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1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上曹妃甸生態城指標體系 THE INDICATOR SYSTEM FOR CAOFEIDIAN ECO-CITY卡塔琳娜·舒伯格/Katarina Schylberg譚英譯/Translated by TAN Ying摘要:曹妃甸國際生態城的指標體系將指導和支持生態城的規劃與設計、建造與運營,從而實現其整體愿景。指標體系建立在“共生城市”的綜合性和多學科的方法基礎之上。指標是一種有益的工具,從不同層次積極地整合規劃中提議的各種目標,而且可以用來跟蹤和控制目標實現的情況。指標系統還是專業人員、政府人員及公眾之間進行溝通的工具,以明確曹妃甸國際生態城的特殊挑戰以及

2、對策。文章介紹了建議的指標體系,包括部分精選的關鍵指標,以及一些理論和方法問題。 Abstract: The Indicator System of Caofeidian International Eco-city will guide and support the process of planning and design, production and operating the Eco-city to fulfil the overall vision. The indicator system is based on the SymbioCity integrated and m

3、ultidisciplinary approach. Indicator are used as tools for actively integrating goals in planning proposals on different levels but also for follow-up and control of how the goals have been fulfilled. Indicators are also important tools to communicate to politicians and the general public the specia

4、l challenges in realizing the Caofeidian International Eco-city and solutions to these challenges. The article describes the proposed indicator system including a few selected key indicators as well as some theoretical and methodological questions.關鍵詞:指標,規劃指標,生態城,共生城市,可持續發展評估 Key words: Indicators,

5、Planning indicators, Eco-city. SymbioCity, Sustainability review曹妃甸國際生態城指標體系是指導生態城的規劃、設計、建設和管理的支撐系統,從而實現其整體愿景,即成為響譽世界的“以人為本、社會進步、經濟繁榮、氣候中性、環境可持續發展”的新城。這些指標也從整體性視角支持城市的可持續發展,包括環境/生態、社會經濟、文化和空間目標。這意味著每一個指標都是一種有益的工具,從不同層次積極地整合這些規劃中提出的目標,而且可以用來跟蹤和控制目標實現的情況。這些指標也是項目的利益相關者內部交流以及對外交流的重要部分。指標系統還是專業人員、政府人員及公

6、眾進行溝通的工具,以明確曹妃甸國際生態城的特殊挑戰以及對策。指標體系包括兩種類型的指標:規劃指標和管理指標。在目前的規劃階段,規劃指標是重點。規劃指標的概念,作為進行綜合空間規劃時實現環境目標的一種工具,在1990年代后期引入瑞典城市規劃領域。在過去的10年中,規劃指標一直是由政府資助的各種研發項目的課題,但是還沒有成為普遍的規劃實踐。規劃指標是對通常基于統計信息的管理性指標的補充。管理指標提供關于現狀和過去的信息,而不是未來的情況。規劃指標的重要戰略意義,在于它作為一種工具,有助于在規劃過程的早期階段探討未來的結果。通過對規劃的情況進行解讀,直接或間接地得出的結論,規劃指標可以描述能夠從空間

7、規劃收集到的各種因素。曹妃甸生態城所選擇的規劃指標借鑒了瑞典在規劃理論和實踐方面的最新發展,并適當調整以適應曹妃甸生態城所面臨的具體挑戰。1.以“共生城市”方法為基礎的指標體系指標體系建立在"共生城市"的綜合性和多學科的方法基礎之上,這意味著"共生城市"模式可以用一個概念模型來表達,這一模型有助于理解可持續的現代化城市的基本原則。在這里,指標體系的概念生成是源于將“共生城市”的概念方法結合曹妃甸的具體條件和規劃目標,或者反過來,在"共生城市"概念模型下界定當地的條件和規劃目標。概念生成的含義是闡明分析所基于的理論基石,并指出戰略和政治

8、角度的基本條件。該框架還提供了用于組織指標的分析性結構和鑒定并選擇指標的邏輯基礎。 2.“共生城市”的概念模型“共生城市”理念和方法的概念模型可以通過圖示來說明。在圖上的內環中包括了諸如氣候變化、自然災害和人為災害等環境因素,次環則代表改善環境狀況所必須考慮的若干子系統(圖1,2)。這些子系統包括城市功能的發展和管理,例如工業、居住和服務,此外還有交通運輸規劃和管理,能源、廢棄物和水的規劃和管理、景觀規劃以及建設規劃與設計。這些子系統可以在整個城市或局部城區進行分析和發展。外環代表了為實現長期變化必須考慮的體制因素。廣義的體制因素包括城市管理、城市規劃的編制辦法、土地管理、法律和政策、公共和私

9、人投資的管理、私營機構的參與、培訓和技術等。基于概念模型的規劃和管理指標如下(圖3): 3 管理指標往往與環境和社會經濟目標聯系緊密,而規劃指標往往與空間目標和子系統的目標和標準聯系緊密。/As illustrated in the diagram there are often strong and direct links between monitoring indicators and environmental and socio-economic goals and planning indicators and For each subsystem there are speci

10、fic aspects reflecting spatial environmental, social, cultural and economic goals. A filled circle indicates a strong and direct link between goals and subsystems and indicators. A circle without filling indicates a weaker or indirect link.spatial goals and objectives and targets on subsystem level.

11、4 每個子系統中都體現環境、社會、文化、經濟因素的特定方面。下表中圓點表示緊密、直接的聯系,圓圈表示較弱的、不直接的聯系。/ 規劃指標在第三圈層中所表達的城市環境和技術子系統層面形成,具體建議一定的城市物質空間品質或預計達到的效果。城市規劃和建設的整合解決方案和技術措施也在這個層面形成。管理指標與第二圈層的環境或社會經濟主要因素相關,用于監控社會發展過程中社會經濟和環境方面的達標情況。這些目標可以是國際性的、國家性的、區域性的或城市的。基于共生城市理念,在子系統層面界定位和概括指標。圍繞各個子系統組織指標有利于使用這些指標評價和判斷建議的技術系統和措施,推進工作的進程。(子系統指不同的規劃方面

12、,例如能夠界定的次級層面的城市功能方面或交通運輸方面等。)共生城市理念倡導整合、可持續的城市發展,在城市功能和各個技術系統之間發現共生協同關系。所達到的循環系統既提高效率又達到最好的經濟效益,并節約自然資源。在這一綜合方法的基礎上,規劃指標的形成還基于從全局或多層次視角看待可持續城市發展問題的一系列理論,包括:緊湊混合型城市規劃、商業集群、整合土地利用和交通規劃(公交導向型開發,即“TOD”)、“社會空間”理論和位置戰略、綜合資源管理(生態循環模式)、循環經濟、經濟增長與能源消耗脫鉤,以及景觀和水的生態規劃。由于許多重要的城市品質不能減化為定量指標,因此有些有關空間目標的指標是定量的。這些指標

13、建立在建筑、環境心理學和城市形態學領域的研究基礎之上。城市品質的定性指標包括以下方面: ·簡易性和復雜性,開放性和封閉性,識別性和清晰性,養護和秩序,歷史底蘊,自然和綠化,有創造性的建筑(凱薩琳娜 Sternudd 2007年)。 ·清晰的結構和移動的自由度(凱文·林奇,1960年)。 ·當地人行網絡的整合程度(Bill Hillier,1996年)。 ·城市多樣性背后的4個因素:密度、基本和次要功能的混合、小型街坊、老建筑(雅各布斯,1961年)。3.指標的選擇指標的選擇基于以下標準:理論層面和實用角度的有效性;與國際、國內、地區、城市的層面

14、以及項目可持續目標的相關度(圖4);沒有冗余(避免重疊的指標);和可度量性。并在3個空間層次上評價各個指標的相關性:城市/地區30km 2(150km 2);城區12km 2;建筑物/街坊。曹妃甸生態城的指標體系結合擬定的目標水平將在生態城規劃、建設、運營的全過程為規劃設計、開發商和承包商提供標準。目標確定了為實現主要的目標和總體愿景需要達到的標準。標準的確定一方面根據基于可持續發展目標的必要性,另一方面基于有關技術方案、當地文化和其他社會經濟因素上的合理性。項目目標應該是大膽的,但不能是空想。SWECO公司團隊通過與各方之間的合作,共同提出了最終目標水平。對瑞典與中國的最佳實踐經驗和法規的比

15、較,也為目標的探討提供了重要信息。在發展曹妃甸指標體系過程中,我們綜合使用了自上而下和自下而上的互動的工作方法,這一過程也是整體規劃和設計過程不可分割的一部分。瑞典專家在各自的專業領域內確定了重要的指標和合理的目標水平。此后又從共生城市的綜合角度,集合并評估這些指標。從經驗和理論角度上制訂的指標,在隨后的研討會上又與中國專業規劃者進行了磋商。總的來說,除了少數目標級別被認為是較高但合理的以外,提議的規劃指標大部分是容易理解且適當的。4.靈活的指標體系指標體系目前一共包含了141項指標。使用一個Excel表格結構,指標就可以被清晰地排列出來,并且可根據對其不同的需求而分類排放。還可以增加或減少指

16、標。指標可以根據與以下不同方面的關聯性進行組織(圖5): 圖5 提議的指標體系的優點是采用系統性和多層次的方法。在這一靈活的系統中,目的、對象、目標和指標都是密切相關的。例如,健康因素和環境因素與規劃指標的聯系意味著對建設環境中的某些物質特點的要求。因此,指標體系可以反應人、自然、城市之間的動態相互作用。/The advantage of the proposed indicators system is the systematic and multilevel approach. In this flexible system goals, objectives, targets and

17、indicators are all interrelated. For example can health factors and environmental factors be related to planning indicators suggesting certain physical qualities in the built environment. The indicator system can thus reflect the dynamic interaction between humans, nature and the city.·總體環境,文化和

18、社會經濟目標,中國政府針對國家、區域和城區級別頒布的具體目標和標準; ·生態城總的具體目標; ·子系統層面的具體目標; ·規劃、建造或者使用階段;·不同的空間層次:區域、城市、城區、街坊/建筑; ·不同子系統的整合規劃達到協同。關鍵指標是部分特別重要的指標,作為專業人員、政府人員及公眾之間進行溝通的工具,以明確曹妃甸國際生態城的特殊挑戰以及對策。曹妃甸國際生態城的具體目標歸結如下:環境目標曹妃甸生態城要成為: ·一個自然環境品質得到保護和改善,并結合到城市發展中的城市。·一個低能耗,可再生能源利用和資源回收達到領先水平的城市

19、。 ·一個擁有健康室外和室內環境的城市。 ·一個支持健康的、環境友好型的生活方式和高品質生活的城市。社會經濟文化目標曹妃甸生態城要成為: ·一個吸引來自世界各地的游客和商業活動、有吸引力的城市。 ·一個高等教育和科研成為城市發展的動力的、有創新力的城市。 ·一個小型新型經濟活動得到鼓勵和發展的、有經濟活力的城市。 ·一個所有居民享受舒適方便的日常生活的、高品質宜居城市。 ·一個具有豐富文化表達的、文化繁榮的城市。空間目標曹妃甸生態城要成為: ·一個擁有高水平的建筑和城市環境的城市。 ·一個實現土地高效利用

20、和空間布局結構合理的城市。 ·一個具有混合功能、布局緊湊,人們可以步行到達主要的公園和公共設施以及公交車站的城市。 ·一個擁有豐富的視覺表達和各具特色的街區的城市。 ·一個擁有高品質、開放連續的步行環境的城市。根據ISO標準,目的是定性的,而對象和目標應該是定量的,并且有可能進行測量。同樣從空間層次結構而言,目的在一個相對較高的空間層次進行表達,而對象和目標是在較低的空間層次進行表達。策略旨在達到目標。指標可以用作衡量有關對象和目標成績的分析工具,以及用作一種交流工具。關鍵指標是指根據重要性從指標的整個范圍中選出的指標。部分精選的關鍵指標如下:(1)城市人口密度:

21、目標水平是每公頃居民數為 300400人(中等密度),其中包括工作崗位的數量。在居民密度高或相對較高的地區要有充分的服務設施和公共空間。不同的城市區域的人口密度應有所不同。(2)服務設施的方便性:在400m范圍內享有基本服務功能的住房比率(住宅面積比)。目標值為100%。基本服務包括基本醫療服務(全科醫師)、公立學校(義務教育學校)、食雜店和公共交通。(3)混合功能:80%的街坊擁有混合使用功能。住宅和公建的建筑面積的比例分別為從80:20到20:80。混合功能擁有各類文化設施、社會服務、娛樂服務、商務中心、商業服務、交通服務及其他功能。(4)街區大小:220m的基本街坊應進一步細分,每邊長度

22、為60100m的小街坊是實現小尺度混合以及小尺度街道的基礎,便于行人及自行車通行。(5)本地非機動出行率:所有本地出行中步行或騎自行車交通量的比例(按照出行公里數)。目標值為大于50%。突出了為達到目標的實驗性的目標水平,以減少能量要求和運輸中產生的二氧化碳排放。(6)能源需求:目標水平設定為每人每年10 000kWh(人均總能耗包括交通運輸,但不包括工業)。該目標水平僅是瑞典目前現狀的一半。(7)可再生能源:可再生能源占基本能源消耗的比例為95%。為達到目標水平,推薦綜合使用風能、潮汐能及工業區的余熱。(8)回收利用:大于80%的垃圾將進行回收利用(回收材料和以生物降解對營養的回收)和能量回

23、收。(9)回收用于農業:大于80%的食物垃圾將經過生物處理,產生肥料和回收能量。(10)用水量:人均每日用水量小于120L。由于省內普遍缺水,同時為了減少能源消耗,降低人均用水量至關重要。(11)雨水收集:每年儲存的雨水總量的比例為75%。由于缺水,雨水是一種很有價值的水資源。(12)污水分類收集:90%95%的建筑物擁有黑水和灰水分開處理的技術措施。與傳統廢水處理方法相比,分開處理這些污水將改進資源提取(能量、養分),減少能源消耗。(13)公共綠地:人均公共綠地面積為20m 2,其中包括綠地和集市市場。(14)公共空間包括綠色空間的可達性:住宅區所有居民可在500m的范圍內抵達公共空間和綠地

24、。5.結論指標體系建立在還原論原則的基礎之上,以“降低復雜性以便使問題量化和容易溝通”(經合組織,1993年)。還原論本身也是兼有利弊。集中到一個選定的驗證指標進行分析,便于解讀、確定標準和溝通。還原論方法伴隨的缺點是對認知進行簡化的風險。因此指標的運用必須得到深入的分析和一個健全的、參與性規劃過程的支持,以減少還原論方法的弊端。與在較大地理范圍的管理指標相比,在較小地域范圍的城鎮區域或項目上使用的指標體系的發展還不夠。(Dobbelsteen & Wilde 2004a,Wong,2006)。在項目層次和城鎮地區層次上使用指標體系進行可持續發展的評估還存在難點。主要是缺乏有效的測量工

25、具,缺乏分類的統計數據,因而難以建立空間因素和行為模式之間的因果關系。指標的選擇也不是一個簡單和精確的事情。選擇基于關于建成環境與行為的關系的綜合理論和研究,旨在達到更好的未來。在今天還缺乏完善經驗的情況下,發展規劃指標的工作就是在正確的理論支持與實踐可行性之間取得平衡。曹妃甸生態城項目中的指標體系是在規劃和設計的過程中通過互動的方式形成的。系統地分析環境問題的共生城市概念和方法是工作的出發點,并通過瑞典、中國專家和當地領導的多向交流選定和進一步發展了各個具體指標。在這一過程中有很多機會參考瑞典和中國的標準,也增進了彼此的了解和認識。希望該過程有助于曹妃甸國際生態城指標體系獲得認可和理解,能在

26、實際中指導和支持生態城規劃設計、建設和運作的過程,以實現總體構想:即成為響譽世界的“以人為本、社會進步、經濟繁榮、氣候中性、環境可持續發展”的新城。注釋:1瑞典國際開發署. 可持續城市方法, 2007參考文獻: 1. Dobbelsteen van den A. & Wilde de S. (2004a). 空間優化利用的概念性可持續環境評估. 環境管理雜志. 73卷: 81-892. Hillier, B. 空間是機器. 劍橋:劍橋大學出版社,19963. Jacobs, J. 美國大城市的生與死. 紐約:蘭登德,19614. OECD. 環境指標和環境性能綜述-OECD核心指標組.

27、環境專題:83. 巴黎, 19935. SIDA. 可持續性城市途徑, 20076. Schylberg, K. 車站附近區域內土地高效利用規劃指標. 瑞典呂勒奧理工大學, 20087. Sternudd, C. 小城鎮形象對城市形態的美學評價. 瑞典隆德大學, 20078. Wong, C. 城市和地區規劃指標:政策和方法的互動.倫敦:RTPI藏書系列,2006The Indicator System of Caofeidian International Eco-City shall guide and support the process of planning and design,

28、 production and operating the Eco-City to fulfil the overall vision; to be a world renowned, modern, people-focused, prosperous, climate-neutral and environmentally sustainable society. Indicators should also support a holistic perspective on sustainable urban development including environmental/ ec

29、ological, socio-economic, cultural and spatial goals. This means that every indicator should be useful as a tool for actively integrating these goals in planning proposals on different levels but also for follow-up and control of how the goals have been fulfilled. Indicators are also important tools

30、 to communicate to politicians and the general public the special challenges in realizing the Caofeidian International Eco-City and solutions to these challenges. The indicator system includes two types of indicators: planning indicators and monitoring indicators. In the current planning phase the f

31、ocus is on the planning indicators. Planning indicators were introduced in a Swedish planning context in the late 1990s as tools to implement environmental objectives in comprehensive spatial planning. The last ten years the planning indicator tool has been the object for research and development pr

32、ojects with governmental funding but is not yet to be regarded as common praxis in Swedish planning practice. Planning indicators are complements to indicators for monitoring purposes that are usually based on information from statistics. Monitoring indicators give information about the present stat

33、e and the past, but not about future situations. The strategic importance of the planning indicator is due to its use as a tool to facilitate discussions about future consequences in an early stage of the planning process. Planning indicators describe factors that can be gathered from a spatial plan

34、, either directly or indirectly by making conclusions based on circumstances that are readable in the plan. Selected planning indicators reflect the current Swedish development in planning theory and practice and have been adapted to the special challenges of Caofeidian Eco-City. 1.An Indicator Syst

35、em Based on the SymbioCity Approach The indicator system for caofeidian Eco-city is based on the SymbioCity integrated and multidisciplinary approach, meaning that the SymbioCity approach can be represented in a conceptual model that helps understanding the fundamental principles of a modern sustain

36、able city. Conceptual consolidation of the indicator system was in this case done by adapting the SymbioCity conceptual approach to the specific local conditions and planning objectives in the Caofeidian or the other way around framing the specific local conditions and planning objectives within the

37、 SymbioCity conceptual model. Conceptual consolidation meaning explaining and highlighting the founding concept to be represented by the analysis and pinning down the strategic and political context. The framework also provides the base for an analytical structure to arrange indicators and a logic g

38、round for identification and selection of indicators. 2.SymbioCity Conceptual Model The conceptual model of the SymbioCity approach can be illustrated in a diagram. The inner ring in the top diagram includes environmental factors such as climate change, natural and artificial hazards etc. The next r

39、ing represents a number of subsystems that must be taken into account if improvements of environmental situations are to be achieved (Figs. 1,2). These subsystems encompass development and management of urban functions such as industry, housing and service as well as traffic and transportation plann

40、ing and management, energy, waste and water planning and management, landscape planning and building planning and design. These subsystems can be analysed and developed for an entire city or city-district. The exterior ring represents the institutional factors that have to be taken into consideratio

41、n to achieve long term change. A wide definition of institutional factors includes urban governance, urban planning, land management, legislation and policies, financing, private sector participation, training and technology in a general sense ( SIDA, 2007). Planning and monitoring indicators relate

42、 to the conceptual model as follows (Fig. 3): Planning indicators are mainly designed at the subsystem level of urban environment and technical system solutions, which is indicated in the third ring of the diagram, by suggesting certain physical qualities or estimated outcomes. Suggested technical s

43、ystem solutions as well as urban structures can be subject to review based on these indicators. Monitoring indicators are related to environmental factors and socio-economic key issues in the second ring in the diagram. Monitoring indictors measure and evaluate the City's progress over time in r

44、elation to certain sustainability objectives and targets on an international, national, regional or city level. Following from the SymbioCity concept indicators are identified and aggregated at the subsystem level. When planning indicators are used to generate system solutions and design proposals a

45、nd to perform sustainability reviews of proposals these tasks are facilitated if indicators are organised around the subsystems. The SymbioCity approach promotes holistic and sustainable urban development, seeking potential synergies between urban functions and urban technology systems, using closed

46、-loop systems to improve efficiency, increase profitability and save natural resources. True to this holistic approach planning indicators are theoretically validated by using planning theories and strategies with a holistic or multifaceted perspective on sustainable city issues such as: compact mix

47、ed city planning, business clustering, integrated land use and transport planning (TOD), socio-spatial concepts and location strategies, integrated resource management (the Eco-Cycle model), closed loop economy, decoupling of economic growth from increased energy demand as well as ecological plannin

48、g of landscape and water. Many important urban qualities can not be reduced to quantitative indicators, many indicators related to spatial goals are therefore qualitative. These indicators are based on research within the field of architecture, environmental psychology and urban morphology. Urban qu

49、ality can for example be evaluated from the perspective of: · simplicity and complexity, openness and closure, recognition and legibility, maintenance and order, historical attachment, nature and greenery, creative architecture (Sternudd, 2007). · legible structures and freedom of movement

50、 (Lynch, 1960). · integration of local road network for pedestrians (Hillier, 1996). · four constituent factors behind urban diversity: density, mix of primary and secondary uses, small blocks, aged buildings (Jacobs, 1961). 3. Selecting Indicators Indicators are selected based on criteria

51、 such as theoretical and empirical validity; relevance to sustainability objectives on a project level as well as on international, national, regional or city level (fig 4); avoiding overlapping indicators; measurability. Each indicator is evaluated as for their relevance at three spatial levels: Th

52、e city/region 30 sqkm (150 sqkm); The city district 12 sqkm; The building/block. Indicators combined with target levels give a standard to guide planners, developers and contractors through the whole process of planning and designing, production and operating the Caofeidian Eco-City. Target specify

53、necessary standards to achieve prioritised objectives and the overall vision. Targets are set from a combined standpoint of what is necessary in relation to sustainability objectives as well as what is reasonable in relation to technical solutions, local culture and other socio-economic consideratio

54、ns. Project targets should be bold but not utopian. Final target levels were proposed in collaboration between Sweco and Chinese counterparts. Benchmarking the Swedish and Chinese "best practice" and legislation gave important information to the target discussion. In developing the Caofeid

55、ian indicator system we used a combined top-down and bottom-up approach in an iterative process which was also an integrated part of the whole planning and design process. Indicators were selected by Swedish experts identifying a number of important indicators and reasonable target levels within the

56、ir professional field. Indicators were assembled and evaluated in relation to the holistic perspective of the SymbioCity approach. Indicators worked out from an empirical and theoretical perspective were later tested on a focus group of professional Chinese planners in a workshop. On the whole propo

57、sed planning indicators where seen as easy to understand and relevant. With a few exceptions target levels were considered high but reasonable. 4.A Flexible Indicator System The indicator system includes a total of 141 indicators. Using an Excel model, indicators can be listed and sorted by their re

58、levance to different needs. Indicators can also be added or subtracted. Indicators can for example be sorted by their relevance in relation to (Fig. 5): · the overall environmental, cultural and socio-economic goals,objectives and targets stated by the Chinese government on national, regional a

59、nd district level. · the overall objectives of the Eco-City. · objectives formulated at the level of the subsystem. · synergies from integrated planning of different subsystems. · the planning, construction or operating phases. · different spatial levels: the regional, city, city district or block/building level. Key indicators, i.e. particularily important indicators, are used to communicate to politicians and the general public the special

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