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1、第十六章 神經系統遺傳病Genetic Disease of the Nervous SystemDepartment of Neurology Second Affiliated Hospital Harbin Medical UniversityGenetic disease of nervous system 1、 Introduction 2、 Friedreich Ataxia 3、 Spinocerebellar Ataxia(SCA) 4、 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease掌握:掌握: 1、Friedreich型共濟失調的主要臨床型共濟失調的主要臨床特征、臨

2、床表現。特征、臨床表現。 2、脊髓小腦性共濟失調的臨床表現、脊髓小腦性共濟失調的臨床表現、診斷及鑒別診斷。診斷及鑒別診斷。熟習:熟習: 1、Friedreich型共濟失調的病因、發型共濟失調的病因、發病機制。病機制。 2、脊髓小腦性共濟失調的病因、發病、脊髓小腦性共濟失調的病因、發病機制。機制。 3、腓骨肌萎縮癥、腓骨肌萎縮癥(CMT)的臨床表現、的臨床表現、診斷及鑒別診斷診斷及鑒別診斷 。第一節 General Introduction 1. Conception Genetic disease of the nervous system 是指由于生殖細胞 germ cell或受精卵 zyg

3、ote中的遺傳物質在數量、構造或功能上發生改動,使發育的個體出現以神經系統缺欠(deficiency)為主要臨床表現的疾病。 Congenital Disease Family DiseaseClassification and Genetic patternlMonogenic DisorderslPolygenic DisorderslMitochondrial DisorderslChromosome Disorders1.Monogenic disorders:The base replacement, Insert, Deletion, repeat or abnormal expa

4、nsion of single gene. Autosomal dominant disorders Autosomal recessive disorders X-linked dominant disorders X-linked recessive disorders 動態突變性遺傳Common Diseases: Charcot-Marie-Tooth, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wilson Disease, Hereditary Ataxia2. polygenic disorders: are influenced by genes in comp

5、lex ways which are poorly understood but involve the interaction of multiple genes and interactions between genes and environmental factors The common polygenic disorders: Epilepsy, migraine and arteriosclerosis. 3. 線粒體遺傳病(mitochondrial disorders ) Mitochondrial disorders are caused by mutation of m

6、itochondrion (number or structure),They are maternal inheritance.optic atrophy and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.4.Chromosome disordersChromosome disorders are caused by the number or construction abnormalities of chromosome. for example:Downsyndrome Symptoms and physical signsClinical features ar

7、e of diversity, include common and specific symptomsCommon symptoms:Specific symptoms 1mon symptoms:Mental retardation and Disturbance of behaviorLanguage dysfunction, dementiaSeizure、Nystagmus, Paraesthesia (覺得異常)Involuntary movement(不自主運動)、Ataxia and Dystonia(肌張力妨礙) Muscle atrophy還可有五官畸形、脊柱裂、弓型足、指

8、趾畸形、皮膚毛發異常和肝脾腫大; 2.Specific symptom:肝豆狀核變性K-F環、共濟失調毛細血管擴張癥結合膜毛細血管擴張結節性硬化癥面部皮脂腺瘤神經纖維瘤皮膚牛奶咖啡斑 4. Diagnosis:(1). 臨床資料的搜集:尤其是發病年齡、性別、獨特的病癥和體征,如牛奶咖啡斑(2). 系譜分析(pedigree analysis)可判別有無遺傳病和區分類型(3). 常規輔助檢查: Include biochemistry, Electrophysiology, Imaging studies and Pathology對診斷和鑒別診斷具有重要意義, 如:假肥大型肌營養不良血清學;肝

9、豆狀核變性血清銅蘭蛋白、血清銅和尿銅; 腓骨肌萎縮癥神經活檢; 脊髓小腦性共濟失調,橄欖腦橋小腦萎縮的頭顱MRI; (4). genetic diagnosis: 1) 染色體檢查(karyotype analysis):染色體數目異常;染色體構造畸變(constructive aberration): 2) 基因診斷(gene detection): 方法包括: Southern Hybridization,PCR 3) Gene production detection:假性肥大肌營養不良-測定肌細胞膜上抗肌萎縮蛋白(dystrophin) 5. treatment and Prevent

10、ion No effective treatment 基因治療(gene therapy)是指運用基因工程技術來改換、校正或增補基因,以到達治療遺傳病的目的,但目前基因治療還很不成熟; 其他治療包括:Operation; medicine therapy;Diet therapy;symptom therapy; rehabilitation。 Prevention:important 遺傳咨詢genetic counseling); 防止近親結婚; 攜帶者檢測(carrier detection); 產前診斷; 選擇性人工流產(selective abortion);第二節 heredita

11、ry ataxia 1. Conception: Hereditary ataxia is a group of inherited and degenerative disorders of CNS. Characterized by slowly progressive ataxia. These disorders show considerable clinic variability. But, genetic background, ataxia and spinocerebellar lesion are mainly clinical features of them. 2.

12、Classification : Traditional classification by pathologic findings: Spinal Ataxia ; Spinocerebellar Ataxia; Cerebellar ataxia; New classification by the onset of age, clinical features, Genetic pattern and location of gene mutation參考表16-1by Harding (1993 ) p.270 Friedreich 型共濟失調 Friedreich report th

13、is disease firstly in 1863,Its incidence rate is 2 /100000,It is a early-onset ataxia and transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance 1. Etioligy and Pathogenesis Friedreich ataxia(FRDA)是由位于9號染色體長臂(9q13-21.1)基因缺陷所致。95%以 上 的 病 人 有 該 基 因 第 1 8 號 內 含 子( intron )GAA異常擴增661700次,正常人GAA反復42次以下,擴增的GAA構成的

14、異常螺旋構造可抑制基因轉錄(gene transcription)。 Friedreich共濟失調的基因產物Frataxin蛋白主要位于spinal cord、 Skeleton muscle、heart and liver 細胞線粒體(mitochondrion )的內膜,可導致線粒體功能妨礙而發病。 2. Pathology Posterior columns and lateral column of spinal cord are mainly involved ,the spinal cord is thin,especially in thoracal spinal cord。 M

15、icroscope can find that cell loss of posterior column,spinocerebellar tract , pyramidal tract degenerate , dorsal root ganglia and Clarkes column ; peripheral nerve demyelination and gliosis; brainstem、cerebellum and brain are rarely involved; Cardiomyopathy and heart cell hypertrophy。 3. clinical f

16、indings (1)The age of onset is 8-15 years older commonly, with more expanded repeats correlating with earlier onset。 (2). The initial symptom is progressive gait ataxia , followed by ataxia of all limbs within 2 years. usually,both legs are affected simultaneously , difficulty in standing and walkin

17、g steadily ;the hands usually become clumsy month or years after the gait disorder with intention tremor;Dysarthric speech appears after the arms are involved (rarely is this an early symptom)。 (3)Physical examination: 可見程度眼震(horizontal nystagmus),垂直性(vertical)和旋轉性(rotatory)眼震較少; 雙下肢肌無力,肌張力低(muscle

18、tone decreased),跟膝脛實驗(Heel-knee-shin)和閉目難立征(Romberg sign)陽性; 下肢音叉震動覺(vibration sense)和關節位置覺(joint position sense)減退是早期體征; 后期可有Babinski sign, Muscle atrophy,occasionally, sphincter distubances; 約25%患者有視神經萎縮(optic atrophy); 75%有上胸段脊柱側(kyphoscoliosis), 50%有弓形足(pes cavus); 85%有心律紊亂、心臟雜音; 10%20%伴有糖尿病(dia

19、betes)。 (4)通常起病15年后臥床bedridden,多于4050歲死于感染或心臟病。 4. investigative studies (1). skeleton film show skeletal abnormalities; CT或MRI示脊髓變細,cerebellum and brainstem are rarely involved; (2). 心電圖(electrocardiograph): 常有T波倒置、心律紊亂及傳導阻滯; (3). Echocardiography: Hypertrophy; (4). 視誘發電位(visual evoked potential):

20、Amplitude decreased; (5). 腦脊液(cerebrospinal fluid): normal protein; (6). DNA分析FRDA基因18號內含子GAA大于66次反復。 5. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis (1). Diagnosis: Early onset; Slowly Progressive Ataxia from both legs to arms; Dysarthria, Nystagmus, tendon reflex absent and Babinski sign; loss of vibrator

21、y and joint position sense; Kyphoscoliosis,Pes vacus,heart lesion; MRI顯示脊髓萎縮,那么不難診斷; FRDA基因GAA異常擴增,可確定診斷。 (2)不典型病例需與其他疾病鑒別 慢性變性疾病和脫髓鞘性疾病(demyelinative disease), Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; 還應與VitE缺乏和-脂蛋白缺乏引起的共濟失調鑒別,后兩者可查血清VitE和-脂蛋白的含量以鑒別之。6. treatment no effective treatment is available ,輕癥病人給予支持療法

22、,康復(rehabilitation)治療;重癥者可手術矯治弓形足等畸形;用胞二磷膽堿、毒扁豆堿能夠有一定的療效。 脊髓小腦性共濟失調Spinocerebellar ataxia SCA SCA是遺傳性共濟失調的主要類型,包括SCA1-10. The common feature: onset in middle life、autosomal dominant hereditary and ataxia. Harding根據有無眼肌麻木(ophthalmoplegia )、錐體外系(extrapyramidal)病癥及視網膜色素變性(retinal pigment degeneration)歸

23、納為三組十個亞型(表16-1),SCA的發病與種族有關,SCA1-2在意大利、英國多見,中國、德國和葡萄牙以SCA3最常見。 1. etiology and pathogenesis SCA有共同的突變機制,即相應的基因外顯子(exon)CAG拷貝數異常擴增,產生多聚谷氨酰胺鏈(SCA8除外),產生毒性功能,共同的突變機制也是呵斥SCA各亞型的臨床表現雷同的緣由。 然而,每一SCA亞型的基因位于不同的染色體,其基因大小及突變部位均不一樣見16-1表,SCA各亞型的臨床表現也有差別,如有的伴有眼肌麻木(ophthalmoplegia),有的伴有視網膜色素變性,病理損害的部位和程度也有所不同,這提

24、示除了多聚谷氨酰胺毒性作用之外,能夠還有其它要素參與發病。 2. pathology The common pathological lesion of SCA is in cerebellum、brainstem,with the degenerative spinal cord. 但各亞型也有其特點,如: SCA1: loss of neuron in brainstem and cerebellum,spinocerebellar tract and posterior column are usually involved,很少累及黑質black matter、basal gangli

25、a and anterior corn cell ; SCA2: nuclei of inferior olivary. Pons and cerebellum; SCA3 : pontine and spinocerebellar tract SCA7: Retinal neuron degeneration。 3. clinical findings SCA是高度遺傳異質性疾病,各亞型的病癥類似,交替重疊,其共同臨床表現是: (1). 普通在3040歲隱襲起病,緩慢進展,但也有兒童期及70歲起病者。 (2). 首發病癥多為下肢共濟失調,走路搖擺、忽然跌倒、發音困難;繼而出現雙手蠢笨及意向性

26、震顫(intention tremor); 可見眼震, 眼慢審視運動陽性, dementia and distal muscle atrophy;Dystonia, increased tendon reflex, pathological reflex, spastic gait and sense of vibration and proprioception absent。 (3). 均有遺傳早現景象,即在同一SCA家系中發病年齡逐代提早,病癥逐代加重,是SCA非常突出的表現。普通起病后1020年患者不能行走。 (4). 除了上述共同的病癥和體征外,各亞型也具各自的特點而構成不同的疾病。

27、如 SCA1的眼肌麻木(ophthalmoplegia),尤其上視不能較突出; SCA2的上肢腱反射減弱或消逝,眼慢審視運動較明顯; SCA3的肌萎縮、面肌(facial)及舌肌(glossal)纖顫(fasciculation)、眼瞼退縮構成凸眼; SCA5病情進展非常緩慢,病癥也較輕; SCA6的早期大腿肌肉痙攣(spasm)、下視震顫、復視(diplopia)和位置性眩暈(vertigo); SCA7的特征性病癥是視力減退或喪失,視網膜色素變性,心臟損害也較突出; SCA8常有發音困難(dysarthria); SCA10的純小腦征和癲(epilepsy)發作; 4. Lab studi

28、es (1). CT or MR show cerebellar and brainstem atrophy,especially pons and the middle peduncle of cerebellum atrophy; (2). brainstem evoked potential may be abnormal; (3). Electromyography show peripheral nerve lesion; (4). normal cerebrospinal fluid; (5). 確診及區分亞型可用外周血白細胞進展PCR分析,檢測相應基因CAG擴增的情況; 5. d

29、iagnosis and differential diagnosis 根據典型的共性病癥; 結合(magnetic resonance imaging MRI)檢查發現小腦、腦干萎縮; 排除其它累及小腦和腦干的變性病即可確診; 基因診斷確定其亞型及CAG擴增次數是確診的golden standard。 不典型病例需與多發性硬化(multiple sclerosis)、CJD及感染引起的共濟失調鑒別。 6. treatment No specific treatment available until now. 對癥及康復治療可緩解病癥。 第三節 腓骨肌萎縮癥(Charcot-Marie-To

30、oth Disease CMT) Introduction: CMT or hereditary motor sensory neuropathy(HMSN). Charcot. Marie and Tooth report it firstly in 1886, It is the most common type of hereditary motor sensory neuropathy. the incidence rate is 1/2500。 Classification: I型: nerve conduction velocity less than 38cm/s. includ

31、e 3 subtypes 1A, 1B and 1C by gene location. II型: nerve conduction velocity normal or nearly normal。Include 4 subtypes: 2A、2B、2Cand 2D. 以CMT1A型最常見。 1. etiology and pathologenesis The majority of CMT is autosomal dominant heredity,The minority of it is transmitted by other hereditary patterns . (1).

32、CMT1A:致病基因定位于17p11.2-12,該基因編碼周圍神經髓鞘蛋白22(PMP22),它的反復突變導致PMP22基因過度表達(over-expression),使周圍髓鞘蛋白(myelin protein )添加;另有一小部分病人因周圍神經髓鞘蛋白PMP22基因的點突變,產生異常PMP22蛋白而致病; (2). CMT2型:autosomal dominant heredity,與其有關的基因至少定位于三個位點,分別位于1,3,7號染色體上. 2. Pathology The axon and myelin sheaths of peripheral nerve are involve

33、d,the distal parts of nerve more than the proximal。 I型神經纖維呈對稱性節段性脫髓鞘,部分髓鞘再生,Schwann細胞增生與修復,構成“洋蔥頭(onion-bulb)樣構造,呵斥運動和覺得神經傳導速度減慢 II型為軸突變性(axon degeneration),運動和覺得神經傳導速度改動不明顯;前角細胞(anterior horn cell)數量輕度減少,The muscles occur group atrophy (簇狀萎縮)。當累及覺得后根纖維時,薄束變性比楔束更嚴重;the autosomal nervous system remai

34、ns relatively intact。 3. clinical findings CMT I型(脫髓鞘型): (1) the age of onset is late childhood and adolescence. the symmetrical chronic degeneration of peripheral nerve result in distal muscle atrophy,多數患者開場是足和下肢,數月至數年可涉及到手肌和前臂肌,extensors are involved early, Flexor is normal, 產生馬蹄內翻足和爪形足(claw foot)

35、畸形,foot drop及跨閾步態。常伴有脊柱側彎。 (2) 檢查可見 受累肢體肌肉萎縮,小腿肌肉和大腿的下1/3肌肉(the lower third of the thigh muscle weak and atrophy),just like stork leg or inverted champagne bottle,手肌萎縮,并涉及前臂肌肉,變成爪形手。很少涉及肘以上部分; The tendon reflex are absent in the involved limbs; 深淺覺得減退可從遠端開場,呈手套、襪子樣分布; 伴有自主神經功能妨礙和營養代謝妨礙,Rarely, the s

36、ensory loss is severe,and perforating ulcers may appear。 (3) 病程非常緩慢,在很長時期內都很穩定,顱神經通常不受累。部分病人雖然存在基因突變,但無肌無力和肌萎縮,僅有弓形足或神經傳導速度減慢,有的甚至完全無臨床病癥。 CMT II型(軸索型): late onset,muscle atrophy occur at adult,clinical features are the same as CMT I型. But lighter than it; CSF: Protein is normal。4. Lab studies (1)檢查

37、神經傳導速度(Nerve conduction velocity NCV)對分型至關重要。CMT1型運動NCV從正常的50米/秒減慢為38米/秒以下,CMT2型NCV接近正常。(2)X連鎖顯性遺傳患者腦干聽覺誘發電位和視覺誘發電位異常,軀體覺得誘發電位的中樞和周圍傳導速度減慢。 (3)Muscle Biopsy : neurogenic atrophy;(4). Nerve Biopsy: CMT I型的周圍神經改動主要是脫髓鞘和雪旺氏細胞增生構成“onion bulb; CMT II型主要是軸突變性。神經活檢還可排除其他遺傳性神經病。 (5)cerebrospinal fluid: normal,少數病例蛋白含量增高。 5. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis 臨床診斷根據: (1). 兒童期或青春期出現緩慢進展的對稱性雙下

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