黑眼圈Dark Eared White黑耳，白色cdcdPure white coat with black ears純白，黑耳Umbrous原始色Uu

19、 or UUNot a colour in its own right, gives other colours a dusty hint                                     Combination colours:結(jié)合顏色：These are colours using the above genes at the same time to crea

20、te new colours. Notes: breedings between animals with non-compatible genes will result in a litter of goldens. This is not an exhaustive list; it is the most common or the nicest of the colours produced. Sable is written as U_ given that it can be heterozygous or homozygous這些顏色是由上述基本顏色基因結(jié)合后創(chuàng)造出的新顏色。注

21、：帶有非兼容的基因的倉(cāng)鼠之間結(jié)合，將導(dǎo)致一窩goldens。這不是最詳盡的列表，它只是一個(gè)最常見或者最佳的顏色配對(duì)表。紫貂色寫成u_ 表示可以進(jìn)行雜交或者純合。ColourGenetic CodePhenotypeSable紫貂色eeU_Dark as possible, ideally black with cream undercoat and eye rings黑色，眼睛周圍有象牙奶油色的毛Black eyed Cream + UmbrousRed eyed Cream紅眼奶油色eeppRich pinky cream深奶油色略帶粉肉色Black eyed Cream +Cinnamon

22、Pale Eared Cream帕萊耳霜bbeeCream with black  eyes奶油黑眼睛Rust +Black eyed CreamMink水貂色eeppU_Dull brown, becomes almost orange with age暖褐色過渡到橙色中間的顏色Black eye Cream +Cinnamon +UmbrousBlue Mink藍(lán)色水貂dgdgeeppU_Purple-blue藍(lán)紫色Dark Grey +Black eyed Cream +Cinnamon +UmbrousDove 鴿子色aappDove grey鴿灰色Black +C

23、innamonSilver Sable鍍銀 紫貂色eeSgSgU_Dark as possible with watm grey undertones黑色過渡到灰色之間的顏色Black eyed Cream +Silver Grey +UmbrousSilver Black鍍銀 黑色aaSgSg or aaSgsgDiluted black淡黑色Black +Silver GreyBlack Eyed Ivory黑眼象牙色dgdgee, eeLglg or eeSgsgPale greyish cream淺灰色奶油Black eye Cream + Dark Grey +Light Grey

24、+Silver greySilver Pearl 鍍銀 珍珠色SgsgToTo or SgsgToYWarm cream with black ticking暖奶油色，黑色毛梢Silver Grey +YellowSmoke Pearl珍珠色dgdgToTo or dgdgToYPale greyish cream with black ticking淺灰奶油色，均勻的黑色毛梢Dark Grey +YellowLilac丁香色dgdgppSoft pinky grey柔和的淺灰色Dark Grey +CinnamonLilac Pearl丁香珍珠色dgdgppToTo or dgdg

25、ppToYPale lilac grey ticked with black丁香灰，黑色毛梢Dark Grey +Cinnamon +YellowBeige米色bbdgdgPale grey with gentle brown ticking白灰色，柔和的棕色毛梢Rust +Dark GreyChocolate巧克力aabb Dark chocolate深巧克力色Black +RustChampagne香檳酒aabbpp Pale beige米白色Black +Rust +CinnamonBlonde金黃色Sgsgpp, LglgppCreamy blonde (light

26、 grey blondes have an orange muzzle奶油金黃色（淺灰金黃色有一個(gè)橘黃色的胸帶Cinnamon +Silver Grey +Light GreyCopper 銅色bbeeppU_Rich copper orange to the roots銅色，銅色底毛Rust +Black eye Cream +Cinnamon +UmbrousYellow Black黃黑色aaToTo or aaToYYellow with heavy black ticking to hair tips黃色，黑色毛梢Black +YellowHoney蜜色ppToTo or p

27、pToYLight orange淺肉桂橙Cinnamon +YellowHoney Black蜜黑色aappToTo or aappToYLight orange with dusky black ticking淺橙色，暗黑色毛梢Black +Cinnamon +YellowBlack Eyed Honey黑眼蜜色aabbToTo or aabbToYAs honey but less vibrant and black eyed跟蜜色相似但顏色較淺，黑眼Black +Rust +YellowNote:Cream masks the yellow gene and unlike all oth

28、er colours, combining the yellow gene with cream colours will not produce tortoiseshells. 注：奶油色會(huì)掩蓋黃色基因，不像其他顏色，如果一只倉(cāng)鼠同時(shí)帶有黃色基因和奶油基因?qū)⒉粫?huì)產(chǎn)生玳瑁。Patterns and coat types模式和外套類型Pattern模式Genetic CodePhenotypeDominant Spot主導(dǎo)斑點(diǎn)/顯性斑點(diǎn)DsdsWhich with spots of colour色斑Banded帶狀Baba or BaBaWhite band around animals bel

29、ly白色帶狀Roan 雜色WhwhWhite with coloured hairs ticked throughout the coat白色為底，毛梢為各種顏色Tortoiseshell玳瑁ToToVariable patches of yellow on a coloured 各種可變黃色分布Notes:Dominant spot animals can be bred together but the gene is homozygous lethal i.e. any babies with two copies of the dominant spot allele die

30、 shortly after conception and are reabsorbed by the female.注：帶有顯性斑點(diǎn)基因的倉(cāng)鼠可以相互繁殖，但是這種基因的純合可致死嬰兒。即等位基因同為顯性基因的后代受孕后不久就死亡，由母體吸收。If a hamster has two copies of the Wh gene it will be an Anopthalmic white or more commonly known as an eyeless white. These pure white, blind hamsters rarely live past six mont