1、Chapter 4 MorphologyStructurally rep rese nted, we have the followi ng tree diagrams for the two words:in de cipher able ityClassification of English Morp hemes(ada pted from Fromkin,et al. 2004: 103)(English) Morp hemeFreeBoundContent words (or free root) noun s(girl) adjectives( pretty) verbs(love

2、) adverbs( quickly)Function wordsconjun cti on s(a nd) prep ositi ons (in) articles (the) pronouns (she) auxiliary verbs(is)DerivationalInflectionalPrefixSuffixSuffixpre-ly-,金un-ist-s, -ed, -ng, -encon-me ntr, -estIn English, we have the following inflectional morp hemes:Verb endin gs: -(e)s, in dic

3、at ing third person sin gular p rese nt tense -reads -talked -doing -eate n -boys -girl ?5 -easier -fi nest-(e)d, in dicat ing p ast tense-ing, in dicat ing p rogressive aspect -en, in dicat ing p ast p artic ipleNoun endin gs: -(e)s, i ndicati ng p lurality of nouns-?5, in dicati ng the p ossessive

4、 case of nouns Adjective endin gs: -er, i ndicati ng comp arative degree-est, in dicat ing sup erlative degreeunbelievable, unsystematically andable suffix believe + able believepainters, Word :(un believable) un + believe prefix verb Base: (believable) Base and root: (believe)Word: (un systematical

5、ly) Base: (un systematical) Base: (un systematic) Base: (systematic)Base and root: (system)un+system+aticun+system+aticun+system+aticsystem+aticsystem+ al + ly+ alWord :(p ai nters)Stem and base: (p ai nter) Base and root: (paint)paint paint paint+ er + s+ erExercise IThe following steps are used to

6、 estimate the number of words in your mental lexic on. Con sult any sta ndard dict ion ary.a.b.c.d.e.f.Count the nu mber of en tries on a typi cal p age. They are usually bold-faced. Multiply the number of words per page by the number of pages in the dictio nary.Pick four pages in the dictionary at

7、random, say, pages 50, 75, 125, 303. Count the nu mber of words on these p ages.How many of these words do you know?What p erce ntage of the words on the four p ages do you know?Mult ip ly the words in the dictio nary by the p erce ntage you arrived at in (e), you know app roximately that many En gl

8、ish words.Exercise II3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Fill in each bla nk below with one word which begi ns with the letter give n.The inflectional affix，-ed?conveys a gmeaning.Fmorp hemes are independent un its of meaning and can be used freelyall by themselves.The additi on of one or sometimes more tha n one bound m

9、orp hemes to a root to create a new word is called d.Sema ntically, the meaning of a cis ofte n idiomatic, not always beingthe sum total of the meanings of its componen ts.There are rules that gover n which acan be added to what type of word toform a new word.The word modernizersT contains four m th

10、em, -s is an imorp heme.The morp heme was defi ned by the structuralists as the smallest unit of meaning.The varia nts of a morp heme are called a. Morp hemes are either free orb, which are subdivided into derivati onal and in flecti onal morp hemes.Lis a repo sitory for the idios yn cratic lin guis

11、tic prop erties of the lexemes.The advertis ing in dustry has added many words to En glish, Kodak, nylon, and Xerox are new words created by c.10. A word has a fixed in ternal structure. If we want to in sert fresh in formatio n in to a sentence, then it is between the words that this information go

12、es and not within them, words are not i.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.:moder n + ize + er + s, amongDecide whether each of the followi ng stateme nts is true or false.1.s (maps), z (dogs), iz (watches) are three allomorphs of the same morp heme exp ress ing plu rality in En glish.2.Morp hology studies the inter

13、nal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.The structure of words is not gover ned by rules.Free morp hemes are the same as bound morp hemes.Sometimes bound morp hemes can be used by themselves.Go, goes, goingan dwe nt are the same word.Derivati onal affixes are added to an exist

14、i ng form to create a word.In flect ional affixes may cha nge the word class of the orig inal stem.Phon etically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first eleme nt, while the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress.10. PDA and UNESCO are both acronyms.Exercise IIIExercise IVDivide the

15、 followi ng words by p laci ng a + betwee n their morp hemes.Exa mp le: rep laces: re + p lace + s.a. befriended, b.endearment, c.holiday, d.airsickness, e.psychophysicsExercise VMatch each exp ressi on un der A with the one stateme nt un der B that characterizes it.B.1. compound noun.2. root morp h

16、eme plus derivati onal p refix.3. p hrase con sisti ng of adjective plus noun.4. root morp heme p lus in flecti onal affix.5. root morp heme plus derivati onal suffix.6. grammatical morp heme followed by lexical morp heme.Aa. no isy crowb. scarecrowc. the crowd. crow-likee. crowsExercise VIExam ine

17、the followi ng words from Michoaca n Azetic.n okalimy house”mop elo“ 1 ”your dogn okalimesmy housesmop elomesyour dogsmokaliyour houseip elohis dog”ikalihis housdn okwahmilimy corn field ”kalimeshousesmokwahmiliyour corn field ”ikwahmilihis corn field ”a. The morpheme meaning house is:(1) kal kali (

18、3) kalim ikal(5) kab. The word meaning corn fields ” is:(1) kwahmilimes (2) no kwahmilimes(3) no kwahmili kwahmili(5) ikwahmilimesc. The word meaning his dogs” is:(1) p elos (2) ip elomes (3)i pelos (4)mop elo (5) p elomesd. If the word meaning fFiend” is mahkwa, then the word meaning my friends” is

19、:(1) momahkwa (2) imahkwas (3)momahkwames (4) momahkwaes (5) no mahkwasmese. The word meaning dog” is:(1) pelo (2) perro (3) peli (4) pel (5) mopelExercise VIIWrite the one proper description from the list under B for the bold-faced and italicized part of each word in A.Aa. terrorizedb. un civi ized

20、c. terrorized. lukewarme. im po ssibleB1. free root2. bound root3. in flect ional suffix4. derivatio nal suffix5. i nflectio nal prefix6. derivati onal p refixRegular verbs in English form their past tense by adding a (or sometimes -ec)”： walked, played, waited, etc. However, this -(e)d suffix under

21、goes phono logically con diti oned allom orp hy, app eari ng as t, d or id. Use the follow ing exa mp les to ide ntify the phono logical con diti ons of this allom orp hy. (Hint: you will n eed to pay p articular atte nti on to the phono logical n ature of the final segme nt of the base form).agedki

22、ssedraidedwalkedexpl oded laughed rubbed sippedfilled p layed suited watchedfished pro ved screamed waitedExercise VIIISuggested Answers to the Exercises in Chap ter 3Exercise I/beik/ bake-/meik/ make, /lais/ lice -/rais/ rice, /sit/ sit-/ ?it/ shit, /sin/sin-/si?/si ng,/keit/ cate- /geit/ gate, /p?

23、n/ pun-/f?n/ fun, /pet/ p et-/p?t/ pat, /bit/ bit-/bi:t/ beat./rit ?/ rich- /ri d 3ridge, / Qi/ thigh- /eai/ thy,Exercise IIa. The sounds that end the words in colu mn Aare t, s, p, f, k; they are all voicelessc onsonan ts. While the sounds that end the words in colu mn B are d,乙 b,乙 m; they are all

24、 voicedco nsonan ts.b. The words in colu mn C end with a vowel; there are no codas in all these words.c. ?j and aj in these words are in compi eme ntary distributi on, because they n ever occur in the same phono logical con text, or in ide ntical en vir onmen ts. They areall ophones of the same phon

25、 eme /ai/; and they cannot dist in guish one word from ano ther.d. Life l ?jf , lives laivz , lie lai , file fail , bike b?jk , lice l?jse. Change the phon eme /ai/ i nto ?j/ before the voiceless consonan ts.Exercise IIIa.?s.t ?.n?/,/k?.l? ps/ ?.meiz/ek .s?t/ ?g. zist/?m. pru:v / ?.m?. d 3?/r?. zent

26、/s?. p raiz / k?n .s?l/r?.v?Ult /k?m.bain / ?.li. s?t/?.d ?pt/b?. li:v /pr?k .t?s/ ?n.sistf/ ?. t?un/b. The rule may be like that: Stress the n ext-to-last syllable if the final syllable ends with a sin gle consonant; if the final syllable ends with a consonant cluster, the n stress the final syllab

27、le.c. If the final syllable ends with a sin gle consonant but the vowel is a long vowel or a dip hth ong, the n stress the final syllable.Exercise IVFrom exa mp les a , we know that the stops / t, p, k / after /s/ i n the same syllable won? be aspi rated; from exa mples b , we know that the stops /

28、t, p, k / after /s/ are aspi rated, because they do? bel ong to the same syllable, /s/ is the coda of the front syllable; while the stops are the on set of the n ext syllable. In exa mplec, we know the stops /t, p, k/ are not asp irated; that means /s/ and these stops bel ong to the same syllable. T

29、hus, the sec ond syllable in the words disturb di.st=?:b, des pair di.s p= e? and discard di.sk= a:d satisfy the dema nd of the Maximal On set Princip le.Exercise VHere we just pro vide the syllable structure for exercisea; for the others, you may do it in the same way. Some of these words may have more than one acceptable pronun ciati on; so there may be more tha n one correct an swer for a give n item.a. comfortable k?mf?t?bl;