1、lPassage AlDrive Train (I)The drive train serves two functions: it transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels, and it varies the amount of torque. “Power” is the speed at which work is performed. “Torque” is twisting force. The drive train includes: transmission that is connected to the bac

2、k of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels; driveshaft that transmits the power from transmission to differential; and differential that sends the power to the two wheel axles. See figure 4-1. Figure 4-1 Some types of drive train layouts use a “transaxle”, which is simpl

3、y a combination of the transmission and the differential. These are usually found on front wheel drive cars, but are also used on rear-engine cars. See figure 4-2.Figure 4-2 Front wheel drive layoutThere are two types of transmissions: manual and automatic. If you have a manual transmission, you hav

4、e to shift the gears yourself, usually with a stick located on your console and the clutch pedal. If you have an automatic transmission, the mechanism changes without any help from you. This is accomplished through a system that works by oil pressure. Each shift of the gears is controlled by a shift

5、 valve; and the gear changes depend on speed, the road, and load conditions. Both manual transmission (with its clutch) and automatic transmission (plus its torque converter) accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. See figure 4-3.Figure 4-3Manual transmissions us

6、ually have four or five speeds, and often have “overdrive”, which means that the output shaft can turn faster than the input shaft for fuel economy on the highway. In general, transmissions with more speeds provide better fuel economy and smoother shifting, but they cost more to manufacture, so smal

7、l sub-compact cars will often have optional 4 speed transmissions, while more upscale cars will have 5 or 6 speed transmissions. See figure 4-4.Figure 4-4The modern automatic transmission is by far the most complicated mechanical component in todays automobile. Automatic transmissions contain mechan

8、ical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony. All automatic transmissions have a shifter that has at least 4 positions, park, reverse neutral and drive. Many units also have a low range to assist in engine braking on long downhill

9、 runs. Others have special positions where the driver can manually shift if desired. See figure 4-5.Figure 4-5Automatic transmissions contain many gears in various combinations. In a manual transmission, gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another, engaging vari

10、ous sized gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets. See figure 4-6.Figure 4-6 Planetary Gear System S

11、ide ViewThe basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, a ring gear and two or more planet gears, all remaining in constant mesh. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier that allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” attached to the carrier.1. The drive t

12、rain includes: transmission that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels; driveshaft that transmits the power from transmission to differential; and differential that sends the power to the two wheel axles. 傳動系包傳動系包括變速器（與發動機尾部連接將發動機的動力傳括變速器（與發動機

13、尾部連接將發動機的動力傳遞到驅動軸）、傳動軸（將動力從變速器傳遞到遞到驅動軸）、傳動軸（將動力從變速器傳遞到差速器）、差速器（將動力傳遞到兩個半周）。差速器）、差速器（將動力傳遞到兩個半周）。2. If you have a manual transmission, you have to shift the gears yourself, usually with a stick located on your console and the clutch pedal. 如如果是手動變速器，必須自己換擋，通常用中控臺果是手動變速器，必須自己換擋，通常用中控臺上的操縱桿和離合器踏板。上的操縱桿

14、和離合器踏板。3. Each shift of the gears is controlled by a shift valve; and the gear changes depend on speed, the road, and load conditions. 每次每次換擋由換擋閥控制；擋位變換取決于車速、換擋由換擋閥控制；擋位變換取決于車速、路況和載量。路況和載量。4. In general, transmissions with more speeds provide better fuel economy and smoother shifting, but they cost

15、more to manufacture, so small sub-compact cars will often have optional 4 speed transmissions, while more upscale cars will have 5 or 6 speed transmissions. 一般來說，變速一般來說，變速越多的變速器燃油經濟性就越好，換擋就越平順，越多的變速器燃油經濟性就越好，換擋就越平順，但是，制造成本也就越高。所以，小型緊湊型汽但是，制造成本也就越高。所以，小型緊湊型汽車經常選用車經常選用4速變速器，而更高端汽車用速變速器，而更高端汽車用5速或速或6速變

16、速器。速變速器。5. Automatic transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony. 自動變速器包含機械系統、液壓系統、自動變速器包含機械系統、液壓系統、電器系統和電腦控制系統、所有這些彼此協調共電器系統和電腦控制系統、所有這些彼此協調共同運作。同運作。6. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears

17、 are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. 但是，但是，在自動變速器上，齒輪本身從不移動，始在自動變速器上，齒輪本身從不移動，始終與相同齒輪嚙合。終與相同齒輪嚙合。7. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier that allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” attached to the carrier. 行星齒輪行星齒輪通過共用的行星

18、齒輪架相互連接，行星齒通過共用的行星齒輪架相互連接，行星齒輪架使行星齒輪在被稱為輪架使行星齒輪在被稱為“小齒輪小齒輪”的軸的軸上旋轉，上旋轉，“小齒輪小齒輪”與行星齒輪架相連接。與行星齒輪架相連接。vary vri v. 變化，改變變化，改變torque tC:k n. 轉力矩，扭矩，轉矩，扭力轉力矩，扭矩，轉矩，扭力twisting twisti n. 扭轉扭轉include in klu:d v. 包括，連包括，連在內在內transmission trnzmiFn n. 變速器變速器driveshaft draivF:ft n. 驅動軸，傳動軸，主動軸驅動軸，傳動軸，主動軸differen

19、tial 7difrenFl n. 差速器差速器layout lei7aut n. 布局，安排布局，安排transaxle trnsksl n. 驅動橋，變速驅動橋，變速傳動器，聯合驅動橋，變速驅動橋，變速傳動器，聯合傳動器傳動器manual mnjul a. 手動（的），人工（的）手動（的），人工（的）automatic 7C:tmtik a. 自動的，自動裝置自動的，自動裝置axle ksl n. 輪軸，車軸輪軸，車軸shift Fift v. 改變，移轉，移位改變，移轉，移位gear gi n. 齒輪，傳動裝置，齒輪組齒輪，傳動裝置，齒輪組stick stik n. 手動桿手動桿cons

20、ole knsul n. 控制臺，操縱臺控制臺，操縱臺accomplish kCmpliF v. 完成，實現，達到（目的）完成，實現，達到（目的）mechanism meknizm n. 機械，機構機械，機構clutch kltF n. 離合器離合器smooth smu: a. 平穩的，流暢的，平滑的，平順的平穩的，流暢的，平滑的，平順的mechanical miknikl a. 機械的，力學的機械的，力學的component kmpunnt n. 部件，成分，零件部件，成分，零件hydraulic haidrC:lik a. 液壓的液壓的harmony h:mni n. 協調，和睦，調和協調

21、，和睦，調和shifter Fift n. 變速撥叉變速撥叉downhill daunhil a. 向坡下（的）；向坡下（的）；ad. 走下坡路的（地）走下坡路的（地）engaging ingeidi a. 接合的，嚙合的接合的，嚙合的planetary plnitri a. 行星的行星的carrier kri n. 支座，托架支座，托架spin spin v. 旋轉旋轉pinion pinjn n. 小齒輪小齒輪rear driveshaft 后傳動軸后傳動軸front driveshaft 前傳動軸前傳動軸drive train 傳動系統傳動系統twisting force 扭力，扭轉力扭

22、力，扭轉力drive wheel 主動輪，驅動輪主動輪，驅動輪wheel axle 輪軸，半軸輪軸，半軸manual transaxle 手動變速差速器手動變速差速器automatic transaxle 自動變速驅動橋自動變速驅動橋clutch pedal 離合器踏板離合器踏板oil pressure 油壓，油壓力油壓，油壓力shift valve 換擋油閥，換擋閥換擋油閥，換擋閥fuel economy 耗熱率，燃油經濟性耗熱率，燃油經濟性torque converter 液力變矩器液力變矩器low range 低速擋，低擋低速擋，低擋shift lever 變速桿變速桿gear rati

23、o 齒輪數比，速比，減速比齒輪數比，速比，減速比planetary gear set 行星齒輪組行星齒輪組sun gear 太陽齒輪，橫行齒輪太陽齒輪，橫行齒輪planet gear 行星齒輪行星齒輪constant mesh 經常嚙合經常嚙合1. Rear Driveshaft 2. 主動輪，驅動輪主動輪，驅動輪 3. drive train 4. 油壓，油壓力油壓，油壓力5. clutch pedal 6. 液力變矩器液力變矩器7. low range 8. 齒圈，內齒圈齒圈，內齒圈9. shift lever 10. 行星齒輪行星齒輪low range powershift valveh

24、ydraulic systemsgear automatic drive wheelssun gearclutch pedalmanual1. “” is the speed at which work is performed.2. Transmission is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the .3. There are two types of transmissions: manual and .4. If you have a manual transmiss

25、ion, you have to shift the gears yourself, usually with a stick located on your console and the .5. Each shift of the gears is controlled by a ; the gear changes depend on speed, the road, and load conditions.6. transmissions usually have four or five speeds.7. Automatic transmissions contain mechan

26、ical systems, , electrical systems and computer controls.8. Many units also have a to assist in engine braking on long downhill runs. 9. In an automatic transmission, the are never physically moved.10. The basic planetary gear set consists of a , a ring gear and two or more planet gears.1. The drive

27、 train _ (將汽車發動機的動力傳給驅動車輪將汽車發動機的動力傳給驅動車輪).2. If you have a manual transmission, _ (你必你必須自己換擋須自己換擋).3. Automatic transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, _ (所有一切都所有一切都非常協調地在運行非常協調地在運行).4. The basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear

28、, a ring gear and two or more planet gears, _ (它們始終保它們始終保持著接合狀態持著接合狀態).5. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier that _ (行星齒輪架行星齒輪架使行星齒輪在軸上旋轉使行星齒輪在軸上旋轉).Drive Train (II)Another basic component of all drive trains is a clutch. It is a rotating mechanism between the engi

29、ne and the transmission. It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts.In a car with a manual transmission, we need a clutch because the engine spins all the time and the car wheels dont. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnec

30、ted from the engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.The clutch includes the flywheel, clutch disk, pressure plate, pressure plate cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch. See figu

31、re 4-7. Figure 4-7The flywheel is bolted to the crankshaft of the engine. Its main function is to transfer engine torque from the engine to the transmission. See figure 4-8.Figure 4-8 Flywhee The clutch disk is basically a steel plate, covered with a frictional material that goes between the flywhee

32、l and the pressure plate. See figure 4-9. Figure 4-9 Clutch PlateA pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. It includes a sheet metal cover, heavy release springs, a metal pressure ring that provides a friction surface for the clutch disk. See figure 4-10.Figure 4-10 Pressure PlateThe release beari

33、ng is the heart of clutch operation. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the release bearing moves toward the flywheel, pushing in the pressure plates release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force. See figure 4-11. Figure 4-11The linkage transmit

34、s and multiplies the drivers leg force to the fork of the clutch pressure plate. A mechanical clutch linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage rods and arms, or a cable. A hydraulic clutch linkage typically includes a clutch master cylinder and reservoir, a hydraulic line and

35、 a slave cylinder.Automatic transmission cars use a “torque converter” instead of a clutch.A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission. It turns at the same speed as the engine. Figure 4-12 shows how everything is connected inside the

36、torque converter. Figure 4-12 Torque ConverterThe torque converter has three parts that work together to transmit power to the transmission. The three parts of the torque converter are impeller (or pump), the turbine, and the stator. The impeller is mounted directly to the torque housing which in tu

37、rn is bolted directly to the engines crankshaft and turns at engine speed. The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the car. The stator (or guide wheel) between the two is mounted to a one-way clutch so that it can spi

38、n freely in one direction but not in the other.The torque converter is filled with transmission fluid that is moved by the impeller blades. The stators vanes catch the oil thrown off from the impeller, and use it to move the turbines blades. When the impeller spins above a certain speed, the turbine

39、 spins, driven by the impeller. See figure 4-13.Fluid enters here Figure 4-13A drive shaft and universal joints (U-joints) connect the transmission to the rear drive axle on most rear-wheel-drive cars. Many four-wheel-drive cars also use drive shafts and universal joints, with one drive shaft betwee

40、n the transfer case and rear drive axle and a second drive shaft between the transfer case and the front drive axle. The drive shaft is sometimes called a propeller shaft. See figure 4-14.Figure 4-14The drive shaft and U-joints provide a means of transferring engine torque to drive axles. The univer

41、sal joints allow the drive shaft to move up and down, to allow for suspension travel. Some drive shafts also have a slip joint that allows the drive shaft to make minor length changes as the car suspension height changes.The differential is mounted in a housing or a differential case and revolves wi

42、th the ring gear. See figure 4-15. It performs two tasks: when the car is traveling straight ahead, both wheels are free to rotate, the lever will divide the diving force equally, and both disks will move the same amount. When a car is cornered, the inner wheel moves through a shorter distance than

43、the outer wheel. This means that the inner wheel must slow down, and the outer wheel must speed up. Figure 4-151. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow. 要要使汽車停下來而不傷及發動機，必須設法使汽車停下來而不傷及發動機，必須設法讓車輪與發動機脫離。讓車輪與發動機脫離。2. The clutch

44、 allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them. 離合器通過控制在兩者之間離合器通過控制在兩者之間產生的滑動使旋轉的發動機與非旋轉的變產生的滑動使旋轉的發動機與非旋轉的變速器平順嚙合。速器平順嚙合。3. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the release bearing moves toward the flywheel, pushing in the pres

45、sure plates release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force. 踩踏離合器踏板時，分離軸踩踏離合器踏板時，分離軸承朝飛輪方向移動，推入到壓盤分離指中，承朝飛輪方向移動，推入到壓盤分離指中，使壓盤分離指抵住壓盤彈簧力。使壓盤分離指抵住壓盤彈簧力。4. Some drive shafts also have a slip joint that allows the drive shaft to make minor length chan

46、ges as the car suspension height changes. 一些驅動軸還有伸縮接頭，使驅一些驅動軸還有伸縮接頭，使驅動軸在汽車懸架高度變換時長度有小的變動軸在汽車懸架高度變換時長度有小的變化?；?。disconnect disknekt v. 分離，切斷分離，切斷engage ingei v. 接合，嚙合接合，嚙合slippage slipi n. 滑移，滑動滑移，滑動frictional friknl a. 摩擦的摩擦的depress dipres v. 壓低，壓下，按下壓低，壓下，按下multiply mltiplai v. 增加，倍增，增多增加，倍增，增多fork

47、f:k n. 叉，離合器叉叉，離合器叉reservoir rezvw: n. 儲液器儲液器doughnut dunt n. 油炸圈餅油炸圈餅impeller impel n. 泵輪，輪葉泵輪，輪葉turbine t:bin n. 渦輪渦輪stator steit n. 導輪導輪vane vein n. 葉片葉片blade bleid n. 葉片，輪片葉片，輪片propeller prpel n. 推進器推進器suspension sspenn n. 懸掛，懸架懸掛，懸架basic component 基礎部件基礎部件clutch disk (clutch plate) 離合器盤離合器盤pres

48、sure plate 離合器壓盤離合器壓盤pressure plate cover 離合器盤蓋離合器盤蓋release spring 回位彈簧，分離彈簧回位彈簧，分離彈簧pressure ring 壓環壓環friction surface 摩擦面，摩擦表面摩擦面，摩擦表面release bearing (throw-out bearing) 分離軸承分離軸承clutch pedal 離合器踏板離合器踏板release finger 離合分離爪，離合器分離指離合分離爪，離合器分離指pressure plate finger 離合器壓盤指離合器壓盤指clutch master cylinder 離

49、合器總泵，離合離合器總泵，離合器主缸器主缸hydraulic line 液壓管路液壓管路slave cylinder 離合器分泵，從動缸離合器分泵，從動缸torque converter 液力變矩器液力變矩器input shaft 輸入軸，主動軸輸入軸，主動軸transmission fluid 傳動液，變速箱潤滑油傳動液，變速箱潤滑油universal joint 萬向接頭萬向接頭rear drive axle 后驅動橋后驅動橋transfer case 分動箱，分動器分動箱，分動器drive axle 傳動軸，驅動軸傳動軸，驅動軸differential case 差動齒輪箱，差速器箱差動

50、齒輪箱，差速器箱inner wheel 內側車輪內側車輪outer wheel 外側車輪外側車輪The following is the air filter.SampleEnglish TermsExplanationsChinese1. Air filterDevice that removes suspended particles from a liquid or gasA. 空氣過濾器2. NutMetal part used to close the cover of the air filterB. 螺帽3. CoverMetal part protecting the air

51、filterC. 過濾器蓋4. PVC filterVinyl filterD. PVC過濾器5. Vacuum hoseTubes used to expel airE. 真空軟管6. Vacuum controlDevice that regulates pressureF. 真空控制裝置7. ShutterJointed flap that regulates air intakeG. 空氣閥8. Air intakePlace where air enters to be filteredH. 進氣口9. Heater pipeHose that uses the heat of th

52、e motor to warm air that enters the filterI. 加熱器管10. CollarAdjustable metal circle that can be tightened to hold a hose in placeJ. 可調整環11. Thermostatic valveValve used to maintain a constant temperatureK. 溫度調解閥12. Air filterApparatus through which air is passed to remove impuritiesL. 空氣過濾器13. ClampC

53、ollar that holds the cover in placeM. 夾圈ABC1. Air filterA. PVC過濾器2. NutB. 真空控制裝置3. CoverC. 空氣過濾器4. PVC filterD. 進氣口5. Vacuum hoseE. 螺帽6. Vacuum controlF. 可調整環7. ShutterG. 過濾器蓋8. Air intakeH. 真空軟管9. Heater pipeI. 溫度調解閥10. CollarJ. 夾圈11. Thermostatic valveK. 空氣閥12. ClampL. 加熱器管 A BA. 菲亞特（Fiat）B. 布加迪（B

54、UGATTI）C. 蘭博基尼（Lamborghini）D. 平尼法尼那（PINIFARINA）E. 法拉利（Ferrari）F. 博通（BERTONE） G. 依維柯（IVECO） H. 阿巴斯（ABARTH） I. 德托馬索（DETOMASO） J. 阿爾法羅密歐（Alfa Romeo） K. 伊索（ISORIVOLTA） L. 邊赤（BIANCHI） Troubleshooting GuideSymptom: Down shifting seems harshDescription of problem: Whenever you let off the gas pedal after d

55、riving some time, the transmission seems to jerk into a lower gear. You especially notice the harshness of the shift when you press on the gas pedal for “passing gear”. Passing gear is really the next lowest gear for the transmission. The transmission downshifts to provide more power for passing. Ha

56、rsh downshifting is not good and is not normal. You dont notice any other problem with the transmission.1. The throttle linkage for the transmission is out of adjustment or damaged. 2. The fluid level in your transmission is incorrect.3. You have an internal problem in the transmission.4. You have a

57、 problem with the engine.5. There is a problem with the electrical controls of your transmission.Symptom: The clutch slipsDescription of problem: When you step on the clutch and shift, the engine will speed up, but the car doesnt. It seems like the clutch is slipping and is not changing gears properly. This problem becomes apparent gradually and gets worse over