1、英語知識梳理一、 動詞的種類動詞是英語十種詞類中最重要、最復雜、最難掌握的一種。按照功能，即能否做謂語，來劃分，動詞分為兩大類：謂語動詞(predicate verbs)和非謂語動詞(nonpredicate verbs)。謂語動詞是表示動作或狀態的，它又分為：行為動詞(action verb)、連系動詞(linking verb)、情態動詞(modal verb)和助動詞(auxiliary verb)四種。非謂語動詞是動詞的一種非限定形式，或非謂語形式。它又分為：動詞不定式(infinitive)、動名詞(gerund)、現在分詞(present participle)和過去分詞(past

2、 participle)四種。非謂語動詞的用法可參見第一章第一節的專門論述。二、 謂語動詞的用法1.行為動詞行為動詞也叫實義動詞(notional verb)，有完整的詞義，能獨立做謂語。根據是否需要賓語，行為動詞又分為及物動詞(transitive verb)和不及物動詞(intransitive verb)。1)及物動詞：要求后面接賓語，可以用于被動語態。I fully appreciate your generosity.我非常感謝你的慷慨大方。He is respected by everyone in the community.他受到社區里每個人的尊敬。I see an oppor

3、tunity in every challenge.在每一次挑戰中我都看到機會。Life has its ups and downs.人生有起有落。2)不及物動詞：不要求后面接賓語，不能用于被動語態。He never works hard.他從不努力工作。Her plan has changed.她的計劃已經改變了。Your words and action must match.言行必須一致。When people begin to trust you， your level of influence increases.當人們開始信任你時，你的影響度就提高了。3)有些動詞可以做及物動詞，后

4、面接賓語；也可做不及物動詞，后面不接賓語。Change your way of thinking if necessary.必要時要改變你的思維方式。We must always change.我們必須一直改變著。God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。Is there anything I can do to help？有沒有什么事讓我幫忙？2.連系動詞連系動詞詞義不完整，必須和其后的表語一起構成系表結構做謂語。和連系動詞一起構成的常用的語法結構(系表結構)有：1)連系動詞+形容詞(這種結構最多)。It felt pleasant taking a

5、 walk in the evening.晚間散步是很愉快的。The company went broke last year.這家公司去年破產了。He is not a big man，but he looks strong.他個子不高，但看起來很強壯。She remained single all her life.她一生獨身。2)連系動詞+名詞。常用的連系動詞有：become，die，draw，fall，live，look,make，play，prove，remain，return，seem，stand，turn等。Her dream has now become a reality.她

6、的夢想已變成了現實。He died a heroic death.他犧牲得很英勇。It proved a difficult task.那被證明是一項艱巨的任務。It seemed to me a good idea.在我看來這似乎是一個好主意。3)連系動詞+分詞。常用的連系動詞有：appear，become，come，feel，get,grow，look，pass，prove，remain，rest，seem，stand等。At last the truth became known.最后真相大白了。Theres nothing to get excited about.沒有什么可激動的。T

7、he gate remained closed all day long.大門整天關著。She seemed lacking in imagination.她似乎缺乏想象力。4)連系動詞+介詞短語。常用的連系動詞有：appear，come，continue，fall，grow,keep，look，prove，remain，seem，shine，smell，sound，stand，taste等。He has fallen into a bad habit.他沾染了一種壞習慣。Milk only keeps for a few days.牛奶只能保鮮數天。The agreement shall r

8、emain in force for a period of five years.這個協議有效期為5年。He seems on the watch to control himself.他似乎很注意控制自己。3.情態動詞 情態動詞表示能力、義務、必要、猜測等說話人的語氣或情感。情態動詞是“輔助性”或“幫助性”動詞，不能獨立使用，而是用來表達不同的意念，必須和動詞原形一起構成謂語，無人稱和數的變化。情態動詞的使用要點如下：1) can，could和be able to的用法(1) can和could表示“能，會”，一般用于一般現在時和一般過去時兩種時態，而在將來時態和完成時態中必須用be ab

9、le to結構。表示能力時can與be able to可換用。Can you type? = Are you able to type?你會打字嗎？Well be able to get you a job soon. (不可用can)我們很快就能給你提供一份工作。He has been able to finish the work on time. (不可用can)他已經按時完成了工作。(2)肯定的推測用must，否定的推測用cannot。What he says must be true.他說的一定是真的。What he says cannot be true.他說的一定不是真的。2)

10、may和might的用法may表示許可，可以做或可能發生的事，might是may的過去式。May I come in?我可以進來嗎?Anybody may get ill.人人都會生病。He went by air so that he might arrive earlier.他乘飛機以便早點到達。3) must和have to的用法(1) must和have to表示“必須，不得不”。must強調主觀性，表示主觀上認為有必要做某事；have to強調客觀需要，表示客觀環境促使而不得不做某事。must一般只用于現在時態，而have to則有更多的時態形式。I must learn anoth

11、er language. (主觀想法：我想要)I have to learn another language. (客觀需要：如作為一名外交官，我不得不)Itll have to be finished in two days.這件事得在兩天內完成。He has had to reconsider his position.他不得不重新考慮他的立場。(2)兩者的否定意義不大相同。must not表示“不準，不允許”，而dont have to表示“不必”。You mustnt go.你決不可以去。You dont have to go.你不必去。(3)“must be +表語”結構表示一種推斷

12、和揣測。This must be Jims pen.這一定是吉姆的筆。There must be something wrong with the machine.機器準是出了毛病。(4)“must +動詞完成式”結構表示對過去情況的推測。The ground was very wet.It must have rained during the night.地面很濕，夜里一定下過雨。He cant find his key.He must have left it in the car.他找不到鑰匙了，一定是丟在車上了。4) dare做情態動詞和行為動詞的用法(1) dare做情態動詞時，與

13、動詞原形連用，主要用于否定句和疑問句，表示“敢，竟敢”。She dare not speak in public.她不敢在公眾面前講話。How dare you do such a thing?你怎么敢做這樣的事?(2) dare做行為動詞時，常用作及物動詞，表示“敢于，敢做，挑戰”，后接賓語。在“dare to do something”中to可以省略。He dares any danger.他敢冒任何危險。I dared him to jump into the river.我激他跳到河里去。She dares (to) swim in the river.她敢在那條河里游泳。I did

14、not dare (to) speak of it.我不敢說那件事。5) need做情態動詞和行為動詞的用法(1) need做情態動詞時，常用于否定句或疑問句，表示“需要，必須”。You need not do anything here.你在這里什么也不需要做。You neednt go if you dont want to.你不想去就不必去。There need be no hurry，need there?不必匆忙，是嗎？You neednt do it at once，need you?你不需要馬上做，是嗎?(2) need做行為動詞時，表示“需要，必要”。He needs to f

15、inish it this evening.他需要今晚完成它。You will need to say nothing.你什么也不必說。6) ought to的用法(1) ought to沒有詞形變化，適用于所有人稱和時態，to后面接動詞原形。表示理應做的事、應該做的事，意為“應該，應當”。He is honest，so what he said ought to be true.他很誠實，因此他說的話應該是真的。The rain has stopped; it ought to be warmer.雨停了，天氣應該暖和點了。(2)“ought to have +過去分詞”結構表示一個與過去事

16、實相反的情況，肯定式表示“應該做某事而沒有做”，否定式表示“不應該做某事卻做了”。You ought to have told him that the paint on that seat was wet.你應該早點告訴他座位上的油漆還沒有干。His wife is selfish.Heoughtnt to have married her.他妻子很自私，他本不該娶她的。(3) ought to，must，have to，should的比較。ought to表示義務或責任，具有針對性。must強調的是主觀愿望，指必須做什么，具有權威性。have to表示某種情況所迫而不得不做某事，具有客觀性

17、。should與ought to同義，但在日常交際中多用should， 表示一般的忠告。You ought to respect the old.你應該尊敬長者。You must do it at once.你必須立即做這件事。Well have to reconsider the matter.我們不得不重新考慮這件事。We should think more for the people.我們應該多為人民著想。一、 形容詞1.形容詞的語法功能形容詞在句中主要做定語、表語和補足語等。1)形容詞做定語A warm smile is the universal language of kindn

18、ess.溫馨的笑容是友好的通用語言。Character is the real foundation of all worthwhile success.性格是成功的真正基礎。2)形容詞做表語A good reputation is valuable.好的名聲是寶貴的。If we command our wealth，we shall be rich and free.如果我們能駕馭財富，我們將會富有和自在。3)形容詞做補足語Knowledge makes one gentle，while association makes one perfect.知識使人優雅，而交往使人完善。Charact

19、er must be kept bright.須保持光明正大的品格。2.形容詞的比較級和最高級1)形容詞的比較等級分三級原級比較級最高級dark .darker.darkest; tall .taller .tallest;useful. more useful. most useful.2)形容詞比較級和最高級的構成(1)規則變化單音節詞和少數雙音節詞在詞尾加er和est；多音節詞和部分雙音節詞在詞前加more和most。構成方法原級比較級最高級單most useful(2)不規則變化少數形容詞的比較級和最高級變化是不規則的。原級比較級最高級說明many,more,most,good/wel

20、l,better,best,bad,badly,ill,worse,worst當badly做“迫切、非?！苯鈺r，用more, most形式。如：I need help more badly than he.我比他更需要幫助。Little,less,least,far,farther,further,farthest,furthest,farther與further都可以表示距離、時間上的“更遠、更往前”，但表示引申意義“進一步”時用further。如：I couldnt walk any farther/further.我不能走更遠了。Ill ask for further informati

21、on.我將要求得到進一步的情況。old,older, oldest, elder,eldest1, older, oldest用于比較年齡的大小。如：He is older than I.他年齡比我大。2. elder, eldest用于表示家庭中的長幼關系。如：Boris is my elder brother.鮑里斯是我哥哥。Boris is the elder son in the family.鮑里斯是家中的大兒子。3.形容詞各比較等級的常用句型1)原級進行比較同級比較句型：A + (be) + as +形容詞+ as + B。該句型表示“A和B一樣”。其否定形式為not as.as或

22、not so.as，表示“不如”。A man can be as great as he wants to be.一個人可以變得和自己希望的一樣偉大。This knife is as sharp as that one.這把刀跟那把刀一樣鋒利。What happens is not as important as how you react to what happens.發生的事情不如你對此所做的反應重要。Richard is not so tall as Tom.理查德沒有湯姆高。2)比較級進行比較(1) more.than表示“比更”，兩個事物作比較，形容詞用比較級，后接連詞than，引

23、出比較對象。Wisdom is more precious than wealth.智慧比財富更寶貴。Blood is thicker than water.血濃于水。Health is certainly more valuable than money.健康當然比金錢更寶貴。Imagination is more important than knowledge.想象力比知識更重要。簡單介詞合成介詞 into; onto; inside; outside; within; without; throughout帶-ing的介詞 considering；including; regardin

24、g成語介詞 according to; because of; in front of; in spite of; instead of 表示時間的介詞atonin at： 時間的一點或短時間，用于“時 刻、正午、夜半、年齡”等 on：特定的時間，用于“日期、星期” in： 較長的時間，用于“年、月、季 節、世紀、上下午”等表示時間的介詞afterin He returned after two days. He will return in two days. 表示“在后”（過去時 VS. 將來時） He will return after two oclock. after后面是時間點時，

25、可以用將來時 He wrote the letter in two hours. in還可以表示“在時間內”比較A is on the east of B. A is to the east of B. A is in the east of B.表示地點的介詞ininto He put his hand in his pocket. in 表示運動過程結束時最終的位置 He put his hand into his pocket. into 強調運動的方向和狀態的變化表示地點的介詞totowards He was sent to prison yesterday. He was walki

26、ng towards the prison when I met him. 表示運動方向時，to表示實際上已經到達目的地；towards則僅指方向，而尚未到達目的地。表示“關于”的介詞ofabouton a book of China a book about China a book on China of：僅表示存在與否，不涉及詳情 about：不僅表示存在與否，而且涉及詳情 on：多指正式的、嚴肅的、系統的、帶有學術意味的論述、討論或演說 表示“手段”的介詞With by He made it with his own hands. He made it by hand. The old

27、 man had been stabbed with a knife. He astonished all the people by his sincerity. with (具體) by (抽象)表示“排除”的介詞 besides = in addition to except = but = other thanHe has other people to take care of besides John.We all went to the exhibition except John. except for 表示不同項目類別的對比和限制You composition is good

28、 except for a few spelling mistakes.The movie was good except for the ending. except that 后接從句，“除之外” I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of this school. apart from = aside from (AmE)有時=besides，有時=except (for) 另外，but for “若不是，要不是”，一般使用虛擬語氣，與“排除”無關介 詞 的 搭 配1.動詞和介詞搭配 laugh at;

29、look forward to; depend on/upon; take part in; think of; go on with; take care of; worry about2.形容詞,過去分詞和介詞搭配 be careful of; be proud of; be sure of; be interested in; be good at; be covered with3.名詞和介詞搭配 his love for; our struggle against; her attitude towards常見動詞及動詞短語的用法一, 動詞的基本形式1. 第三人稱單數形式 2. 過去

30、式3. 過去分詞 4. 現在分詞二、 形狀相似的動詞的誤用這類動詞的誤用主要是由于其拼法相同或相似,詞根同或在不規則變化中因某些相似而引起.1. lie與lay的區別lie - lay - lain - lying躺 lie - lied - lied - lying說謊lay - laid - laid - laying放，擱2. hang(懸掛)與hang(絞死,吊死)的區別hang -hung - hung - hanging 懸掛hang - hanged - hanged - hanging絞死3. rise與raiserise - rose - risen (vi.) raise

31、- raised - raised (vt.)4. experience(v. & n. 經歷 n. 經驗)與experiment(n. & v. 實驗)5. loose(松開,解開)與lose(丟失)6. insist on(堅持)與stick to(堅持)7. effect(n. 效果 v. 使有效)與affect(v. 影響),effort三, 動詞與其它詞因詞形相似而引起的誤用常見的詞有:accept - expert - except - expectadvise - advice practise - practicebath - bathe breath - breathecho

32、ose - choicepass - passed - pastsucceed - success - successful - successfully四, 常用動詞的詞義與搭配HAVE1. have sth. done have sb. (sth.) doing have sb. do have sb. (sth.) done / doing / do 在否定句中have可表示允許,忍受,容忍.e.g. Well not have you tell him what to do.(不允許)They cant have that sort of thing happening.(容忍)2.

33、短語:make an apology to ;make a face;make a living;make a mistake;make a speech(作演講);make friends with;make fun of;make room for;make use of;make the best of(盡量利用,善用);make preparations for;make sentences with;make repairs;make great / rapid progress;make trouble(引起麻煩);make ones way(前進,行進);make up ones

34、 mind;make up(構成,彌補,虛構,打扮);make sure / certain;make a bed(鋪床);make a decision;make a discovery;make a journey;make a plan for;make an effort(努力);make difference(區別);make laws(制訂法律);make tea(沏茶);make a record(錄制唱片);make money;make a choice(進行選擇);make a suggestion(提建議),make war(開戰)DO注意do和make:一般說來,do含

35、有進行某項活動的意思,而make含有造出新東西的意思.do business(做買賣),do sb. a favour,do some / much / my cooking,do wrong,do sb. good / harm / wrong(do good to sb.)(對有益/有害/冤枉),do the room(整理房間),do away with(取消,廢除),do copies(復制),do ones hair(做頭發),do ones duty,do the opposite(做相反的事),do the deed(生效) GOgo upstairs,go to prison,

36、go to sea (去航海),go to the sea(去海濱),go to the cinema / movie / pictures,go shopping,be gone(人)不在,走了;(物)丟失,用完了),go hungry,go by(時間)過去;經過(地點),go down(下去;(船等的)下沉),go on(時間)過去,流逝(相當于go by);繼續),go out(出去;(燈或火的)熄滅),go over,go on doing sth.,go on to do sth.,go on with sth.,go for a walk,go a visit to,go to

37、collegeSUPPOSE1. 表認為,猜想時否定,疑問,回答的方式.e.g. I suppose hell trouble you again, wont he? He doesnt suppose you are right, does he ?簡略答語常說:I suppose so / I dontsuppose so (I suppose not.)具備這種用法的詞還有:think, imagine, believe注意:常說I hope so (not), Im afraid so (not), I fear so (not), Im sure so (not).2. 作插入語 e

38、.g. Who do you suppose telephoned me yesterday ?3. 接復合賓語用to be做補足語,不用to do結構,但有時可用完成式或進行式.e.g. I suppose him to be fifty.She was supposed to have left home / to be writing.4. be (not) supposed to do 應當(不應該)e.g. He was supposed to arrive there an hour ago.(是否到不知道,表示按道理應該)He should have come an hour a

39、go.(表責備,說明沒有按時到)比較:1)He is supposed to be a student.2)He is supposed to come early.5. 提出建議,請求 Suppose we go / went for a walk = What about us going for a walk (用went語氣更婉轉)6. 假設Suppose / Supposing that he comes, what shall we do? CONSIDER1. consider + 賓語(名詞,代詞,從句,動名詞或不定式的疑問式) 考慮2. consider + 賓語 + 賓補(

40、名詞,形容詞,不定式to be或to have done)認為3. consider it + 名詞或形容詞 + to do sth.4. consider as 認為，把看做五、常用動詞的詞義與搭配CATCH1. 抓住 catch sb. by the arm,catch sb. by surprise(乘其不備抓住)2. 鉤住,掛住 She caught her dress on the nail. = Her dress got caught on the nail.3. 染(患)上;搭(趕)上(交通工具);聽(懂,清)catch a cold,catch the bus,catch w

41、hat you said,catch up with4. 偶然(突然)撞見,發覺;偶然碰上(風雨等),常用被動結構.catch sb. stealing money,be / get caught in / by the stormGIVEgive a concert,give lessons to,give a lecture,give sb. advice on ,give sb. a message,give sb. a ring,give a report to sb.(向匯報),give birth to(產仔),give medical care to(對進行治療),give ou

42、t(耗盡),give off(發出(光,熱等),give up,give away(泄露),give ones life for(為而獻身),give inTAKEtake pictures / photographs / photos,take a seat,take aim(瞄準),take an interest in(對發生興趣),take notes(記筆記),take notice(注意),take ones chance(抓住機會),take ones leave(告辭),take office,take pity on(憐憫),take steps(采取措施),take the

43、 chair(主持開會),take it easy(別著急),take sides in(站在一邊),take ones time(不急),take turns to do sth.,take ones temperature,take ones place,take for example,take charge of,take pride in,take an action(采取行動),take off,take away,take up,take hold of,take a message for,take great trouble to do sth.,take examinati

44、ons,take it for granted that (認為當然),take sth. by mistake(錯拿某物)CALLcall at ( some place ),call on sb. / call on(號召) sb. to do sth.,call for要求提倡邀約,call in (a doctor),call out出動喚起大聲叫出來,call up征召,call / draw ones attention to(引起某人注意某事)COME1. come toe.g. When I came to cooking, he showed great interest.

45、(談到)We came to know this. (get to know = begin to know)He came to see you. (=came and saw)Finally it came to (itself). (蘇醒)The book came to how to learn English. (涉及)It comes to the same thing. (結果是)The number comes to 1000. (達到)2. 其它短語:come after(跟著,為找而來),come out(出來,(花)開,出版),come at =jump upon(撲向)

46、,come up to sb.,come on / upon = come across,come down(下來,減少),come into power(上臺),come into being(形成),come into use(使用起來),come true,come along(一起走,快點)GETget out of = get away from = escape(躲避,逃避),get along / on (well / badly) with,get on the bus,get in(進來),get in the crops,get in touch with,get into

47、 trouble,get into the habit of,get off = start off(離去,動身),get off the boot,get off work(下班),get off a good start(起了個好頭),get over the difficulties(克服困難), get over the river,get rid of,get round = get about(傳開),get through the work(做完工作),get through the test,get sb. through to(給某人接通電話),get down on one

48、s knees,get down = write down,get to doing sth.(開始做),get down to,get back to sth.(重新做,重談),get sth. back,get sb. to do sth.,get the car goingTURNturn against,turn over,turn in,turn up,turn to sb. for help,turn doctor,turn greenLOOKlook through the book(瀏覽),look on the book(與某人同看),look into(看里面,調查),lo

49、ok up(查閱,仰視),look about(看四周),look down upon / on,look upon / on as,look out,look over(看過一遍),look forward toPUTput away(放好),put off(推遲),put on(穿上,上演),put out(發行,熄滅),put down(放下,記下,鎮壓),put up(張貼,舉起,建立),put into (送入,輸入,把翻譯成),put sb. to bed(哄某人睡覺),put forward(提出),put ones heart into,put up with(容忍,忍受)七、

50、 常用動詞辨析1. 七穿:put on,wear,have on,dress,be in,pull on,try ondress作及物動詞時,意思是給穿衣服,可跟別人,也可跟反身代詞.dress既可表示狀態,也可表示動作.be dressed in和be in后常接顏色一類的名詞或衣服名稱. wear和have on都表示狀態.Wear用于一般式時表示經常的穿戴情況,用于進行式時表示暫時的穿戴情況.have on不用于進行時態.put on表示動作,其反義詞為take off.have on,wear,put on可廣義地用于穿(戴)衣服,襪,鞋,手套,首飾,眼鏡等.pull on表示動作迅速

51、,其反義詞為pull off.try on,fit on表示穿戴的動作,意為試穿(衣服),試戴(帽子).2. 三建議:advise,persuade,suggestadvise表示“勸說,建議”,而persuade表示“說服”的結果和結論. 搭配:advise sb. (not) to do sth.,advise doing sth.,advise that-clause(虛擬語氣),persuade sb. (not) to do sth.,persuade / talk sb. into doing sth.,persuade sb. out of doing sth.,persuade

52、 sb. of sth.(使某人相信某事),suggest doing sth.,suggest that-clause(虛擬語氣或不用)3. 三個看起來:seem,look,appear以上三個詞都可表示好像,而且往往可以相互替換.但是look強調根據外部表象作出的判斷;seem強調說話人的主觀判斷;appear表示根據外部表象作出判斷時,等于look,但appear有時說明外部表象是一種假象.seem和appear后接形容詞或名詞時,動詞可加to be,而look不能.seem和appear還可接其它的動詞不定式作賓語,而look不能. seem和look均可接like + 名詞或v.-i

53、ng形式.seem,look均可接as if + 從句.(虛擬語氣或陳述語氣)seem,appear可用在it作形式主語的句式中,而look不能.appear,seem,look作系動詞時,常常只用一般現在時或一般過去時.4. 四打擊:beat,hit,strike,knockbeat著重連續性地打,如毆打或體罰,也指在游戲,競賽或戰爭中擊敗對方,與win,defeat同義.hit作擊中或打解,并帶有瞄準某物而擊中之意,強調打一下,而且是直接接觸某物.strike作敲打,撞擊解,表示一次或多次有利地打一下,強調迅速性,突然性.knock撞倒,重敲:knock on / at the door,

54、knock into sb.5. 五輸贏:win,defeat,beat,gain,fail beat用于比賽,游戲,搏斗,辯論等競爭性活動,后接對手表結果. win后接比賽,辯論,戰斗,獎品,榮譽,勝利等名詞,表獲得,爭得,贏得.defeat sb.在戰斗,戰爭,比賽等中擊敗對手,表暫時行為.gain獲得,贏得所需之物,通過競爭所得時與win換用.fail失敗,短語搭配有:fail (in) the examination,fail to do sth.(沒能做)6. 四想要:hope,wish,want,expecthope表示對愿望的實現抱有一定信心,這種希望往往是可以實現的,其搭配有:

55、hope to do sth.,hope +賓語從句,hope for,hope for the best(作最好的打算).wish希望,但愿,往往用來表示祝愿,后接賓語從句,從句中表示不可能實現或與事實相反的事情,從句中使用虛擬語氣,其搭配有:wish (sb.) to do sth.,wish sb. + n. & adj.,wish + that-clausewant想,普通用語,表示因缺乏而產生的欲望,其搭配有:want sth.,want (sb.) to do sth.,want sth. + p.p.,want / need / require doing = want / need / require to be doneexpect期望,預期,料想,表示預期某事即將發生,與預計的必然性有關,其搭配有:expect a letter from sb.,expect (sb.) to do sth.,expect that-clause.總之,1)hope