1、高黎貢山百花嶺瓢蟲群落結構多樣性研究摘要：本論文在調查高黎貢山百花嶺瓢蟲群落的基礎上，采用群落分析和多元統計分析方法，研究了海拔高度、植被類型及季節變化對瓢蟲群落結構及多樣性和七星瓢蟲體型的影響，同種瓢蟲鞘翅的色斑變異。其研究結果如下：（1）本次共采集到瓢蟲5亞科20屬56種，共3218頭，其中，已知45種，2個云南新分布種；待定種11個。七星瓢蟲Coccinella septempunctata L.、奇斑瓢蟲Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant)和八仙花崎齒瓢蟲Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao為優勢種。物種豐富度和個體數量依次為：瓢蟲亞科食植瓢

2、蟲亞科隱脛瓢蟲亞科紅瓢蟲亞科=小毛瓢蟲亞科。各類群物種數和個體數量依次為：捕食類植食類菌食類，捕食類瓢蟲的優勢種為七星瓢蟲Coccinella septempunctata L.和奇斑瓢蟲Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant)；植食類瓢蟲的優勢種為食植瓢蟲sp.4 Epilachna sp.4和八仙花崎齒瓢蟲Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao；菌食類瓢蟲的優勢種為柯氏素瓢蟲Illeis koebelei Timberlake。（2）不同海拔帶瓢蟲群落結構及多樣性的研究結果表明，瓢蟲群落的物種豐富度指數、多樣性指數及均勻度指數均以山體中海拔帶（1600

3、1900m）最高，低海拔和高海拔逐漸降低，優勢度指數變化趨勢則相反。1900m以下的海拔帶捕食類瓢蟲個體數量高于植食類，1900m以上的海拔帶植食類瓢蟲個體數量高于捕食類。瓢蟲群落相似性系數（q值）分析以及聚類分析結果表明，海拔跨度越大瓢蟲群落間相似性越低，反之則高；保護區內樣帶與農耕區樣帶瓢蟲群落相似性低，農耕區內各樣地瓢蟲群落相似性較高，保護區內高低海拔帶間瓢蟲群落相似性低；但瓢蟲群落多樣性最高的16001900m與其它樣帶間瓢蟲群落相似性較低。主成成分分析表明，捕食類和菌食類瓢蟲物種豐富度指數和多樣性指數在瓢蟲群落變化中起重要的作用。（3）農耕區板栗林瓢蟲群落多樣性最高，其次為農田和核桃

4、林，咖啡林最低。瓢蟲群落相似性系數（q值）分析以及聚類分析結果表明，咖啡林與板栗林瓢蟲群落為中等不相似，農田與核桃林間極相似，其余植被間中等相似。主成分分析表明，捕食類和植食類瓢蟲物種豐富度與多樣性指數對農耕區瓢蟲群落變化起重要作用。（4）2008年4月到2009年2月間，瓢蟲群落多樣性在6月到10月間較高，但波動大，6月和9月多樣性最高，2008年7月、8月、11月、2009年1月、2月份瓢蟲群落多樣性較低。各月份間瓢蟲群落相似性系數在0.13330.6786之間，2009年1月與2008年4月11月瓢蟲群落間中等不相似。2月份與12月、1月間中等不相似，與其余月份間極不相似。8月份與412

5、月份間中等相似。其余月份間瓢蟲群落中等不相似。距離系數為5.701時，將各月份瓢蟲群落聚為5類：9月為一類，2月為一類，5月、6月、7月為一類，4月、8月、10月、11月為一類，12月與1月為一類。（5）本次共采集到異色瓢蟲Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)、奇斑瓢蟲Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant)、紅肩瓢蟲Harmonia dimidiate (Fab.)、黃室盤瓢蟲Pania luteopustulata (Mulsant)、十斑盤瓢蟲Lemnia bissellata (Mulsant)和四斑裸瓢蟲Calvia muiri (Timberlake)

6、共6種同種間鞘翅色斑變異的瓢蟲，其中奇斑瓢蟲Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant)色斑變異最大，有14種色型。差異性分析表明，異色瓢蟲、奇斑瓢蟲和紅肩瓢蟲同種各色型個體間體型差異顯著，黃室盤瓢蟲、十斑盤瓢蟲和四斑裸瓢蟲各色型體型差異不顯著。（6）七星瓢蟲體長和長寬比值隨海拔的升高而增加，體寬在山體中部16001900m之間最寬，山體向上和向下逐漸變窄，低海拔帶七星瓢蟲體型接近半球體。農耕區咖啡林內七星瓢蟲體長體寬的值最大，農田最小。不同月份間七星瓢蟲體長和長寬比值在7到11月之間較大，12月和3月份體較小，體寬與季節變化規律不明顯。差異性分析表明，海拔10001300m與280

7、03100m之間七星瓢蟲長寬比值差異顯著；農田與其余植被瓢蟲體長差異顯著，與核桃林在長寬比值上差異顯著；8月份七星瓢蟲長寬比值與其余月份間差異顯著。關鍵詞：瓢蟲；群落多樣性；季節變化；高黎貢山Abstract: This paper adopts the methods in the community analysis and mul-tinalysis by based on the thorough investigation, the community structure of ladybug from Baihualing of Gaoligong Mountain, to res

8、earch the influenced of altitude, stand type and seasonal variation on the ladybug community structure, diversity and size of Coccinella septempunctata L. The conclusions were as follow.(1) 3128 ladybugs specimens have been collected and belong to 5 subfamily, 20 genera 56 species. 2 species were ne

9、w record for Yunnan province, 11 species were unknown. The Dominant species are Coccinella septempunctata L., Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant) and Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao. The species and the individuals number of ladybugs is classified: CoccinellinaeEpilachninaeAspidimerinaeCoccidulinaeScymninae

10、, the dominant species of predators are Coccinella septempunctata L.and Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant), the dominant species of phytophages are Epilachna sp.4 and Afissula hydrangeae Pang et Mao, the dominant species of fungis is Illeis koebelei Timberlake.(2) The results of community structure and div

11、ersity in the different altitude show that diversity index (H), Evenness index (J), Richness index (S) are higher at the medium altitude (16001900m), these indices are decreased along with the altitude increasing or decreasing, and opposite to Dominant index (C) approximately. The individual numbers

12、 of predators ladybug more than phytophages at the altitude under 1900m, and the result is opposite at the altitude above 1900m. The result of cluster analysis is basically identical with that of similarity analysis, the ladybug communities shared very lower similarity at the great span of altitude,

13、 and it has an inverse relationship with the small span of altitude. The communities shared very lower similarity at different altitudes of nature reserve and it is very higher at agricultural area, the similarity index is very lower between nature reserve and agricultural area, and it is very lower

14、 between medium altitude (16001900m) and others. The ladybug community structure and diversity are significantly influenced by altitude. The results of main component analysis show that the diversity index (H), Richness index (S) of predators and fungis ladybug play important roles in change of lady

15、bug community.(3) The diversity of ladybugs community decreased in the following sequence: Chinese chestnut forest, farmland, walnut forest, coffee forest. The result of cluster analysis is basically identical with that of similarity analysis, the similarity coefficient between ladybug community of

16、coffee forest and Chinese chestnut forest is moderate dissimilar level, it is very similar between walnut forest and farmland, and it is moderate dissimilar level in other forest. The results of principal components analysis show that the diversity index (H), Richness index (S) of predators and phyt

17、ophages ladybug play important roles in change of ladybug community.(4) During the period of April 2008 to February 2009,there was a higher diversity of ladybug community with big fluctuation form June to October, the highest diversity of ladybug community appeared in June and September, it was lowe

18、r in January, February, July, August and November. Community similar coefficient of diversity community was from 0.1333 to 0.6786, it was moderate dissimilar level between January and form April to November, with between February and January, December had the same change pattern. It was moderate sim

19、ilar between August and form April to December. It was extremely dissimilar to others. The ladybug community in different months were divided into 5 types by cluster analysis (Euclidian distance coefficient was 5.701), it was 2 month, 9 month, 5-6-7 months, 4-8-10-11 months, 12-1 months. (5) Six kin

20、ds ladybug of the macula in the same species with variation were collected, there were Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant), Harmonia dimidiate (Fab.), Pania luteopustulata (Mulsant), Lemnia bissellata (Mulsant), Calvia muiri (Timberlake). Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant) has the bigge

21、st variation of the macula (14 types).The former three had extremely significant with size of body in the variation in the same species by difference analysis, and there were no difference in the other. (6) The length, width and ratio (length to width) of Coccinella septempunctata L. increased with the increasing of altitude.Width of body was the highest at the medium altitude (16001900m), it decreased with the altitude increasing or decreasing, and