1、The Association of Schistosomiasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Colorectal Cancer: Tools for Diagnosis and EpidemiologyPeter Chun, Ph.D M. H. Mostafa et al. Relationship between Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999. 12(1)97-111The evidence linking S. manosini & haem

2、atobium infection to cancer of the large intestine is scant, but intestinal infestation with S. japonicum is considered a significant contributory factor to the development of cancer of the colon and rectum.A. Ishii et al. Parasitic infection and cancer: with special emphasis on Schistosoma japonicu

3、m infections (Trematoda). A review. Mutat Res. 1994 305(2)273-81Z. Xu et at. Schsitosoma japonicum and colorectal cancer: an epidemiological study in the Peoples Republic of China. Int J Cancer. 1984. 34(3):315-8C. Ming-Chai et al. Evolution of colorectal cancer in schistosomiasis: transitional muco

4、sal changes adjacent to large intestinal carconoma in colectomy specimens Cancer 1980. 46(7):1661-75Chen et al. Colorectal cancer and schistosomiasis. Lancet 1981 971-3ES. Zhao et al. Carconoma of the large instestine with schistosomiasisanalysis of 279 cases. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 1981 3(1):67

5、-9ES Zhao. Cancer of the colon and schistosomiasis. J R Soc Med. 1981 74(9):645K. Shindo. Significance of schistosomiasis japonica in the development of cancer of the large intestine. Dis Colon Rectum 1976; (19) 460-9K. Inoguchi et al. The correlation between primary colorectal carcinoma and schisto

6、somiasis japonica. Igakku Kenkyu 1978; (48)93-9K. Matsuda et al. Possible Associations of Rectal Carcinoma with Schistosoma japonicum Infection and Membranous Nephropathy: a Case Report with a Review. Japanese J Clin Oncol (29)576-581 Pathologically, patients with colonic schistosomiasis manifest ep

7、ithelial dysplasia, and resemble the changes found in long-standing chronic ulcerative colitis. Chen et al. considered these dysplastic changes as premalignant lesions. Chen et al. Colorectal cancer and schistosomiasis. Lancet 1981 971-3The evidence associating colorectal cancer and ulcerative colit

8、is and Crohns disease is strong. Tumors often occur at the site of chronic inflammation. The absolute risk of developing colorectal hanker is high when extensive disease begins at a young age. 40% of patients diagnosed with pancolitis from ulcerative colitis before age 15 years developed colon cance

9、r during 20 years of follow up in a population-based linkage study in Sweden. DK Podolsky. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2002. 347:417-429S. japonicum lays a very large number of egg, and represents a constant source of irritation.Inflammation involves a series of host reponses that is d

10、esigned to promote healing and tissue regeneration. These include recruiting specific types of cells, release of mediators and interactions of chemokines with various targets that affect cytological changes. Leukocytes generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals which can damage proteins, membran

11、es and DNA (including the genes controlling cell growth & proliferation). Inflammatory cells also release factors that inhibit apoptosis, induce angiogenesis, and impair certain immune responses. Collectively, these factors can accelerate mutagenesis, promote the survival and clonal proliferatio

12、n of mutated cells, some of which may become invasive and metastatic. M. Thun et al. Inflammation and cancer: an epidemiological perspecitive. In 2004 Cancer and Inflammation. Wiley, Chichester (Novartis Foundation Symposium 256). P6-28. We describe here two membrane based colloidal gold tests which

13、 can aid in the detection of inflammatory bowel disease and schistosomiasis. Both are easy to perform and can be done at the clinic level at the same time that other screening tests for colorectal cancer are done.We propose the use of these new tests to secure large scale epidemiological evidence li

14、nking these two diseases to colorectal cancer in ChinaTTest spotAntigenControl spotProtein ACTest Procedure1.Wet membrane2.Add serumTC* Specific anti-S. japonicum antibodies are captured on the antigen test spot.* Serum antibodies are nonspecifically captured on Protein A control spot via its Fc region.0YYFcTC 3. Wash 4. Add Protein-A Gold 5. WashYYFcAARed spot on T indicates a positi