1、實用標準文案英語三大從句在英語中，主要有三大從句，即名詞性從句（包括主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）、形容詞性從句（即定語從句）、副詞性從句（即狀語從句,包括時間、條件、結果、目的、原因、讓步、地點、方式等）。定語從句一、關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞代替前面的先行詞，并且在定語從句中充當句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。常見的關系代詞有：who, that, which。它們的主格、賓格和所有格如下表所示：先行詞主格賓格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhich人或物thatthat（一）關系代詞who, whom和 whose的用法who代替人，是主格，在定語從句中

2、作主語。An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑師是設計房屋的人。whom代替人，是賓格，在定語從句作賓語，在非正式英語常可省略。Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我們在學校圖書館里遇到的那位先生你認識嗎？whose一般代替人，有時亦可代替物，是所有格，在定語從句作定語。The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位

3、高級工程師的那個女學生過去在國外留學。Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我們這兒能看到窗戶的那個賓館叫什么名字，你知道嗎？（關系代詞whose指代先行詞hotel，正式用法應該用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思是：the window of the hotel。）（二）關系代詞which的用法which代替物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings

4、.我不喜歡有不幸結局的小說。（which可以換成that）（三）關系代詞that的用法that既可指人又可指物，在當代英語中大多指物，在定語從句作主語或賓語，作賓語時還可省略。： Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是賣報紙的那個女孩嗎？（that可以換成who）Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪兒去了？（that可以換成which）Is this the book that you want to buy?這是你要買的那本書嗎？ （that可以換成which，在定語從句作賓語

5、，還可以省略）二、關系副詞引導的定語從句常用的關系副詞只有三個：when, where, why，在定語從句中充當時間、地點和原因狀語。（一）關系副詞when的用法關系副詞when代替的先行詞表示的是時間，when在定語從句作時間狀語。In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。（when先行詞是months）（二）關系副詞where的用法關系副詞where代替的先行詞表示的是地點，where在定語從句作地點狀語。During the Spring Festival I w

6、ent back to the town where I was brought up.春節期間，我回到了生我養我的家鄉。（where的先行詞是town）（三）關系副詞why的用法關系副詞why代替的先行詞表示的是原因，why在定語從句作原因狀語。The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打電話給你的原因是想問問你是否收到了我的電子郵件。（why先行詞是reason， 當代英語里why可以用that替代，這時關系代詞that就變成了表示原因的關系副詞，還可以將why省略）三、特殊關系

7、代詞as引導的定語從句（一）在固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中，as引導定語從句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少書就拿多少。（第一個as是副詞，修飾many的；第二個as才是關系代詞，代替先行詞books，在定語從句中作賓語）（二）獨立于主句之外，as引導定語從句As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我們所知，地球圍繞太陽旋轉。（As we know和 As is known to us均為定語從句，as分別

8、作賓語和主語，替代后面的主句。）Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道，臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。（關系代詞as指代整個主句，在定語從句中作賓語。）四、關系代詞who, which與that的區別（一）關系代詞who與that的區別1. 當關系代詞用作主語時，多用主格who。He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行詞為代詞he, they, any, all, one等時，多用who）I met Alice, who told me that she was learnin

9、g Chinese.我遇見艾麗斯，她告訴我她在學漢語。（在非限制性定語從句中，用who）2. 當關系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時，用賓格whom，不用that。The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我們校長剛才與他談話的那個人是我們的英語老師。（介詞與關系代詞緊密相連時，只能用賓格whom，不可用主格who）注意：介詞與關系代詞不是緊密相連時，或者說介詞放在句子后面時，這時可以用主格who，也可用that，還可以省略關系代詞。因此，上面的這句話還可以有如下四種說法：(1) The man whom

10、our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.3. 當關系代詞泛指人時，多用that。He is a

11、 man that is never afraid of failure.他是個從不怕失敗的人。（that用來泛指人）4. 當關系代詞出現在who開頭的疑問句時，應用that。例如：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英語同湯姆交談的那個女孩是誰？（避免重復使用who，以免造成誤解或語義含混不清）（二）關系代詞which與that的區別1. 當先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代詞anything, something, everything等時，關系代詞多用that。All that glitters is n

12、ot gold. 閃閃發光物，未必盡黃金。She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告訴了我。2. 當先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no等時，關系代詞一般都用that。This is the best novel that I have ever read. 這是我讀過的最好的一部小說。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一應邀參加舞會的人。3. 當關系代詞出現在which

13、開頭的疑問句時，應用that。Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一個是推薦給外賓的賓館？（這里使用that很明顯是為了避免重復which）4. 在非限制性定語從句中，關系代詞一般只用which。Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中華人民共和國的首都，將主辦2008年奧運會。5. 介詞后的關系代詞用which，而不用that。She ha

14、s collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600張郵票，其中60是德國郵票。五、定語從句的位置如前所述，定語從句一般總是直接置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。有時候，定語從句與先行詞之間插入了其他的短語，這樣它們被分隔了，這種情況下的定語從句被稱作隔離定語從句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.樓上有一個女孩，大喊大叫。很明顯，她瘋了。（定語從句who was shouting and crying修飾the girl，

15、被upstairs所隔開）A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要來一位新老師教你們德語了。（定語從句置于句末以示強調）下載名詞性從句賓語從句一、引導詞（1）由that 引導的陳述句性的賓語從句，在很多動詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動詞后。連詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無詞匯意義，在口語中常被省略。如：I told him that he was wrong.在think, belie

16、ve, suppose, expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中，有時謂語盡管是否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think 等動詞變為否定形式。（見語法：否定轉移）如：I dont think you are right. (我認為你做的不對)在許多帶有復合賓語的句子中，that引導的賓語從句經常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式賓語。We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的)（2） 由連詞if、 whether 引導的表示“是否”的賓語從句。Whether, if 在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下，whethe

17、r和if 可以替換。I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.在介詞后面的賓語從句中不用if引導Everything depends on whether we have enough money.賓語從句中有or not時不用if引導.I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式連用作賓語時不用if引導Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.（3）由wh-引導的賓語從句。連接代詞who, whom, whose, what,

18、which和連接副詞when, where, why, how 等連接的賓語從句，它們在句中即有連接從句的作用，又在句中充當句子的成分。Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地點狀語)二、賓語從句的語序，賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序，既連接詞+主語+謂語+其他成分 I believe that they will come soon.特例：有下列常見的問句，作為從句出現，是“不改變語句順序”的。1. What's the matter?2.

19、 What's wrong?3. What's up？4. What's the problem?5. What's your trouble?三、賓語從句的時態。賓語從句的時態受主句的限制，即：主句是一般現在時態，從句根據實際情況而定；主句是一般過去時態，從句用相應的過去的時態。如果從句的動作發生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態。1) She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.

20、She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already.（1）如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現在時態。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.（2）Could you tell me是用來征詢對方的意見，語氣委婉，并不表示過去。Could you t

21、ell me when we will visit the History Museum?注意事項：（3）由陳述句變成賓語從句時，要注意人稱的變化。She said: “I have been to England before.” She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?” She asked me if I liked maths.（4）賓語從句與簡單句的交換。由連接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時，可以用“疑問詞+不定式”做賓語的簡單

22、句結構。I dont know what I should do next. I dont know what to do next.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Can you see A?A. what hes reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2. Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一個句子)Do you know _that_Jack _come_from Japan?3._What did your son say in th

23、e letter?_He told me that he_D_ the Disney the next day.A. will visit B. has visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit4. He didnt know_A_A. whats the matter B. what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was5. Somebody called you just now, but I didnt know_D_A. who were they B. who

24、they wereC. who was it D. who it was6. I want to know_D_A. what is his name B. whats his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is7. -Could you tell me _C_she is looking for?-Her cousin, Susan.A. that B. whose C .who D. which8. -What are you searching the Internet for?-Im trying to find out_.A. Wh

25、at is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB. How many persons have died in IraqC. How to protect our environmentD. Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea同位語從句（一）一般來說，在主從復合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內容。可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message

26、, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem， question, doubt, thought等。eg: They were delighted at the news that their team had won. 當聽到他們隊獲勝的消息時，他們欣喜若狂。有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起湯姆可能已經還了書了。（二）引導詞1. T

27、he news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question where we are

28、going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.7. I have no idea when he will be back小結： that引導同位語從句時無詞義，也不充當任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1； whether引導同位語從句時意為“是否”，通常不能用if來代替, 如句2; 連接代詞who, what等可以引導同位語從句，如句3， 4； 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導同位語從句， 如句5，6，7。(三) that

29、 引導的同位語從句和定語從句 意義不同：同位語從句用來進一步說明前面名詞的內容；而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較：1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. that的功能不同：that引導同位語從句時是一個純連詞，不充當任何成分；而引導定語從句時，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當主語、賓語等成分。試比較：1. Dad made a promise that he would bu

30、y me a CD player if I passed the English test.2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略：that在引導同位語從句時，通常不可省略。在引導定語從句時，若在從句中作賓語，通常可以省略，若作主語則不可以省略。DO SOME EXERCISES:I. 請用適當的詞填空，使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope _that_ they would come over to China soon.2. The fact _that_ he didnt se

31、e Tom this morning is true.3. Word has come _where_ some American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4. He cant answer the question _how_ he got the money from his home yesterday.5. Do you have any idea _what_ is actually going on in the classroom?6. The problem _ we should have t

32、he meeting in the hall now must be decided at once.II. 下列各句中均有一處錯誤，請改正。1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. Ive come with a message from Mr Wang how he wont be able to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. Ive read the boo

33、k where you gave me the day before yesterday. 5. One of the men held the opinion when what the book said was right. 表語從句表語從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動詞只能是連系動詞。名詞性從句在be等系動詞后作表語時被稱為表語從句The problem is how we can get the things we need.問題是我們怎樣能弄到我們需要的東西。(how 在表語從句中充當方式狀語)The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要

34、的。(what 在表語從句中充當賓語)What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告訴他的是我會給他找個好劇本。(what在主語從句中作直接賓語， that作為表語從句的引導詞在該表語從句中不充當句子成分， 不能省略) That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對你講的。(what在表語從句中充當直接賓語)That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語從句中充當原因狀語) “That is why.”是常用句型， 意

35、為“這就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引導的名詞性從句在句中作表語， 該句型通常用于針對前面已經說明過的原因進行總結下面是兩個與“That is why.”形式相似的結構， 它們與“That is why.”結構之間的關系要能夠辨析清楚：(1)“That is why.”與“That is the reason why.”同義， 只不過從語法結構上講， “That is the reason why.”中why引導的是個定語從句， 將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why.”結構一樣 That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. (2)“

36、That is because.”句型中從屬連詞because引導的名詞性從句在此作表語， 這也是個常用句型， 意為“這就是為什么/因為”。“That is because.”與“That is why.”之間的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”則指由于各種原因所造成的后果He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他沒有去看電影， 那是因為他得幫助他的妹妹做作業。(第一句

37、話說明結果， 第二句話說明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看過那部電影， 因此他昨天晚上沒有去看。(第一句話說明原因， 第二句話說明結果)考題1The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)A. when B. why C. whether D. that考題2You are saying that everyone should

38、 be equal, and this is _ I disagree. (2004)A. why B. where C. what D. how考題3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999)A. why B. when C. what D. where考題4_ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (200

39、3上海春)A. What; because B. What; thatC. That; what D. That; because考題5 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh, thats _. (2003北京春)A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited表語從句與賓語從句的關系賓語從句和表語從句都屬于名詞性從句。其作用跟名詞在句中的作用相同。故充當賓語的句子叫賓語

40、從句，充當表語的句子叫表語從句。賓語從句(1)對于賓語從句要掌握以下三點語序: 從句的語序必須是陳述句語序, 即“主語 + 謂語”這種形式。時態: 當主句是一般現在時或一般將來時的時候, 從句可以是任何時態, 而當主句是一般過去時的時候, 從句時態必須是過去時范圍的時態, 即(一般過去時, 過去進行時, 過去完成時, 過去將來時)。連接詞: 當從句意思完整, 主句意思肯定時, 連接詞用that, 且可以省去當從句意思完整, 主句意思不確定或含否定含意時, 常用if或whether(是否)當從句意思不完整時, 連接詞則是代替不完整部分的特殊疑問詞。表語從句在句子中起表語作用的從句叫做表語從句，位

41、于主句系動詞的后面。表語從句的引導詞和主語從句的引導詞相同。也是名詞性從句的一種。What the police want to know is when you entered the room.警察想知道的是你什么時候進的房間。The trouble is that we are short of funds困難是我們缺乏資金。This is what we should do這是我們應當做的。That is why I want you to work there那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arr

42、ived yet他的第一個問題是史密斯先生到了沒有。 從句中的疑問句用正常語序，即陳述語序。as if, as though, because也可用來引導表語從句。She seems as if she had done a great thing她看起來好像做了一件大事。It is because you eat too much那是因為你吃得太多了。狀語從句（一）狀語從句的種類1.時間狀語從句2.地點狀語從句；3.原因狀語從句；4.條件狀語從句；5.目的狀語從句；6.讓步狀語從句；7比較狀語從句；8.程度狀語從句；9.方式狀語從句；10.結果狀語從句。（二）狀語從句的時態一般情況下，時間和

43、條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般用“一般現在時”表示“一般將來時”，用“現在完成時”表示“將來完成時”。（1）時間狀語從句1.由when, while, as引導的時間狀語從句。when, while和as的區別：when引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。并且when有時表示“就在那時”。While引導的從句的謂語動作必須是延續性的，并強調主句和從句的動作同時發生（或者相對應）。并且while有時還可以表示對比。While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV.As表示“一邊一邊”，as引導的動作是延續性的動作，一般用于主句和從句動作同時發生；as也可以強調“一先一后。As we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時，開始下雪了。（as強調句中兩個動作緊接著先后發生，而不強調開始下雪的特定時間）2.由before和after引導的時間狀語從句。before引導的從句不再用否定式的謂語，并且當before引導的從句位于主句之后，有時譯成“就，才”。 時態：當主句用將來時，從句總是用現在時；如果before引導的從句謂語用的是