1、Literary Translation陳水平 helen.cspLecture One1. Definition of TranslationBy translation here I specrifically mean translating, the process of translation, in which something is translated, instead of the work translated.翻譯是將一種文字之真義全部移至另一種文字而絕不失其風格的神韻。（吳獻書，1949）翻譯是用一種語言把另一種語言所表達的思維內容準確而完整地重新表達出來的語言活動。

2、（張培基，1980）翻譯的實質是語際的意義轉換。（劉宓慶，1990）翻譯是將一種語言文字所蘊含的意思用另一種語言文字表達出來的文化活動。（王克非，1997）翻譯是語際之間的信息傳遞和語族之間的文化交流。（蕭立明，2001）A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the c

3、ountry to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻譯應該是把原作的長處完全地移注到另一種語言，以使譯人語所屬國家的本地人能明白地領悟、強烈地感受，如同使用原作語言的人所領悟、所感受的一樣。（泰特勒，1790）翻譯就是用一種語言把另一種語言在內容與形式不可分割的統一中所業已表達出來的東西準確而完全地表達出來。（費道羅夫，1953）Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement o

4、f textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).翻譯的定義也可以這樣說：把一種語言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一種語言（TL）中的篇章材料來加以代替。（卡特福德，1965）Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and

5、secondly in terms of style. 翻譯就是在譯入語中再現與原語的信息最切近的自然對等物，首先是就意義而言，其次是就文體而言。 （奈達，1974）翻譯是把一種語言的言語產物在保持內容方面（也就是意義）不變的情況下改變為另外一種語言的言語產物的過程。（巴爾胡達羅夫，1985中文版）(Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. 通常（雖然不能說總是如此），翻譯就是把一個文本的意義按作者所意想的方式移譯入

6、另一種文字（語言）。（紐馬克，1988）2. Nature of TranslationThere is also a divergence of opinion on nature of translation. Some maintain that translation is a science, since it has its own laws and methods; some advocate that translation is an art, because the translators recreate a literary work by using expressi

7、ons of another language. For example:翻譯是一種藝術，而非科學。 英漢翻譯津指陳生保翻譯不僅是一種藝術，一種技巧，還是一門科學。所謂科學，是指可以采用處理語言結構的科學途徑、語義分析的途徑和信息論來處理翻譯問題，也就是采取語言學的、描寫的方法來解釋翻譯過程。 奈達（美）“翻譯是科學”的觀點是不能成立的，翻譯不是科學，翻譯學才是科學。 新編奈達論翻譯譚載喜教授Now there is a tendency to combine their theories into a comprehensive one. 3. Principles / Criteria o

8、f Translation1）A Brief introduction to the history of translation criteria in ChinaYan Fu “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.” Yan Fus “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of the original content or though. His “expressive” demands that the version must be cle

9、ar and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. So the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before Han Dynasty. Mr. Lin Yutang proposed “faithful, flowing and beautiful

10、” (忠實、通順、美); Mr. Lu Xun, the greatest modern Chinese writer advocated “faithfulness” and “smoothness” as translation standards and attached importance to the original flavor. But he once said, “rather be faithful than smooth.” This was only put forward in opposition to Zhao Jingshens saying: “it is

11、better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.” And this is, of course, understandable. Mr. Fu Lei put forward “to be alike both in spirit and appearance” (神似); Mr. Qian Zhongshu proposed “hua”(化境). Then based on the Yan Fus three characters, Liu Zhongde put forth” faithfulness, expressiveness

12、 and closeness” (信、達、切) in which faithfulness refers to be faithful to the content of the original, expressiveness refers to be as expressive as the original and closeness refers to be as close to the original style as possible.2）A Brief introduction to the translation criteria in WestFraser Tytlers

13、 three principles: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3) The translation should have the ease of the original composition.（Tytler, 1790）譯文應完整地再現原文的思想內容；譯文

14、的風格筆調應與原文的性質相同；譯文應像原文一樣流暢自然。 Nidas dynamic equivalence and functional equivalence: Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (在目標語中再現原語的思想內容和文體風格，使目標語盡量接近原語) (N

15、ida, 1982)3）翻譯標準的具體化問題“具體化”可從不同的角度出發，如可以時間、作者風格、文體、目的等為劃分依據來確定所要翻譯文本的最終標準。賴斯以布勒（Buhler）的三種語言功能為基礎，分出三種文本類型：重內容content-focused/ informative, 重形式form-focused/expressive, 重感染appeal-focused/operative。英國文化學派的翻譯理論家巴斯奈特（Susan Bassnett）提出四種不同類型的文本：Different types of texts require different translation strat

16、egies: texts to convey information, texts to entertain, texts to persuade, texts that belongs to the “cultural capital” of a given culture. 4) Criteria for BeginnersFaithfulness: 1) refers to the content of the original work 2) includes the keeping of the original style Smoothness: requires that ver

17、sion must be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure and crabbed language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and turbid logic. 4. Prerequisites for a Translator 1) A good knowledge of the two languages2) An acquaint

18、ance with the subject matter/ the broadening of the range and scope of our general knowledge3) A good command of translation theory and skillsExamples：1. He is easily the best student in the class. 他絕對/無疑是班上最好的學生。（他比班上別的學生要好得多。）2. The stranger robbed his wife. 那個陌生人搶了他妻子的錢（東西）。I cant agree more. 我完全

19、同意。（我舉雙手贊成。）They gave the boy the lie. 他們指責男孩說謊。（他們指責男孩編造的這個謊言。）This is a very good price. 真便宜。She sighed for her mother. 他很懷念母親。（她渴望見到母親。）Her mother died of difficult labor.她母親死于難產。I wont do it to save my life. 我（寧）死也不干。I dare say he is honest.我認為/我看/我覺得他是誠實的。I have no opinion of him. 我覺得他不怎么樣。Thei

20、r panic was their only punishment. 他們只是受了一場虛驚。（有驚無險）Do you have a family? 你有孩子嗎？He was then bright in the eye.此時他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。Calculation never makes a hero. 舉棋不定永遠成不了英雄。He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.他每天要處理許多棘手的問題。陳先生乃中國學界泰斗，他的那本書似為漢語修辭學的嚆矢。Mr. Chen, our respected teacher, is a renowned

21、master in the academic circles of China. The book written by him seems to be the earliest one in the Chinese rhetoric studies.那研究生英年好學，矻矻三載，終使其論文得以付梓。That graduate student at his lifes full flowering was eager to learn, worked diligently and untiringly for 3 years, and finally he had his thesis published.不少人認為“信達雅”是嚴復的戛戛獨造，并奉之為譯事圭臬。Many people hold that “faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” is Yan Fus own great original creation and regard it as the