1、1英語專業畢業論文寫作英語專業畢業論文寫作第五講：第五講：APA引文格式指南引文格式指南What is APA?nAPA style is the style of writing used by journals published by the American Psychological Association (APA). nThe style is documented in the APA Publication Manual (5th ed., 2001).2Why APA?nAPA format is a widely recognized standard for scien

2、tific writing in psychology and education.nIt is widely used in paper presentation in international conferences and adopted by numerous internationally renowned journals as a format of publishing.3APA style of referencingnTwo main parts to correct referencing in APA style:1) In-text Citation: The pa

3、renthetical citation in the text of your essay. This is usually just the authors name and the publication date. 4Cont.2)References: The reference list that appears at the end of your paper.This is a detailed list of all the material you have cited in your paper. The page should say “References.” (no

4、 underline, no quotations marks, no bold, centered at the top of the page).5In-text citationnDirectly quoted material appears with quotation marks followed by parenthesis and the page number. The location of the parenthetical citation for a quote depends upon the placement of quoted material within

5、the sentence.nExample: (Smith, 2004, p.5).6In-text citation the result of this is a technical super identity (Erikson, 1967,p.20). Azar and Martin(1999) found that (As part of the sentence) thus Cox(1966, p.52) refers to the modern urbanite as In-text citation （reference to more than one source)More

6、 recent studies (Bartlet, 1992; James, 1998) show thatThe researchers (Bartlett, 1992, p.54; Brown, 1876, p. 45; James, 1998, p. 45) refer to In-text citation （reference to more than one source)In-text references to more than one author should be ordered alphabetically.Long Quotations nIf the quotat

7、ion is long (40 words or more), it should be formatted as a block quotation, and the parentheses should appear after the final punctuation mark: qAdler (2003) suggests cohesiveness is the ability of team members to act as one. Team members ability, when necessary, to perceive, interpret, and act on

8、situations in similar or mutually agreed upon ways determines the teams level of cohesiveness. Due to they lower level of similarity, multicultural teams initially exhibit less cohesion that most homogeneous teams (p.127).No quotation marks, single space, indent 5 spaces from the margin.10When a wor

9、k is cited in a secondary sourcenWhen a source is discussed that you didnt access:name both the primary work (work referred to).give a citation for the secondary source (the work you actually read) in the text of your assignment.in the reference list you give only the secondary source (the book you

10、read). 11ExamplenIn-text citation: qIn 1990, Colemans study defined social capital as, “The set of resources, tangible or virtual, that accrue to organizations through social structure and facilitating the attainment of organizational goals” (Coleman, as cited in Gabbay, 2001, p.232). nIt would appe

11、ar in your references list as:Gabbay, S. (Ed.). (2001). Social capital of organizations (Vol. 18). Oxford: JAI.12Reference ListnEach reference must be sufficient for a reader to locate the work in question. nA reference must include certain information, organized by fields, that depends on the sourc

12、e type. nCollect this information for any given source type, ranging from books to lectures to Web pages, and then translate this material into the fields required for the citation. 13Cont.nReferences ListqDouble spaced (double-spacing is required between references, while single-spacing is used for

13、 a single reference)qAlphabetical by authors last nameqIndent second line under authors name1415APA引文格式指南引文格式指南n著作引用：著作引用：- 單個作者、兩人合著、多人合著單個作者、兩人合著、多人合著- 譯著譯著n編著、期刊文章引用編著、期刊文章引用 字典、辭書字典、辭書 報紙、碩博論文、光盤報紙、碩博論文、光盤n網絡資源引用網絡資源引用n中文文獻引用中文文獻引用Examples-PrintnAuthor (s) of article - surname and initials. (Yea

14、r). Title of article. Journal name volume number (issue number), page number (s). Morgan, R., & Mitchell, S. (1997). Obstacles to export initiation and expansion. Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 25 (6), 677-690.1617著作引用著作引用: Single Author (work)nAuthor, A. A. (publication yea

15、r). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. New York: Newbury House Publisher.in-text citation (Oxford, 1990). Dreyfus, H. (1989). What computers cant do (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.“in-text citation”(Dreyfus, 1

16、989, p.67). 18著作引用著作引用: Double AuthorsnAuthor, A., & Author, B. (publication year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.Forsyth, A., & Thornhill, R. (1983). The evolution of insect mating. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. inside the text (Forsyth & Thornhill, 1983).Beck, C. A., & Sales, B. D.

17、 (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. “inside the text” (Beck & Sales, 2001, p.76).19著作引用著作引用: 3 Authors or MorenAuthor, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (publication year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.Smith, D., Boy

18、d, R., & Spoher, J. C. (1995). Virtues VRKL toolkit. Indianapolis: Hayden Books. inside the text (Smith, Boyd & Spoher, 1995).Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.inside the text: 1st time (Ligon, Car

19、penter, Brown & Milsop, 1983). inside the text: 2nd time (Ligon, et al., 1983).著作引用著作引用: 3 Authors or MoreIn referring to a work by six or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (italicized and with a full stop after“al”), and the year for the first and subsequent

20、 citations. 著作引用著作引用: 3 Authors or More In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. Reference to more than one publication of the same author in the same yearJohnson(1994a,p.48) discussed the subjectIn later works (Jo

21、hnson, 1994b, p.56) he argued John, P.D.(1994a). Pedagogy. London: Routledge.John, P.D.(1994b). Advanced Pedagogy. London: Routledge.23編著引用編著引用( edited works ）nAuthor, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Eds.). (publication year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.Higgins, J. (Ed.). (1988). Psycholog

22、y. New York: Norton. inside the text (Higgins, 1988).Benyon, J., & Mackay, H. (Eds.). (1993). Computer into classroom. London: The Falmer Press.inside the text (Benyon & Mackay, 1993).24編著文章引用編著文章引用nAuthor, A. (publication year). Article title. In A. A. Author & B. B. Author (Eds.), Title (pp.N1-N2)

23、. Place of Publication: Publisher.Barlett, L. (1990). Teacher development through reflective teaching. In J. Richards & D. Nunan (Eds.), Second language teacher education (pp.47-59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.“direct quote inside the text” (Barlett, 1990, p.53).25期刊文章引用期刊文章引用(Periodical)

24、nAuthor, A., & Author, B. (publication year). Article title. Periodical Title, volume (issue), p1-p2.Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.“inside the text” (Mellers, 2000, pp.918-919).Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body

25、language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(3), 1617-1626.inside the text (Murzynski & Degelman, 1996).字典（字典（Dictionaries)The concise Macquarie dictionary.(1982) New South Wales: Lane Cove. Sadie, S.(Ed.).(1980). The New Grove dictiona

26、ry of music and musicians(6th edn, Vols. 1-20). London: MacMillan.辭書（辭書（Encyclopedia) Bergmann,P.G.(1993). Relativity. In The new Encyclopedia Brittanica(Vol.26, pp.501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. If an entry has no byline, place the title in the author position.報刊（報刊（Newspaper article ）

27、Lamb, J.(1970, 20 October). The perfect plants for lazy gardeners. Weekend Australian, p.3.碩博論文（碩博論文（dissertation or thesis ）Bevin, G.D.(1987). Theory and practice at an Australian university. Doctoral dissertation. Montreal: McGill University.CD-ROMHawking, S.(1994). A brief history of time: An int

28、eractive adventure CD. Sacramento: Crunch Pod Media.Sound recordingWilliamson, c.(1985). Prairie fire. On Arkansas traveler CD. Oakland, California: Olivia Records.Rockn roll classics.(1986) cassette San Diego, California: Uptown Sound.Examples-OnlinenJournal article from a database Author. (Year).

29、Title. Journal name. Volume (issue), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year from Name of Database.Example: Caterini, E. (1997). Effects of bilingualism and biliteracy on childrens emerging concepts of print. Developmental Psychology, 33, 429-440. Retrieved July 7, 2004, from PsycARTICLES database. 3233網絡資

30、源引用網絡資源引用Keneth, F. (2010). Backgrounds of the Traditional Cognitive Approach in Learning the Second Language. Retrieved September 29, 2010 from: http:/ the text”(Keneth, 2010, para.1).Archer, D. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication. Retrieved May 4, 2009 from: APA list

31、 of references. Retrieved October 20, 2010 from: http:/ the text (APA list of references, n.d.).中文參考書目格式中文參考書目格式n中文以拼音排序中文以拼音排序 n用英文寫的畢業論文，則把英文參考文獻放前，用英文寫的畢業論文，則把英文參考文獻放前，中文參考文獻置后中文參考文獻置后n如果兩個以上的文獻出于同一作者，先列出年份如果兩個以上的文獻出于同一作者，先列出年份靠前的靠前的 n所有的參考文獻使用所有的參考文獻使用“懸掛縮進懸掛縮進”格式，雜志名格式，雜志名稱和書名使用斜體字；如果是參加學術會議的論稱

32、和書名使用斜體字；如果是參加學術會議的論文，則論文標題為斜體字。文，則論文標題為斜體字。n若不清楚出版日期，括號中寫上若不清楚出版日期，括號中寫上“無日期無日期”。35著作、譯著著作、譯著n書的作者或編者（出版年份）書的作者或編者（出版年份）.書名（使用書名（使用斜體）斜體）.出版機構所在地：出版機構出版機構所在地：出版機構. 如：如：羅常培（1957）。語言與文化。北京:商務印 書館。inside the text (Luo, 1957).南國農（2000）。電化教育學(第二版)。北京:高等教育出版社。束定芳和莊智象(1996)。現代外語教學-理論、實踐與方法。上海：上海外語教育出版社。“ inside the text” (Shu & Zhuang, 1996, p.77).王士元（主編）(1988)。語言與人類交際。廣西：廣西教育出版社。英文文獻在編者后面加“（Ed.）”，中文在作者后面加“（編）”或 “（主編）”。 37編輯的書里的一篇論文編輯的書里的一篇論文n作者（年份）。文章名作者（年份）。文章名。載于編者載于編者A A和和B(B(主編主編