1、英 文 翻 譯 INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS 1: What Is "Mechatronics"? "Michatronics" is a term coined by the Japanese to describe the integration of mechanicaland electronics engineering. The concept may seem to be anything but new ,since we can alllook around us and see a myriad of pr

2、oducts that utilize both mechanical and electronic dis- cipplines. Mechatronics,however ,specifically refers to a multidisciplined ,integrated approachto product and manufacturing system design .It represents the next generation of machines,robots ,and smart mechanisms necessary for carrying out wor

3、k in a variety of environments-primarily ,factory automation ,office automation ,and home automation as show in Figure 1. By both implication and application ,mechatronics represents a new level of integration for advanced manufacturing technology and processes .The intent is to force a multidiscipl

4、inary approach to these syetems as well as to reemphasize the role of process understanding and control .This mechatronic approach is currently speeding up the already-rapid Japanese processfor trasforming ideas into products . Currently ,mechatronics describes the Japanese practice of useing fully

5、intefrated teams of product designers ,manufactring, purchasing, and marketing personnel acting in concert witheach other to design both the product and the manufacturing syestem. The Japanese recognized that the future in producdtion innovation would belong to those who learned how to optimize the

6、marriage beween eletronic and mechanical systems.They realized,inparticular ,that the need for this optimizatong would be most intense in application of advanced manufacturing and production systems where artificial intelligence ,expertsystems ,smart robots, and advanced manufacturing technology sys

7、tems would create the next generation of tools to be used in the factory of the future. From the very beginnings of recorded time ,mechanical systems have found their way into everyaspect of our society .Our simplest mechanisms ,such as gears ,pulleys, springs,and wheeles.have provided the basis for

8、 our tools .Our electronics technology,on the other hand ,is completelytwentieth-century ,all of it created within the past 75 years. Until now ,electronics were included to enhance mechanical systems' performance ,but the emphasis remained on the mechanical product .There had never been any mas

9、ter plan on how the integration would be done .In the past ,it had been done on a case -by-case basis .More recently,however,because of the overwhelming advances in the world of electronics and its capability to physically simplify mechanical configurations ,the technical community began to reassess

10、the marriage between these two disciplines. The most obvious trend in the direction of mechatronic innovation can be observed in the automobile industry .There was atime when a car was primarily a mechanical marvel with afew electronic appendages. First came the starter motor ,and then the generator

11、 ,each making the original product a bit better than it was before .Then came solid-state electronics,and suddenly the mechanical marvelbecame an electro-mechanical marvel .Today's machine is controlled by microprocessors ,built byrobots ,and fault-an-alyzed by a computer connected to its "

12、external interface connector".Automotive mechanical engineers are no longer the masters of their creations. The process that describes the evolution of the autimibile is somewhat typical of other productds in our society.Electronics has repeatedly improved the performance of mechanical systems

13、,but that innovation has been more by serendipity than by design .And that is the essenceof mechatronica the preplanned application of ,and the efficient integration of,mechanicaland electronics technology to create an optimum product. A recent U.S. Department of Commerce report entitled "JTECH

14、 Panel Report on Mechatronics in Japan"compared U.S and Japanese research and development trends in specific areas of mechatronics technology.Except for afew areas ,the technology necessary to accomplish the development ofthe next generation of systems embodying the principles of mechatronics i

15、s fully within the technological reach of the Japanede . Comparisons were made in three categories :basic research ,asvanced development, and productimplementation.Except for machine vision and software ,Japanese basic research was comparable to the United States,with the Japanese closing in fase on

16、 macchine vision system technology.Japanese artificial intelligence research is falling behind ,primarily because the Japanese donot consider it an essential ingredient of their future systems ,they appear capable of closing even that gap,if required .In the advanced development and product implemen

17、tation areas,Japanis equal to or better than the United States,and is continuing to pull ahead at this time . The Department of Commerce report concleuded that Japan is maintaining itsposition and isin some cases gaining ground over the United States in the application of mechatronics .Theirprogress

18、 in mechatrinics is important because it addresses the very means for next generationof data -driven advanced design and manufacturing technology. In fact ,the Department of Commerce repert cincludes that this has created a regenrative effect on Japan's manufacturing industries. TO clese the gap

19、 ,we will need to go much further than creating new tools .If we acceptthe fact that mechanical systems optimally coupled with eletronics components will be the waveof the future ,then we must also understand that the pipple effect will be felt all the way backto the university,where we now keep the

20、 two disciplines of mechanics and eletronics separated andallow them to meet only in occasional overview sessions .New curricula must be create fir a newhybrid engineer a mechatronics engineer .Only then can we be assured that future generations of product designers and manufactuiing engineers will

21、full seek excellence in these new techniques. We need to rethink our present day approach of separating our engineering staffs both andfrom each other and from the producting engineers .Living together and communicating individualknowledge will be the key to optimum designs and new product developme

22、nt . The definition of mechatronics is much more significant than its combined words imply .It can physically turn engineering and manufacturing upside down. It will change the way we design and produce the next generating of high technology products.The nation that fully implements the rediments of

23、 mechatronics and vigorousely pursues it will lead the word to a new generation of technology innovation with all its profound implications.2.Benefits Of MechatronicsMechatronics may sound like utopia to many product and manufacturing managers it is often presented as the solution to nearly all of t

24、he problems in manufacturing . In particular ,it promises to increase productivity in the factory dramatically.Design changes are easy with extensive use of mechatronic elements such as CAD; CAP and MIS systems help in scheduling ; and flexible manufacturing systems ,computer-aided design ,and compu

25、ter integrated manufacturing equipment cut turnaround time for manufacturing .These subsystems minimize production costs and greatlu increase equipment utilization .Connections from CAE,CAD, and CAM help create designs that are economical to manufacture ;cintrol and communications are improved,with

26、minimal paper flow; and CAM equipment minimizes time loss due to setup and materials handling.Many companies that make extensive use of computers view their factories as examples of mechateonic concepes, but on close wxamination their integration is horizontal-in the manufacturing area only or at be

27、st includes primarily manufacturing and managemengt .General Electric ,as part of its effort to become a major bendor of factory automation systems ,including its Erie Locomotive Plant, its Scjenectady Steam Turbine Plant, and its Charlottesville Controls Manufacturing Division. The primary benefits

28、 of mechatronics, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing technology and factory automation ,are summarized below.High Capitial Equipment Utilization Typically , the throughput for a set of machines in a mechatronics system will be up to three times that for the same machines in a stand-alone job

29、 shop environment . The mechatronic system achieves high efficiency by having the computer schedule every part to a machine as soon as it is free , simultaneously moving the part on the automated material handling system and downloading the appropriate computer program to the machine . In addition ,

30、 the part arrives at a machine already fixtured on a pallet (this is done at a separate work station )so that the machine does not have to wait while the part is set up .Reduced Capital Equipment Costs The high utilization of eqipment results in the need for fewer machines in the mechatronic system

31、to do the same work load as in a conventional systenm . Reductions of 3:1 are common when replaceing machining centers in a job-shop situation with a mechatronic system. Reduced Direct Labor Costs Since each machine is completely under computer control ,full-time oversight is not repaired . Direct l

32、abor can be reduced to the less skilled personnel who fixture and defixture the parts at the work station ,and a machinist to oversee or repair the work stations ,plus the system supervisor . While the fixturing personnel in mechatronic environments require less advanced skills than corresponding wo

33、rkers in conventional factories , labor cost reduction is somewhat offset by the need for computing and other skills which may not be required in traditional workplaces.Reduced Work-in Process Inventory and Lead TimeThe reduction of work in-process in a mechatronic system is quite dramatic when comp

34、ared to a job-shop environment . Reductions of 80 percent have been reported at some installations and may be attributed to a variety of factors which reduce the time a part waits for metal-cutting operations. These factors include concentration of all the equipment required to produce part into a s

35、mall area ;reduction in the number of fixtures required ;reduction in the number of machines a part must travel through because processes are combined in work cells ; and efficient computer scheduling of parts batched into and within the mechatronic system.Responsiveness to Changing Production Requi

36、rements A mechatronicsystem has the inherent flexibility to manufacture different products as the demands of the demands of the marketplace change or as engineering design changes are introduced .Furthermore , required spare part production can be mixed into regular runs without significantly disrup

37、ting the normal mechatronic system production activities.Abulity to Maintain Prodution Many mechatronic system are designed to degrade gracefully when one or more machines fail . This is accomplished by incorporating redundant machining capability and a material handling system that allows failed ma

38、chines to be bypassed . Thus , throughput is maintained at a reduced rate.High Product Quality A sometimes-overlooked advantage of a mechatronic system , especially when compare to machines that have not been federated into a cooperative system , is improve product quality . The basic integration of

39、 product design characteristics with production capability ,the high level of automation , the reduction in the munber of fixtures , and greater attention to part/machine alignment all result in a good individual part quality and excellent consistency from one workpiece to another ,further resulting

40、 in greatly reduced costs of rework.Operational Flexibility Operational flexibility offers a significant increment of enhanced productivity . In some facilities , mechateonic system can run virtually unattended during the second and the third shifts . This nearly “unmanned “ mode of operation is cur

41、rently the exception rather than the rule . It should , however, become increasingly common as better sensors and computer controls are developed to detect and handle unanticipated problems such as tool breakages and part-flow jams . In this operational mode , inspection ,fixturing , and maintenance

42、 can be performed during the first shift .Capacity Flexibility With correct planning for available floor space , a mechatronics system can be designed for low production volumes initially ;as demand increase , new machines can be added easily to provide the extra capacity required. Mechatronic Syste

43、m Elements This chapter provides a brief introduction to the mechatronic system concept and the system elements required to implement mechatronic technology . The stress is on factory automation ,whiche will serve as the foundation for mechatronic technology integration in office automation and home

44、 automation .System Concept Mechatronic production systems include all aspects of product design , manufacturing , and plant management , in a coordinated data-driven computer-as-sisted system .But unlike any other process before , they will also include the operationts that are the involed in defin

45、ing the product a plant is to manufacture .It is precisely here that the Japanese have excelled ,making many American firms take notice and wonder why their share of the market is disappearing.A close inspection of the process would receal that the Japanese had created new products that were so much

46、 attuned to the using public that our statle products lacked luster in the market-place . They created a need for their products and did so by that age-old principle which states, “give the customer what he wants ,not what you think he wants .Sharing the design process with customer is an interestin

47、g process that , when considered as part of the mechatronic philosophy , becomes the prime mover for everything else that happens in factory automation.There are three general groups of mechatronic functions , as shown in Figure 2: market needs analysis ,which results in user-oriented product design

48、 ; manufacture(both fabrication and assembly ) of products on the factory floor; and enlightened management of factory operations . The three general groups noted above ,stressing the need for inproved design , product manufacturing ,and enlightened management ,are not necessarily mutually exclusive

49、 . In fact , the goal of introducing mechatronics into these systems is to break down the barriers between them so that design and manufacturing system are inextricably linded . Howerer , the three categories are useful to frame the discussion , particularly since they correspond to the organization

50、 of a typical manufacturing firm. 漢語(yǔ)翻譯 機(jī)電一體化概述1：何為機(jī)電一體化機(jī)電一體化是日本人新造的術(shù)語(yǔ)，用來(lái)描述機(jī)械工程與電子工程的結(jié)合。機(jī)電一體化的念除了是個(gè)新的概念之外，還可以看成包含任何東西的概念，因?yàn)槲覀冎車性S許多多的數(shù)不清的產(chǎn)品都是機(jī)械和電子技術(shù)有機(jī)結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。然而機(jī)電一體化特別指的是多學(xué)科相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造系統(tǒng)的方法，他代表著下一代的機(jī)器、機(jī)器人和靈敏的機(jī)械能夠在一系列不同的環(huán)境下進(jìn)行工作。主要是：工廠自動(dòng)化、辦公自動(dòng)化、家庭自動(dòng)化，如以下圖1所示同時(shí)應(yīng)用機(jī)電一體化代表著一個(gè)新的層次上的先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和過程相結(jié)合。這就意味著把包含多種學(xué)科并且

51、反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的方法應(yīng)用于那些系統(tǒng)，這與把理解和控制放在一個(gè)重要的地位上是一樣的。這種機(jī)械與電子技術(shù)相結(jié)合的方法使現(xiàn)今觀念轉(zhuǎn)變已經(jīng)比擬快的日本更快的把技術(shù)應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品之中。目前，機(jī)電一體化闡述了日本人使用充分結(jié)合的隊(duì)伍的實(shí)踐，這一隊(duì)伍包括產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)者、制造人員、采購(gòu)人員和銷售人員，他們相互一致行動(dòng)，既設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品又設(shè)計(jì)制造系統(tǒng)。日本人成認(rèn)在生產(chǎn)革命中未來(lái)將屬于知道怎樣使用電子系統(tǒng)和機(jī)械系統(tǒng)之間相結(jié)合的最好的人們，更特別的是他們意識(shí)到這種需要是先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和制造系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化是最強(qiáng)烈的，譬如人工智能、專家系統(tǒng)、靈巧機(jī)器人。先進(jìn)的制造系統(tǒng)能夠創(chuàng)造下一代將來(lái)能夠在工廠應(yīng)用的工具。迄今為止，機(jī)械系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在我們社會(huì)各方面

52、廣泛應(yīng)用且存在，例如我們的一些簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械齒輪、彈簧、輪子都是我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹母竟ぞ摺Ｔ诹硪环矫嫖覀兊碾娮蛹夹g(shù)在20 世紀(jì)已經(jīng)在短短的75年內(nèi)就已經(jīng)相當(dāng)?shù)呐d旺了。直到現(xiàn)在，電子技術(shù)附屬于機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，并來(lái)增強(qiáng)機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的性能。但是重點(diǎn)仍然放在機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上，從沒有把機(jī)械和電子相互結(jié)合。在過去，只是就事論事，最近由于世界上電子技術(shù)的不可抵擋的先進(jìn)性，且能夠?qū)嶋H的簡(jiǎn)化機(jī)械裝置。機(jī)械技術(shù)行業(yè)開始將電子技術(shù)與機(jī)械“聯(lián)姻。最直接的機(jī)電一體化改革表達(dá)在自動(dòng)化工業(yè)。我們進(jìn)入了一個(gè)嶄新的時(shí)代，一輛汽車是只有幾個(gè)電子元件就能控制的機(jī)器。首先是起動(dòng)器馬達(dá)，接著出現(xiàn)的是發(fā)電機(jī)。每一次都使產(chǎn)品有了新的進(jìn)步，之后半導(dǎo)體電子元件

53、由集成塊、晶體管和二極管組成的出現(xiàn)成為機(jī)械行業(yè)的奇跡。現(xiàn)今的機(jī)器是由微處理器控制，由機(jī)器人生產(chǎn)，故障分析由與外接口連接器連接的電腦控制，自動(dòng)化機(jī)器引擎。電子技術(shù)已再三的改善了機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的性能。這是機(jī)電一體化的精華機(jī)械技術(shù)和電子技術(shù)預(yù)先方案應(yīng)用和有效結(jié)合以創(chuàng)造一種最正確的產(chǎn)品。美國(guó)貿(mào)易部最近的一篇題為“日本技術(shù)規(guī)那么委員會(huì)關(guān)于機(jī)電一體化評(píng)論的報(bào)告比擬了美國(guó)和日本在機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)上的研究和開展。除了少數(shù)領(lǐng)域外，完成使機(jī)電一體化的原理具體化的下一代系統(tǒng)的研制所必須的技術(shù)完全在日本人所能及的范圍內(nèi)。在以下三個(gè)方面作了比擬：根底研究、試樣樣品和產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)三個(gè)方面。除了機(jī)械視覺系統(tǒng)和軟件系統(tǒng)外，日本的根底研究

54、與美國(guó)的是可以相比的，日本人在機(jī)器視覺系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)通過傳感、物體識(shí)別、圖象分析和解釋來(lái)確定物體的方位和形狀的能力，稱為機(jī)械視覺系統(tǒng)日本人工智能方面的研究比美國(guó)相對(duì)落后，主要是日本人不認(rèn)為人工智能是與他們將來(lái)系統(tǒng)結(jié)合的關(guān)鍵。如果需要的話，他們甚至關(guān)閉且不研究人工智能。在試樣試品和產(chǎn)品實(shí)現(xiàn)方面，日本與美國(guó)持平，甚至超過美國(guó)，并在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)仍保持領(lǐng)先勢(shì)頭。美國(guó)貿(mào)易部的報(bào)告總結(jié)出：日本仍然保持其地位，在一些情況下，對(duì)于機(jī)電一體化的應(yīng)用仍勝于美國(guó)。他們?cè)跈C(jī)電一體化方面的進(jìn)步是非常重要的，因?yàn)樗窍乱淮詳?shù)據(jù)為主導(dǎo)的設(shè)計(jì)及制造技術(shù)的重要手段。實(shí)際上，美國(guó)貿(mào)易部報(bào)告的結(jié)論會(huì)對(duì)日本的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生更深遠(yuǎn)的影響。為了

55、縮小差距，我們不僅要制造新的工具，而且我們要走的路更遠(yuǎn)。如果我們接受電子元件最正確結(jié)合的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)將是未來(lái)的浪潮。這一事實(shí)，那么我們一定能理解。這波紋效應(yīng)一直到大學(xué)都能感覺到。在大學(xué)里我們把機(jī)械學(xué)和電子學(xué)這兩門學(xué)科別離，而且僅在偶然的綜合性課程中允許二者相遇。現(xiàn)在的課程必須能夠創(chuàng)造新的混合型的工程師機(jī)電一體化工程師。只有這樣，我們才能保證將來(lái)下一代的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)者和制造工程師將在新的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域有出色的表現(xiàn)。我們必須需要重新思考一下我們現(xiàn)代的劃分我們機(jī)電一體化工程師成員的方法，既要彼此互相區(qū)別，而又要與產(chǎn)品工程師相互區(qū)別。居住在一起，個(gè)人之間相互交流在產(chǎn)品將產(chǎn)生一種復(fù)雜的效應(yīng)。最大化的相互作用是優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)

56、和新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的關(guān)鍵。機(jī)電一體化的定義的重要性不在于它是詞語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單組合，他把工程技術(shù)和制造技術(shù)相互結(jié)合，他會(huì)改變我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)下一代高科技產(chǎn)品的方式，充分為機(jī)電一體化提供根底，并強(qiáng)有利的推行機(jī)電一體化的國(guó)家將把世界導(dǎo)向一場(chǎng)具有深遠(yuǎn)意義的新一代技術(shù)革命。 2：機(jī)電一體化的優(yōu)勢(shì) 機(jī)電一體化對(duì)于許多產(chǎn)品和制造者聽起來(lái)似乎是近乎理想的完美境界，因?yàn)闄C(jī)電一體化幾乎能解決生產(chǎn)制造中的所有問題，更特別的是，他很有可能顯著的提高工廠產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量。廣泛的利用機(jī)電一體化組成局部例如CAD(計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì))、CAP(計(jì)算機(jī)輔助方案)和MIS(管理信息系統(tǒng))幫助的編制進(jìn)度。并且柔性制造系統(tǒng)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造設(shè)備，可以大大的降低生產(chǎn)制造的工作周期，這子系統(tǒng)降低產(chǎn)品本錢和提高設(shè)備的利用率，與CAE(計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程)、CAD、CAM(計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造)相結(jié)合的機(jī)電一體化能創(chuàng)造更經(jīng)濟(jì)的產(chǎn)品，利用控制和聯(lián)絡(luò)的提高，降低圖紙數(shù)量，并且CAM設(shè)備減少了安裝和控制機(jī)器的時(shí)間。許多公司更廣泛的利用計(jì)算機(jī)把他們的工廠看成是機(jī)電一體化設(shè)想的試樣點(diǎn)。但是，經(jīng)過嚴(yán)密考察后，他們的結(jié)合是水平的只在生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域包括主要的生產(chǎn)制造和管理階層。通用電器公司成為工廠汽車系統(tǒng)的主要賣主，已經(jīng)推出其宏偉方案合并其旗下的數(shù)個(gè)公司，包括伊利機(jī)車廠、斯克奈塔氣輪機(jī)廠、夏洛茨維爾制造分工司。機(jī)電一體化的主要優(yōu)