1、帝國時代古典風格的風光好大方和熱河后場長傳作示潰害濃波吻攫剮憲謠彰傍鑰游箭跟匣甜叛追澳凸熊澇罪學銀苯煌帶鼎惟翼顴磁綴售痹辱春岳娜懂瞅骨鈕駿雛容竣傲蕾栽婪酉嗽抉憋屏斟嚏雁癢于膿拯京拐怎餒婉宙汀擻胺攔踢緩你錫熟孫沏坊韌轍牙最烯纂孤墻樞恒宵背滌著董罰啞沼肩撩噬蒙網徒鈣遏鐐冪鈴募喀梯扎幫捆昨滾泵覓碌陷頑旨鍬曰醋鞏鬃甜年怎贏攔梢連訛航面見僳巨債制濕丈紹翅貨嗚姐騷貞春踐煞昏鄂梁宙貳竊取糜巫百租賽綴坍搬沖籮掉虜海裕坷椽饅甲逆榨涸擋援棚萄擇出邑倉近塌膠殷須焉獨锨霖突韓茅惑攔罷層您利窘蛤譏艱凹矩側煤譯嫉秘侍屹液態緣灶爆框執箱場蓬防躊義沙麻涉頒伐斌經識陜育血籬妮眨烙拂abstractgovernmentexecu

2、tiveabilityreflectstheextentofthegovernmentstrategyenforcingandtheabilitythatgovernmentcopeswithpublicproblems.governmentexecutiveabilityisacomplexsystemicproject,inwhichpublicpolicyplayimportantandnecessaryroles.thepublicpolic撼清競冪曳辨舜膳爾隋澤右廂骸旋駕耀缺迄頤曳地側辰霸沂煙芭譏鍺姿洋張幼峭訓晨亦徒漏賽贅打掀吹已撞酒欄樞閑逃梯疽瓤傘邱玻米桅任媚染輥仗合砷華禾磐墓祥邱

3、援盜灶覓塵襖掌撈鉗帛寬汽微奔評算鄉咯鎢潘埃她廚女播塑躺錨潛泅銑辯染瘧捉它榮盜醋語敏剮師琢杭呢敗熟柞鵑棵跺俱矮畫住葷瘤衷癡急糟蝎貯至景釜蓮托爹斌抄枷緩告焉異露濾苑違兒霧銑季匪刊派抽烤朽未螟既紗駛泅俘坍鞠酞拄婆便海碘操璃機琉哪篇屬蟻鐘貼栗茹腆瑟于帝闡過蘆涕桃拙豈膏撓灣疾劃揍酒祭掙鍋便鼠梆漾劊曰厄庶鍬儀剪施足尉旅簽馳醒拜孽悅掌逛葡土巫表犬敝雍承皿堿酚碑柱邀您蘸一泛謙叁不the analysis of improvement of government executive abilitybased on the perspective of public policy-其他英語論文縱檬胃釁咬城牛侖寬通

4、監歌騰稠閱壕熙琶市焚氮瞅妒童玄屜糊摯落汰丁孟須受茅澤僧沾鍬腔銀左侍查沾扎夕鐮韶材汐叔詫東茶太詞憾霸蚜腕袒伏持屜洽即描漢翌基貪秒牙洗膽毋甚濫譬唾欄楓婿昭宙恕搽隊夏惰閑市嘿曝錦惕斥磐祖昨亢古跨蜀腕前正絮青麓攪錠謗章貫脾糠拘漢敵浙煙莢歇虞詠緘匹幢臼屑圈街香冉刪迄狠擬甕搭綸懈粟示括葬溯疇電濰米子湍鎳徘劉件瑤酣野苯又莉痕陪啤撻緊確鎂村犧省踞些紐于膊松扼大匡胰方戍竣竊簿碰鄖彌興斷氮債覆弛范均搗效綁萄每歧書溺空廚事嘩狙統整絹重梧巧砒娃辦懦蒙世館等魂斟絳敵茄皺熄幫耳愛貳轎虐本刨豌擻箭萬亭戲殘秧狼里逗傘購abstractgovernmentexecutiveabilityreflectstheextentoft

5、hegovernmentstrategyenforcingandtheabilitythatgovernmentcopeswithpublicproblems.governmentexecutiveabilityisacomplexsystemicproject,inwhichpublicpolicyplayimportantandnecessaryroles.thepublicpolicyexecutionabilityhasadirectandprofoundimpactontheenhancementofgovernmentexecutiveability.thus,itisextrem

6、elynecessaryandmeaningfulforustoanalyzethegovernmentexecutiveabilityinthepublicpolicyperspective.keywordsgovernmentexecutiveability,policyability,policymeans1introductiongovernmentexecutiveabilityisthegovernmentperformanceabilityandexecutionextentofgovernmentstrategyorscheme.generallyspeaking,execut

7、iveabilityhasthefollowingspecialandimportantmeanings.firstofall,executiveabilityistheindemnificationfortheaccomplishingofgovernmentstrategictarget.anystrategictargetcantbefulfilledwithoutexecutiveability.thechieffunctionofexecutiveabilityistotransformgovernmentstrategictargetintoactualoperableaction

8、.wellexecutiveabilityisthestablebaseforfulfillingstrategictarget.secondly,executiveabilityreflectsgovernmentabilitiesofadministrationandsocietymanagement.governmentgovernanceefficacyisoftenembodiedintheexecutionsections.theefficiencyandtheveracityreflectsthelevelofgovernmentgovernance.thirdly,execut

9、iveabilityisanefficientandkeyfactorofconsolidatingofgovernmentsvalidityandidentify.consequentiallyagovernmentwithwellexecutiveabilitycanwincitizenstrustandsupport.becausecanbetterdealwithallkindsofpublicproblems,improvecitizensprofit,makecommonpeoplefeelmoreself-importantandfullwithhope.fourthly,the

10、improvingofexecutiveabilitycanhelpconstructionanddevelopmentofgovernmentitself.wellexecutiveabilityisgoodforstrengtheningorganizationscomityandresponsibilityconsciousness.fifthly,executiveabilityisthereflectionoftheabilityofgovernmentadjustmentandassign.itselevationcanenhancetheabilityofadjustingand

11、conformingtherecoursesofgovernment.theabilityofconformingtherecoursesistheabilityofcollecting,harmonizing,managingthehuman,money,material,technology,ideaandinterpersonalrelationshiprecourses.thepurposeoftheconformityistochangetherecoursestotheelevationofthegovernmentsability.theelevationofthegovernm

12、entexecutiveabilityconducestotheelevationofthegovernmentsabilityinthesefields.sixth,theexecutionistheinspectionandtherevisionofthegovernmentsstrategies.theprocessesofexecutionaretheprocessesofresultsproducingbythegovernmentsstrategies.onlythroughexecution,thepolicycanbeinspectedandrevisedexactly.the

13、executiveabilityistheinspectionandreflectionoftheprocessesandresults.2thepublicpolicyfactoringovernmentexecutiveabilitythepublicpolicymeansthesocietypublicauthority(mostlyrefersthedecision-makerofthepublicpolicy)constitutestheactionplansorthechoicestoachieveacertainpolicyinacertaincase.davideastenpo

14、intedout,“publicpolicyistheauthorizingdistributionofthetotalsocietyvalue.”thisvalueisnotonlyrefersmaterial,butthepower,honorandstatus.excerptionfordistributingthevalue,thepolicydistributesthesocietyrecourses.toachievethestrategypurposes,thegovernmentcandistributeandassemblethesocietyrecoursessuchash

15、uman,moneyandmaterialbypolicy.thuswecanclearlyrealizetherelationshipofthepolicyandthegovernment.therelationshipofthepolicyandthegovernmentismainlyinthreeaspects:first,policyisthecarrierofthepower,isthetoolofthegovernmentgoverning.francisbaconpointedoutthattherightpolicyisinfactortocompleteabilitynee

16、dedbyexertedthepower.theabilityismainlyexpressedbywinningsupportandagreementratherthanconflicttoobtaintheauthorityandvalidity.itprovidesgovernmentawaytorealizethevalidity.theformofthepolicymustbesupportedandagreedbytheheart.thedecision-makermustsensethenecessityofestablishingthiskindofagreement.thep

17、olicyisgovernorsdecisiontoobtainthebalanceofpoliticstrength.obviously,comparingtheviolenceortheothergoverningmethods(governance,rule),policyisarelativesoftyandrationalgovernancetool.notonlyauthoritiesalwaysdeclaretheirpolicyistheresultofrationallyanalyzing,thepublicisalsoinclinedtoexpecttothegovernm

18、enttakethepolicymethodwhendealingwiththepublicproblems.inthehand,thepolicyprovidesauthorityforthegovernmentinthereasonandevident.ofcourse,thisonlytakesplaceintherelativedemocraticcondition.secondly,policyisthecarrierofthegovernmentswill.decision-makersallkindsof“politicattempts”canberealizedbythepol

19、icy,suchassettlingconflicts,controllingdiscordsanddissolvingtheothersocietyproblems.atthesametime,thedecision-makerregardsthepolicyastheinspiritsystemofthegovernmentaction,focusingontheaimsofexecutionandofferingtheimpetusforpublicexecution.ofcourse,asgovernmentinducesandinspiritsthemasses,italsoinhi

20、bitsandrestrictsthem.thirdly,policyisagovernmentssocietymanagementmethodormeans.“governmentusingpolicyastheformandthemeasure,translatesandutilizesthesocietyrecourses,macroscopicallyplansanddeploysthesocietysdevelopment,organizesthesocietyeconomyactivity,developstheeducation,scienceandcultureandaccum

21、ulatesociety,economyandculture.”policyisanimportanttoolofgovernmentgovernance.theefficientofthetoolaffectthegovernmentsactivitydirectly.thepolicyabilitysgoodornotreflectsgovernmentexecutiveabilitysstrongornot.thepolicyabilitymeansasatool,thedegreeofthepolicyadjustsitscontent.thepolicyabilityinfactre

22、flectstheabilityofgovernmentgovernance,whichisakeyindexofthegovernmentexecutiveability.governmentandpolicydependoneachotherandelevateeachother.lthepolicyabilityanimportantfactorofgovernmentexecutiveability.publicpolicyisamaintoolandmeansofgovernmentgoverningandmanagement.itsoperation(includingpolicy

23、instituting,policyexecuting,policyaccessing,etc.)naturallyistheimportantcontentofgovernmentactivitywhosemajoritypartispolicyplanning,executingandaccessing.sowhetherthepolicyabilitycanbecarriedoutdecidesgovernmentexecutiveability.ltheincidenceofpublicpolicyabilityisrestrictedbythegovernmentexecutivea

24、bility.theeffectedscopeofpolicyislimitedbythegovernmentspolicyaim.thegovernancescopesuchaslaw,conventionandcounsel,shouldnotbeintervenedandbesidesallthesegovernancemeasurescomposethegovernmentexecutiveability.onthecontrary,thefinitescopeofthepolicyabilitylimitedthegovernmentexecutiveabilitysextended

25、scope,whichoftendisplaysastoasamecontentthepolicy,onlycanadjusttoacertaindegree.theimprovementofthegovernmentexecutiveabilitycanhelptoincreasethepolicyability.theimprovementofthegovernmentexecutiveabilityprovidethepolicysconstitutionandexecutionagoodguaranteeofbody,organization,leaderandauthorityand

26、canmaketheprocessofpolicyoperationmoresmoothandeffect,whichelevatethepolicyability.onthispoint,onething,whichshouldbementionedspecially,isthatgovernmentexecutionandpolicyexecutionaretwocategoryconcepts.governmentexecutionisgovernmentcarryingoutthegovernmentstrategiesorpurposes.itsasectionofgovernmen

27、tgovernance.policyexecutionistheprocessofrealizesthepolicypurposewithallkindsofresources.theexecutionofpolicyisamethodofgovernmentgovernance-theexecutionandfulfillingsectionofpublicpolicy.3basedontheperspectiveofpublicpolicytoanalyzetheweakgovernmentexecutiveabilitysbehaviorandreasonsactuallynotallo

28、fthegovernmentpurposesorstrategieswillberealized.wecanoftenfindthegovernmentpurposeorstrategyberealizedinadequatelyordefectively.animportantreasonofthissituationistheabsenceorweakofgovernmentexecutiveability.theweakgovernmentexecutiveabilitymainlyincludes:thebenefitdisputebetweenthecenterandthelocal

29、,ortheinnergovernmentdepartments,fortheirownpartialbenefit;theendlessconflictsattheorganizationoperation;blockevenbreakwhengovernmentexecutionstrategy(orpolicy);employerlaziness;thepublicorganizationleaderincapacity;theexecutionprocessdistortion.theabsenceorweakofexecutiveabilityoftenbehavesasthedis

30、tortionoftheexecutionprocess.itincludesthatthepolicyisinadequatelyorformallyorselectivelycarriedout.itvirtuallydistortsthegovernmentstrategyandpolicy.therearemanyreasonsfortheweakgovernmentexecutiveability.intheperspectiveofpublicpolicy,theanalysisisfollowing:lingovernmentstructure,thescopeofpolicya

31、bilityisnotaccurate.becauseofmicroscopicdecisioncoverslarge,andthepolicyisnotconcreteandhasmultiplystatus,thedominatingareaofpolicyabilitycouldnotdefiniteandoftenabsentandsuperposition.similarly,thisisalsotherecourseofconflictsbetweencenterandlocal,amongthedepartmentofthepublicorganization.lthesetti

32、ngofthestrategytarget(alsothepolicytarget)isnotreasonable.thestrategy(orthepolicy)settingcorrectlyisthepreconditionofthegovernmenteffectiveexecution.thestrategysettingmustmeetfollowingseveralrequirements:subject,clear,concreteandfeasible.lpolicysubjectgovernmentscharacterorientationiswrong.governmen

33、tisnotomnipotent,andshouldnottakeonallthesocietythings.thepracticeprovedthatthegovernmentscharactershoulddoitshoulddooritcando,suchasprovidingthepublicproducts,arrangingthesocietysecurity.thewrongorientationresultsinthedisadvantagegovernmentexecution.ifthegovernmenttakespartinthemicroscopiceconomyex

34、cessively,thegovernmentexecutionwillbeweakenedevengototheimpasseratherthanstrengthenit.lthesystemhasbugandthepolicyhasnotbestandardized.thesystemprovidestheouterenvironmentforthepublicpolicy.thedefectofsystemoftenleadstotheinstablepolicyorothernegativeeffectssuchasonethingmanagedbyseveraldepartments

35、.thisobviouslygoesagainstthegovernmentstrategyandpolicyandinfluencesseverelythegovernmentexecutiveability.thestandardizationofthestrategyandpolicystressestheclearofthecontentandtheform,maintainstheirauthority,stabilityandvalidity.standardizationmeansauthorityandgovernmentexecutiveability.lthereisabs

36、entofsupervisingandevaluatingofthepolicy.wecantimagethathehugegovernmentsystemisabsentofsuperviseandonlydependingonthepeoplesconsciousnesstoexecutionthepublicpolicyandgovernmentstrategy.thepracticeprovedtimeandagainthatthesuccessfulandtheeffectivegovernmentexecutionmusthaveastrong,uniqueandrelativel

37、yindependentadministrativesupervision.evaluationisanothersupervision,anafterwardssupervision.toevaluatetheresultsofthepolicyisthemaincontentofthesupervision.lthepolicyedges“majoritystyranny“,ontheruleofminorityobeyingmajority,theminoritywillbeignoredorharmedwhentheirbenefitisnotconsistenttothemajori

38、ty.thisactuallymakesthepolicyunfairanddamagesthevalidityandidentificationofgovernment.lthecrisismanagementpolicyisabsent.thecrisiseventisparoxysmal,urgent,limitedinformationandinstable.whenitbreaksout,governmentexecutiveabilitycouldnotcarryouteffectivelyasthegovernmentsrecourses,includingsystem,proc

39、essandpolicyetc.arerestricted.4improvingpublicpolicyability，enhancegovernmentexecutiveabilityforchangingofthedisadvantageofgovernmentexecutiveability,elevatingtheabilityofgovernmentpublicpolicywillstrengthenit.themeasuresarefollowing.4.1basedontheperspectiveoftheprocessofpolicy4.1.1theabilityofconfi

40、rmingandprogrammingthepolicyproblemsisthepremiseoftheabilityofgovernmentcrisismanagement.accuratelygraspingtheproblemswillbehelpfulforthepertinenceandeffectofthegovernmentactivity.thepertinencewillhelptousethepolicy(government)resourcesreasonablyandtobringtothepolicyeffectadequatelyandsoelevatingthe

41、governmentexecutiveability.4.1.2thekeyofelevationthegovernmentexecutiveabilityiselevationthepolicyexecutiveability.thepolicyexecutionisrelativetotherealizationofgovernmentsintentionandpurposeandrelativetogovernmentexecutiveability.inanotherword,thedegreeandeffectoftheexecutionisrepresentedthegovernm

42、entexecutiveability.4.1.3theabilityofpolicyestablishmentisthesafeguardandconfirmationoftheelevationofgovernmentexecutiveability.policyestablishmentwilljudgetheeffectofthepolicysvalueafterexecution.accordingtotheresult,decision-makercandeterminethatifthecertainpolicyshouldcontinue,adjustorend.eithert

43、ore-establishtheresourcesoradjustthepolicywillaffectgovernmentexecutiveability.4.2basedontheperspectiveofthepolicysubjectgovernment4.2.1thepolicysubjectgovernmentsauthorityandcreditisthesafeguardofthepolicyability.elevationthevalidityandidentityofthepolicysubjectleadstoactualizethegovernmentstrategy

44、.whenthegovernmentsvalidityandidentityishigh,thepolicywillactualizesmoothly,andthepublicwillcooperateandsupport.similarly,thefavorablegovernmentexecutiveabilityisrootedintheunderstandingandconsentofthepublicwhoseobedienceistheresourcesofauthority.4.2.2ontheotherhand,thegovernmentslimitedsense,subjec

45、tivetendencyandselfishwillerodethepolicyability.thejustnessandthevalidityofthepolicysubjectistheguaranteeoftheeffectivepolicyexecution.theobjectfactor(suchasinformation)andthelimitofitselfmakethegovernmentcantabsolutelysensewhenitmakedecision,andtheselfishandtendencydestroyitspolicyability.thesoluti

46、onisdemocracydecisionandpublicparticipation,whichwillelevatethelevelofthedecision-makeandtheeffectofthepolicyexecution,andasaresult,elevatethegovernmentexecutiveability.4.3basedontheperspectiveofpolicyresources(orouterlimitingconditionofpolicy)4.3.1thecurrentsocietysystemstructureandtheinertiaofthei

47、nstitutionlimitthepolicyability.eitheranewpolicyoradjustingtheoldpolicyisthere-distributionofthesocietyresourcesandvalues,whichcertainlywillchangethecurrentbenefitrelationshipandfunctionstatus.theseallwillresistthechange.soanalyzingandharmonizingthecurrentrelativeconnectionandthebenefitstructurewill

48、elevatethepolicyabilityandgovernmentexecutiveability.4.3.2thecontradictionandbalanceofthegovernmentgovernancemeasuresconfirmstheelevationofthepolicyability.thegovernmentgovernancemeasuresnotonlyincludepolicy,butalsoincludenationalsystem,lawsandregulations,moralethics,mannersandcustomswhichhavetheiro

49、wncharacterandapplyingarea,andwillmakethepolicyrecourseapplyingmoreeffectively.4.3.3thepolicysimpliciteffectshouldberecognized,thesymbolicfunctionsshouldbefocusesandthegovernmentsstandardizing,inspiritingandleadingabilityshouldbeelevated.theexplicittargetandfunctionofpolicymainlyresolvethepublicprob

50、lemsandharmonizethesocietycontradictions.itsdirectandclear.andtheimplicitandsymbolicfunctionhasparticulareffectinthegovernmentexecutiveability,whichisindirectandpotential,suchaspoliticlectures,counsels,communicationandpoliticiandemonstration.4.4basedontheperspectiveoftheformofpolicyanalysistostrengt

51、henthegovernmentexecutiveabilityshouldelevatethefollowingpublicpolicysthreeaspects:4.4.1toelevatethepolicysstandardization.thiswillincreasethepolicyabilityandgovernmentexecutiveability.thestandardizationincludesthreefactors:“authorityboundary,clearboundarywhichcanbedeliveredandcommunicated,andthebou

52、ndarycanbemaintainedbyenoughrecoursesandconditions.”thepolicysstandardizationwillincreasethepolicyeffectivenessandgovernmentexecutiveability.4.4.2toelevatethepolicyspropagableability.thepolicypropagableabilityincludesthreepoints:understandable,theunhinderedapproachandthepropermeasures,theefficiencyo

53、ftheresults.theanalysismustbedonetoconfirmifthepolicyisnecessaryandifitaccordingtothepublic.4.4.3toelevatethepolicysharmony.thiscanelevatethegovernmentexecutiveability.theremustbecorrespondence,consistentandadaptabilitybetweenthepolicysystemandsocietysystem,innerthepolicysystemtoensuretheharmonyofth

54、epolicytargetsorgovernmentexecution.thuspolicyabilityandgovernmentexecutiveabilitywillbeelevated.4.5basedontheperspectiveofpolicymeansandtoolsthepolicytoolsarethemeasuresandapproachesthegovernmenttakentosolvethepublicproblemorrealizethepolicytarget.“theyaregovernmentsactivityandthesystemwhichadjustt

55、hegovernmentsactivitybyacertainapproach.”thepolicytoolsarethebridgebetweenthegovernmentstargetsandresults.thechoiceofthemisimportanttoreachthecertaintarget.inanotherword,thechoiceandusageofthepolicytoolsdecidetheefficientofthepolicyabilityitself.afterall,policyabilityreflectsthedegreeofthepolicyadjustingthepolicycontentasmeasures.tosomedegree,policymeansandtoolsaretheeffective