1、1. whats your body information input and output channel?Answer: visual 視覺的 ,auditory 聽覺的 ,haptic 觸覺的,movement2. information how to store in your memory?Answer: sensory, short-term, long-term3. what are males and females color bind?(p6)Answer; 8% males and 1% females colour blind4. what dose reading

2、involves?Answer: saccades and fixation5. how negative contract improves reading?6. Answer: Negative contrast 負反差 improves reading from computer screen7. what functions outer ear, middle ear has?Answer: outer ear - protects inner and amplifies sound (amplify ?mplifai vt.放大，擴大；增強；詳述) middle ear - tran

3、smits sound waves asvibrations to inner ear8. what frequencies humans can hear?Answer： 20Hz to 15kHz9. what touch provides can do?Answer: Provides important feedback fi:db?k n. 反饋； 回復； 成果，資料 about environment10. where receptors receive stimulusstimjul ?s n.刺激；激勵；刺激物 ？Answer: Stimulus received via re

4、ceptors感覺器官 in the skin:11. some areas more sensitive than others eg?answer fingers12. which three types of memory function?Answer: Sensory memories Short-term memory or working memory、Long-term memory13. decay information row to lost?Answer: information is lost gradually but very slowly14. what is

5、recognition?Answer: information gives knowledge that it has been seen beforeless complex than recall - information is cue 線索15. what is abductive reasoning?(33)answer: reasoning from event to cause unreliable16. what is problem solving?(p34)Answer: Process of finding solution to unfamiliar task usin

6、g knowledge17. what is slip?(p37)Answer: right intention, but failed to do it right17. what is mistakes?(p38) Answer: wrong intention18. what negative affect can do?(p39)Answer: Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks19. what positive affect can do?(p39)Answer: positive affect can m

7、ake it easier to do difficult tasks20. what is implications for interface design?(p40)Answer: relaxed users will be more forgiving of shortcomings in designstress will increase the difficulty of problem solving aesthetically 有審美能力地 pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect21. w

8、hat will aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interface do?(p40)Answer:aesthetically 有審美能力地 pleasing and rewarding interfaces will increase positive affect22. what advantages dvorak have? Why can not be popular?(p13)Answer:common letters under dominant fingersbiased towards right handcommon combinat

9、ions of letters alternate between hands10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigueBut - large social base of QWERTY typists produce market pressures not to change23. what is speech recognition音辨識 problem?(p18)answer： Problems with(1) external noise interfering (2) imprecision of pronunciati

10、on (3) large vocabularies(4) different speakers25.why mouse use so popular?(p21)answer: very common and easy to use24. how does mouse work?(p27p23)answer: Two methods for detecting motion? Mechanical- Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved- Rotates orthogonal potentiometers- Can be used

11、on almost any flat surface? Optical- light emitting diode on underside of mouse- may use special grid-like pad or just on desk- less susceptible to dust and dirt- detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity to calculate relative motion in (x, z) plane25. what is touchpad?Answer: sma

12、ll touch sensitive tablets26. what is trackball?(p27)answer: ball is rotated inside static housing like an upsdie down mouse!27. what is cursor keys layout on your computer?(p32)answer: Four keys (up, down, left, right) on keyboard.28. where LCD used for? Giving some example?(p42)answer; also used i

13、n dedicted displays:digital watches, mobile phones, HiFi controls29. giving some large display technology example?(44)answer: plasma ,video walls , projected(放映), back-projected(幕后放映)30. what is kind of display the location matters?Answer: displays in public 、pargesor small、very public or for small

14、group、display onlyfor information relevant to locationor interactive 、 use stylus, touch sensitive screemin all cases the location matters meaning of information or interaction is related to the location31. giving example on positioning in 3D space?(48)answer: a、cockpit and virtual controls b、the 3D

15、 mouse c、data glove d、whole body tracking32. what is VR motion sickness?(p52)answer: 1.time delay2.depth perception3.conflicting cues33. what is dedicated displays?(p55)answer: 1.analogue repeserentations相似的表達法 )2.digital displays3.head-up display34. giving some sounds example ?where they are used f

16、or?(p56)answer 1.beer (嘩嘩聲)，bongs (鼓 聲)，clonks (叮當聲)，Whistles and whirrs (呼呼聲)2.user for error indication35. what made the images?(p62)answer: dots36. how many types of dot-base printers?(p63)answer:1.dot-matrix printers2.ink-jet and bubble-jet printers3 .l aser printers37. give an example for therm

17、al printers?(p64)answer:fax machines38. in text ,where are lowercase and upper case used for?(p67)answer: lowercase easy to read shape of words UPPERCASE better for individual letters and non-words39. serif fonts and sans serif fonts used for?(p67)answer: serif fonts help you ayes on long line print

18、ed text ,but sans serif often better on screen40. what means WYSIWYCT?(P69)answer: what are you see is what you get41. what is scanners function?Answer: take paper convert it into a bitmap bit,m?p n. 位圖，位映像42. what is moores law ?(p86)answer: computers get faster and faster!43. what is interaction?(

19、p11)answer: communication between computer and user44. what is virtual memory?(p79)answer: store some programs temporarily on disk45. what is ergonomics,?: 9 ?un?miks n.工效學；人類工程學 ？(p11)answer:1.Study of the physical characteristics of interaction2.Also known as human factors -but this can also be us

20、ed to mean much of HCI!46. what does ergonomics good at?Answer: Ergonomics good at defining standards and guidelines for constraining the way we design certain aspects of systems47. what is common interaction styles?Answer: command line interface menus natural language question/answer and query dial

21、ogue form-fills and spreadsheets WIMP point and click three -dimensional interfaces47. what is menus?Answer: Set of options displayed on the screen48. what is the most common spread sheets today?Answer: first spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1-2-3MS Excel most common today49. what is the WIMP

22、 interface?Answer: window,icon,meus,pointers50. what is icon?Answer: small picture or image represents some object in the interface51. what is drop-down mean?Answer; drop-down menu - mouse click reveals menu52. what is menus design issues?answer、which kind to use b、what to include in menus at allC、

23、words to use (action or description) how to group items e、 choice of keyboard accelerators1. Huma n and computerHuma n: The huma n who can in put、 output 、store、 process and apply in formati on。Each pers on is differe nt and emoti on can in flue nee huma n capabilities.Computer:The computer is a mac

24、h ine that can help people process many problems.A computer system is made up of various eleme nts which in cludes in putdevices、output devices、virtualreality、physicalinteraction 、paper、memory 、 process ing andeachof themcan affect thein teractio n.2. Readi ng and heari ngRead in g:Read ing in volve

25、s saccades and fixati ons duri ng which the percepti on occurs and it also involves several stages: first of all: visualpatternperceived. The second: decoded using internalrepresentationof Ianguage.The last: interpreted usingknowledge of syntax, semantics, pragmatics.Word shape and negative contrast

26、improves reading form computer screen.Heari ng: Huma ns can hear freque ncies from 20Hz to 15kHz.Heari ngin flue needby the environmentwhich in cludesdista nces,direct ions, objects and physical apparatus which in cludes outer ear, middle ear, i nner ear and sound which in cludes pitch, loud ness, t

27、imbre.3. Touch and moveme ntTouch:Touch provides importa nt feedback反饋 about environment.Touch may be key sense for some one who is visually impaired損害.Stimulus 朿9激 received via 經過 receptors 感受器 in the skin 。Some areas more sen sitive tha n others like fin gers.Movement:Time taken to respond to stim

28、ulus: reaction time + movement timeMoveme nt time depe ndent on age, fitn ess etc. 200ms、React ion time - depe ndent on stimulus type:visual auditory 150 ms、pain 700msIn creas ing react ion time decreases accuracy in the un skilled operator but notin the skilled operator.4. Keyboard and mouseKeyboar

29、d:Most com mon text in put deviceAllows rapid entry of text by experie need usersKeypress closes conn ecti on, caus ing a character code to be sentUsually conn ected by cable, but can be wirelessMouse:Ha ndheld poin ti ng devicevery com mon- easy to useTwo characteristics-pla nar moveme nt-butt ons(

30、usually from 1 to 3 butt ons on top, used for making a select ion,in dicat ingan opti on, or to in itiate draw ing etc.)Mouse located on desktop- requires physical space- no arm fatigueRelative moveme nt only is detectable.Moveme nt of mouse moves scree n cursor Scree n cursor orie nted in (x, y) pl

31、a ne, mouse moveme nt in (x, z) pla ne ,an in directman ipulatio n device.- device itself doesn t obscure screen, is accurate and fast.- han d-eye coord in ati on problems for no vice users5n put devices and output devicesIn put device : keyboards (QWERT壯t al.) chord keyboards, phone pads、ha ndwriti

32、 ng, speechOutput devices:bitmapscree ns (CRT& LCD)、large & situated displays digital paper6.Touchpad and joystickTouchpad: 1、small touch sensitive tablets 2、 stroke to move mouse pointer3、 used mainly in laptop computers 4、 good acceleration settingsimportant-fast stroke? lots of pixels per inch mo

33、ved?in itial moveme nt to the target-slow stroke? less pixels per inch? for accurate positi oningJoystick:- in directpressure of stick = velocity of moveme nt- butt ons for select ionon top or on fron t like a trigger- ofte n used for computer gamesaircraft controls and 3D navigation4. Audio and vid

34、eoAudio:Video:8. Lowercase and uppercaseLowercase:Uppercase:9, 。Menus and iconsMen us:? Set of opti ons displayed on the scree n?Optio ns visible- less recall - easier to use- rely on recog niti on so n ames should be meaningful?Selectio n by:- nu mbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse- comb in ati on (e

35、.g. mouse plus accelerators)? Often opti ons hierarchically grouped- sen sible group ing is n eeded? Restricted form of full WIMP systemIcon s:? small picture or image? represe nts some object in the in terface- ofte n a window or acti on? win dows can be closed dow n (ic oni sed)- small represe nta

36、ti on? many accessible win dows? icons can be many and various-highly stylizedrealistic represe ntati ons.9. CRT and LCD10. bitm ap scree ns (CRT & LCD)11.CRT:Health hazards of CRT !X-rays: largely absorbed by scree n (but not at rear!)UV- and IR-radiati on from phosphors: in sig ni fica nt levelsRa

37、dio freque ncy emissi ons, plus ultraso und (16kHz)Electrostatic field - leaks out through tube to user. Inten sity depe ndant on dista nee and humidity. Can cause rashes.? Eleetromag netic fields (50Hz-0.5MHz). Createin duet ioneurre nts inconductive materials,includingthe human body. Two types of

38、effectsattributed to this: visual system - high in cide nee of cataracts in VDU operators, and concern over reproductive disorders (miscarriages and birth defects).LCD:11. Meehanical mouse and optical mouseMeeha ni cal mouse:Two methods for detect ing moti on? Meeha nical- Ball on un derside of mous

39、e tur ns as mouse is moved- Rotates orthog onal pote ntiometers- Can be used on almost any flat surfaceOptical mouse:? Optical- light emitt ing diode on un derside of mouse- may use special grid-like pad or just on desk- less susceptible to dust and dirtdetectsfluctuati ngalterati onsin reflected li

40、ght inten sity tocalculate relative moti on in (x, z) pla ne12. QWERTY keyboard and Dvorak keyboardQwerty keyboard:?Stan dardised layoutbut ,- non-alpha nu meric keys are placed differe ntly- acce nted symbols n eeded for differe nt scripts- minor differe nces betwee n UK and USA keyboards? QWERTY a

41、rra ngeme nt not optimal for typ ing-layout to preve nt typewriters jam ming!? Alternative desig ns allow faster typing but large social base of QWERTY typists produces relucta nee to cha nge.Dvorak keyboard:Dvorak- com mon letters un der dominant fin gers- biased towards right hand- com mon comb in

42、 ati ons of letters alter nate betwee n hands- 10-15% improveme nt in speed and reduct ion in fatigue- But - large social base of QWERTY typists produce market pressures not to cha ngeWrite about 10 senten ces for each questi onExpla in the types of memory:short term and long termspeed, capacity, co

43、mpressi onformats, accessShort-term Memory - RAM?Ran dom access memory (RAM)-on silic on chipsTOO nano-sec ond access time-usually volatile (lose in formatio n if power turned off)-data tran sferred at around 100 Mbytes/secSome non-volatile RAM used to store basic set-up in formati on? Typical deskt

44、op computers:64 to 256 Mbytes RAMLon g-term Memory - disks?magn etic disks- floppy disks store around 1.4 Mbytes-hard disks typically 40 Gbytes to 100s of Gbytes access time 10ms, tran sfer rate 100kbytes/s? optical disks- use lasers to read and sometimes writemore robust that magn etic mediaCD-ROM-

45、same tech no logy as home audio, 600 GbytesDVD - for AV applicati ons, or very large filesBlurri ng boun daries?PDAs ofte n use RAM for their main memory? Flash-Memory- used in PDAs, cameras etc.- silic on based but persiste nt- plug-i n USB devices for data tran sfer speed and capacity? what do the

46、 nu mbers mea n?some sizes (all un compressed),-this book, text o nly 320,000 words, 2Mbthe Bible 4.5 Mbytes- sea nned page 128 Mbytes?(11x8 in ches, 1200 dpi, 8bit greyscale)-digital photo 10 Mbytes?(2 - 4 mega pixels, 24 bit colour)- video 10 Mbytesper sec ond?(512x512, 12 bit colour, 25 frames pe

47、r sec)virtual memory? Problem:- running lots of programs + each program large-not en ough RAM? Soluti on - Virtual memory :- store some programs temporarily on disk- makes RAM appear bigger?But , swopp ing- program on disk n eeds to run aga in-copied from disk to RAM-s l o w s t h i n g s d o w nExp

48、la in the types of errors;Types of errorslipsright intention, but failed to do it rightcauses: poor physical skill,i natte nti on etc.cha nge to aspect of skilled behaviour can cause slipmistakeswrong inten ti oncause: in correct un dersta ndinghuma ns create men tal models to expla in behaviour.if

49、wrong (differe nt from actual system) errors can occurExpla in emoti on con cepts:? Various theories of how emoti on worksJames-Lange:emotionis our interpretationof a physiologicalresp onse to a stimuli Cannon: emoti on is a psychological resp onse to a stimuliSchacter-S in ger:emoti on is the resul

50、t of our evaluati onof ourphysiological resp on ses, in the light of the whole situati on we are in?Emoti on clearly in volves both cog nitive and physical resp on ses to stimuli? The biological resp onse to physical stimuli is calledaffectAffect in flue nces how we resp ond to situati ons- positive creative problem solvi ngn egativen arrow thi nkingcan makestyleNegative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; positive affect it easier to do difficult ta