1、Overview: infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed (II)1. 定義定義 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫做叫做狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)（adverbial)。 I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.2.功用功用 狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、 條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等條件

2、、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ) （Adverbial ）判斷下列各句中狀語(yǔ)的功用判斷下列各句中狀語(yǔ)的功用： 1. How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）（原因狀語(yǔ)

3、）原因狀語(yǔ)）（條件狀語(yǔ)）（條件狀語(yǔ)）（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）（方式狀語(yǔ)）（方式狀語(yǔ)）6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 8.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9.She works very hard though she is old.10.I am taller than he is.11.He often comes late to school.（伴隨

4、狀語(yǔ)）（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）（目的狀語(yǔ)）（目的狀語(yǔ)）（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）（讓步狀語(yǔ)）讓步狀語(yǔ)）（比較狀語(yǔ)）（比較狀語(yǔ)）（頻率狀語(yǔ)）（頻率狀語(yǔ)）不定式作狀語(yǔ)常用來(lái)表目的、結(jié)果不定式作狀語(yǔ)常用來(lái)表目的、結(jié)果, 原因原因,條件等。條件等。1）目的狀語(yǔ)）目的狀語(yǔ)To learn English well, he went to England.In order to achieve the aim, we must learn from other countries.一、不定式作狀語(yǔ)一、不定式作狀語(yǔ)注：表目的的不定式還常與注：表目的的不定式還常與so as或或in order連用，構(gòu)成連用，構(gòu)成so as

5、 (not) to do和和in order (not) to do 結(jié)構(gòu)，其中結(jié)構(gòu)，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。不能用于句首。 例如：例如：To get there in time, we got up very early. = In order to get there in time, we got up very early. = We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time. 2）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)He ran to the station only to find the train

6、 had left.3）原因狀語(yǔ)）原因狀語(yǔ)We are excited to hear the news. I am very sorry to hear that.注意：有時(shí)，不定式還可修飾一個(gè)句子，注意：有時(shí)，不定式還可修飾一個(gè)句子，表明說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)不定式表明說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)不定式有有to tell you the truth，to be honest，to be frank，to be fair等。等。 例如：例如：To tell you the truth, I dont like the film. Tom kept quiet about the acciden

7、t _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 解析：此題考查不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)及其解析：此題考查不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)及其結(jié)構(gòu)，所以選結(jié)構(gòu)，所以選B B。Practice現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)可表示可表示時(shí)間，時(shí)間，原因原因，結(jié)果結(jié)果，條件條件，讓步讓步，方式方式，伴隨等，可轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)伴隨等，可轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)從句。在邏輯上句子的主語(yǔ)與分詞有在邏輯上句子的主語(yǔ)與分詞有主謂關(guān)系。主謂關(guān)系。1.表時(shí)間表時(shí)間Walking out of the room, he saw th

8、e boy still there.= When he walked out of the room, he.二、現(xiàn)在分詞二、現(xiàn)在分詞(V-ing)作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)2.表原因表原因Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.= Because he was ill, he.Not mastering the way of studying, I didnt get a good result.=As I didnt master the way of studying, i .3.表結(jié)果（并列謂語(yǔ)）表結(jié)果（并列謂語(yǔ)）His father died, lea

9、ving him a lot of money.= his father died and left him .The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.= The fire lasted nearly a month and left nothing valuable. 4.表?xiàng)l件表?xiàng)l件Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons, you.If you dont make use of time, you

10、 will regret.=Not making use of the time, you will .5.表讓步表讓步Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Athough they knew all this, they.Studying from morning till night, I didnt pass the exam.= Athough I studied from morning till night, I .6.表表方式方式,伴隨伴隨狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ) (并列結(jié)構(gòu)）并列結(jié)構(gòu)）He lay on the grass, s

11、taring at the sky for a long time.= He lay on the grass and stared at the .The girl came into the classroom, singing and dancing.= The gril came into the classroom and they sang and danced. 注意注意：1、為了使為了使現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)的意思更作狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)的意思更明確，可在動(dòng)詞明確，可在動(dòng)詞ing前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞：前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞：when,while, once, if, though, unless

12、, even 等等.When waiting for the bus, he saw an old friend.Dont talk while having dinner.Once losing the chance, you cant easily find it.2.動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞ing形式做狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須形式做狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。 While reading the book, the telephone rang. While reading the book, she heard the telephone ring. Looking out t

13、hrough the window, the garden was beautiful. Looking out through the window, we found a beautiful garden.注意：注意：3.獨(dú)立成分作狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立成分作狀語(yǔ)常見(jiàn)的分詞短語(yǔ)有：常見(jiàn)的分詞短語(yǔ)有：Frankly speaking ; honestly speaking;Judging from ; considering; to tell the truthHonestly speaking, he is not fit for the job.Judging from his accent, he

14、is from the south.注意：注意：典型例題典型例題 1. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 解析：解析： 此題考查此題考查-ing分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)的用法。的用法。三、過(guò)去分詞三、過(guò)去分詞（V-ed）作狀語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞過(guò)去分詞作作狀語(yǔ)可表示被動(dòng)和完成的動(dòng)作。狀語(yǔ)可表示被動(dòng)和完成的動(dòng)作。 表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式等，相表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方

15、式等，相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。在邏輯上句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上句子的主語(yǔ)與分詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。與分詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。1、表時(shí)間表時(shí)間Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. = when it is seen from the top of the hill, the city.2.表原因表原因Surrounded by a group of young people, the old man felt happy.=As he was surrounded by a group of young p

16、eople, the old man.Greatly touched by the teachers words, he did a lot of things to help his classmates.=Because the boy was greatly touched by the teachers words, he. 3.表?xiàng)l件表?xiàng)l件Given more time, we could do it better.= If we were given more time, we.Compared with your brother, you should make greater

17、efforts to study English.= if you are compared with your brother, you.4.表讓步表讓步Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.= Although he was laughed at by many people, he.Even if invited, I wont take part in the party.= Even if I am invited, I.5. 表示方式或伴隨表示方式或伴隨Supported by a girl, the old man g

18、ot off the bus.He walked up and down the room, lost in thought.1 1、過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)要與句子過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)要與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Asked why she was late, her face went red.Asked why she was late, she went red in the face.注意：注意：2、過(guò)去分詞或短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，也可在其前面過(guò)去分詞或短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，也可在其前面加上連詞加上連詞when、if、once、though、unless等，等，以便明確作何種狀

19、語(yǔ)。以便明確作何種狀語(yǔ)。注意：注意：Though beaten, we were not discouraged.=Though we were beated, we.Once tasted, the dish is hard to forget.=once it is tasted, the dish.3.過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：區(qū)別：過(guò)去分詞與句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞與句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或被動(dòng)關(guān)系動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或被動(dòng)關(guān)系。現(xiàn)在分詞與句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞與句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系或主動(dòng)關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系或主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 Used for a long time, th

20、e book looks old. Using the book, I find it useful.注意：注意： from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. A seeing B seenSeenSeeing現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式（現(xiàn)在分詞一般式（V-ing）表示動(dòng)作與謂）表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在不久之前發(fā)語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在不久之前發(fā)生。現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式（生。現(xiàn)

21、在分詞的完成式（having+V-ed）表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作前面發(fā)生表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作前面發(fā)生。Seeing the teacher was coming, the students stopped playing.Having received a letter, I knew everything is all right.（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)）現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式（現(xiàn)在分詞的一般被動(dòng)式（Being done）表示其被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；現(xiàn)在分詞的表示其被動(dòng)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式（完成被動(dòng)式（having been done）表示先）表示先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的

22、動(dòng)作之前完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前完成的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。 The school being built will be completed next year. Having been trapped in the traffic, he was late for work.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)在分詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定就是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定就是在非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前面直接加面直接加not。 Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.如果不定式或分詞表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果不定式或分詞表示的動(dòng)作

23、在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，該不定式或分詞用表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，該不定式或分詞用完成式。完成式。 例如：例如：Im sorry you so much trouble. Having never/Not having met the man before, I couldnt recognize him at first. Having finished my homework, I went to play football. 補(bǔ)充補(bǔ)充Exercises She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 2. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing 3. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. N