講義一Text AWhat Is a Decision ？I.課文內(nèi)容簡介決策的目的是制定和實現(xiàn)組織目標。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標和目的不正確、或者有某種東西防礙目標或目的的實現(xiàn)。作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關重要。決策者必須具備從多個可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。而多種目標的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價值觀。今天所作的決策可能會對將來產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。因此，有經(jīng)驗的管理者能從當前決策看到將來的效果。段落大意：課文分成三部分第一、二段：決策的定義 The definition of decision第三、四段：作決策的一般過程 The general process of making a decision第五至九段：在管理層次上，多種因素影響決策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial levelII.New Wordsorganizational a. 組織上的goal n. 目的，目標objective n./a. 目標，目的/客觀的，真實的accomplish vt. 完成（任務等）predict vt./vi. 預言；預示accompany vt. 伴隨，陪同implement vt. 實現(xiàn)；完成constraint n. 強制；強制因素precedent n. 先例，前例simplify vt. 簡化tendency n. 趨勢，傾向managerial a. 經(jīng)理的，管理人的maker n. 制造者；制造商achievement n. 完成，達到attain vt. 達到；完成optimal a. 最適宜的，最理想的suboptimization n. 局部最優(yōu)化trade-off n. 權(quán)衡；物物交換argue vt./vi. 爭辯，爭論budget n./vt. 預算scheme n./vt.把 編入預算define vt. 解釋，給下定義multiple a./n.多樣的，復合的/倍數(shù)profitability n. 賺錢，獲利correctness n. 正確，正確性unintended a. 非計劃中的，非故意的ongoing a. 進行中的，非故意的entity n. 存在，實體skilled a. 熟練的；有技能的in the way 擋路、礙事to make a guess at 猜測and the like 等等，諸如此類to seek to 追求，爭取in part 部分地，在某種程度上point of view 觀點詞匯精講1.goal n. 目標，進球，球門 （ 同義詞：aim ，end ， purpose，objective）Her goal is a place at university . 她的目標是在大學任教。2.objective ： n./a. 目的；目標（尤指較長遠的目標）；宗旨/客觀的，如實的派生詞：object n. 物體反義詞：subjective n./a. 主語；主觀事物；/ 主觀的，用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目標是接受大學教育。If you dont work hard， youll never achieve your objectives.假如你不努力工作，你將永遠達不到目的。Achieve表示較難達到的目標。It is an objective report. 這是一篇如實的報道。3.accomplish v. 完成（任務）等The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .學生們在不到10分鐘內(nèi)完成了任務。4.predict ： v 預言，預示， 預告同義詞：forecast v. 預測，預報Its hard to predict when it will happen . 很難預見這件事何時發(fā)生。5.accompany ： v. 伴隨，陪同The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 這位孤獨的老人讓他的狗做伴。All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的訂貨單必須隨付現(xiàn)金。派生詞： company n. 公司； v. 陪伴6.implement v.實施，履行（諾言）等The committees suggestions will be implemented immediately.委員會的意見將立即貫徹執(zhí)行。The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.對全國醫(yī)療體系的改革將在明年進行。7.constraint n. 限制， 約束They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer他們說了實話但是有所保留（是被迫的）。 語法規(guī)則的限制（約束）8.tendency ： n. 趨勢，傾向There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.人們在家里而不是在辦公室里工作的趨勢日益增長。派生詞：tend v. 趨向，傾向 用法：tend to do sth.He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .當人們不同意他的意見時，他很容易生氣。9.achievement n. 完成，成就，An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .對一個如此年輕的人來說，獲得奧運會銀牌是個了不起的成就。派生詞：achieve v. 完成，做到，達到（目的），實現(xiàn)，獲得He will never achieve his objectives if he doesnt work hard .如果他不努力，將會永遠達不到目的。10.attain ： v. 達到；獲得 （長期努力后而獲得）同義詞：obtain， get用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定決心要達到生活中的目標。The apple tree has attained to a great height. 蘋果樹已長得很高了。11.optimal adj 最佳的The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船員們正在等待出航的最佳天氣條件。12.argue ： vt./vi. 爭辯，爭論，辯論用法：作不及物動詞用時，后邊可以接with， about 或over（就爭論），for （贊成）或against （反對）She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她總喜歡為極小的問題進行爭論。He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯討論哲學。He argued for immediate action . 他主張立即行動。They argued against such a policy. 他們反對這種政策。作及物動詞時，表示“說服、用辯論證明”的意思I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我說服他不做這樣危險的旅行。He argued that man was descended from apes. 他論證人類的祖先是猿。13.scheme n 計劃 方案He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .他制定了一個在20歲之前發(fā)財?shù)寞偪裼媱潯?4.multiple adj 多樣的 復合的What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .一個人下一步會做什么是他受到的多種影響的結(jié)果。15.ongoing adj 進行中的，前進的No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .目前還沒有達成任何協(xié)議，談判仍在進行。16.entity n 存在 實體He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .他把這個國家的北方看成一個單獨的文化實體。17.skilled adj 熟練的，有技能的My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .我母親非常擅長做衣服。Phrases and Expressions1.（stand， get， be ） in the way 礙事 ，擋道的；妨礙人的If you are not going to help， at least dont get in the way！ 如果你不愿幫忙，至少別妨礙人家。The chair is in the way， please move it away. 這把椅子擋著路，請把它移開。相關短語：in a way 在某種程度上；在某些方面； 從某一點上看in no way 決不；一點也不；in the way of 按照； 就。 而言by way of 取道，經(jīng)由by the way 順便問一下2.to make a guess at 猜測You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本來能夠猜到她是誰。Can you make a guess at the price ？ 你猜得出價錢嗎？3.to seek to（inf） 尋求，爭取Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .發(fā)電站正在設法減少石油的使用4.in part ： 部分地；有些部分；在某種程度上This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于財政困難。The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分責任在我。5.point of view 視點，視角The book looks at college life from a students point of view.這本書從一個學生的視角來看大學生活。6.to vary from to 從到不同，因 而異Salary scales vary from state to state.工資級別因州而異。7.contribute to 把 貢獻給。Well contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我們畢業(yè)后將為此事業(yè)作貢獻。contribute to 導致Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸煙是導致肺癌的主要因素。8.be beneficial to 對 有利Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我們的健康。Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English.朗讀（背誦）短文段落對提高英語口語有利。III.課文精講第一部分Para.1A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.1.made from among alternative courses of action 是過去分詞短語作定語courses of action 行動方針that are available 是定語從句，修飾概念短語“行動方針”2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.此句是由that引導的表語從句，表語從句由a problem exist； goals of objectives are wrong；及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三個并列句構(gòu)成。The reason for is that 是一個常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is thatthey lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他們手頭缺錢。The reason why 是另外一個常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他們不愿意談論保險的原因有三個。Para.2Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions， indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight； at other times they are serious.3.a manager does是省略that的定語從句，修飾先行詞everything當先行詞為everything， something， anything， nothing等不定代詞時定語從句引導詞不可用which， 此句的后半部分 some suggest that 是賓語從句suggest v. 認為，提出，建議（其后的賓語從句多用于虛擬語氣）4.although conj.“雖然，盡管”引導讓步狀語從句例如：Although my car is very old，it still runs very well .雖然我的汽車很舊，但是仍然跑得很好。require vt. 要求，需要 后邊由that引導一個賓語從句5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions.make a best guess at 作出最佳猜測，at 表示動作或行為的方向和目標，如：look at （看） ，aim at （瞄準，目的是），throw （a stone） at （向擲石頭），shoot at （射擊），laugh at （嘲笑）本句中what the future will be 是一個介詞賓語從句，（作介詞at 的賓語）；to leave sth. to chance “憑運氣，聽任命運的安排，聽其自然發(fā)展”“as + 形容詞（或副詞）+ as possible”意思是“盡可能地； 盡量”。as little as possible 盡可能少I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我盡量地表示友好。Come as quickly as possible. 盡快來。since uncertainty is always there 是一個原因狀語從句。risk accompanies decisions .風險伴隨著決策6.sometimes at other times 有時 ，而有時則 a poor decision 一個不良決策第二部分Para.3Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.7.“選擇”三個詞的區(qū)別：alternative adj.兩者或多于兩者選一個，供選擇的，n.替代物choice 選自己喜歡的，挑出，選出select 選出最好的，篩選、精選8.由 if 引導的條件狀語從句， 主句中的不定式被動態(tài) to be made作定語， 修飾decision9.range n. 范圍 a broad range of choice 一個很廣的選擇范圍10.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like.本句中based on 是一個過去分詞作定語修飾constraints.be based on 表示“建立在基礎上例：The book is based on a true story. 這本書是以一個真實的故事為依據(jù)的。He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一個畫出以當時所有的知識為基礎的地圖，而不是基于猜測和想象。and the like 意思是“等等 （之類的東西）”。例：He studied painting， music， English and the like. 他學習了繪畫、音樂、英語等等。11.at all levels “在各個層次”Para.4Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.12.from which 引導定語從句，修飾 courses of action 行動方針13.a thorough job of examining 一個徹底的考察工作a thorough job是主語，of examining the problems 修飾job，has not been done是句子的謂語。thorough a. 徹底的through prep. 通過，穿過though conj. 雖然，盡管 （ 同although ）thought n. 思想14.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion ：either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者擇一”。例：We fight， or we dont its an either/or decision.我們戰(zhàn)斗或不戰(zhàn)斗-這是二者擇一的決定。第三部分Para.5At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.15.At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在as well as 結(jié)構(gòu)中，強調(diào)前者 limiting alternatives ，不強調(diào)后者譯為：作決策包括限定選擇和識別選擇，或者譯成：不僅包括識別選擇還要包括限定選擇（除了包括識別選擇外還有限定選擇）practically ad. 實際上，事實上（在口語中譯為，幾乎，簡直）在本文中是幾乎的意思。例如：幾乎是不可能practically impossiblePara.6Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization， this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example， the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things， however， increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.一個省略that或which的定語從句，修飾a state of affairs “事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)”to seek to do sth. 追求，爭取，尋求，設法（去做某事）17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.本句中，because 引導了原因狀語從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語從句。18.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.兩個that引導的都是定語從句，修飾decisionsless than 在此做狀語，表示否定的含義， less than optimal “不太理想”例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。19.this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.that引導定語從句，修飾trade-off “權(quán)衡”increases 和 decreases 是定語從句的并列謂語Para.7These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on.20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.Because 引導的原因狀語從句中，有一個that引導的定語從句，修飾many objectives21.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.vary from to 表示各不相同的意思。例：The percentage varies from person to person. （稅收的） 比例因人而異。22.When presented with a common casepresented with 面對過去分詞短語前面加上when作時間狀語。為了表示明確的時間或條件，有時常在分詞前面加上when， while， even if ， even though ， unless 等連詞作時間、條件、讓步等狀語。 （詳見語法要點）Para.8The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal； they are hard to understand， even by the individual， because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different peoples values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based， in part， on the values of the decision maker.be based on 基于，取決于in part 部分地，在某種程度上對于多項目標的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價值觀。24.different peoples values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.兩個about都是介詞短語作定語，修飾前邊的名詞不同人關于風險和收益可接受程度的價值觀，導致了對于決策正確性的不同意見。Para.9People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view， problems have multiple causes， and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity， and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenonassume vt. 認為，假定，設想 that 引導賓語從句made today 過去分詞短語作定語，“今天作出的決策”far into the future 形容詞短語作定語，“對將來有深遠的影響”27.Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.the skilled manager “一個干練的管理者，一個有經(jīng)驗的管理者”current a. 當前的，現(xiàn)時的 n. 流，水流，電流，氣流一個干練的管理者可以從當今決策看到未來的結(jié)果。附：重點句1.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 三個表語從句并列 （第一段）2.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. 主從復合句（第二段）3.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. （第三段）4.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； （第四段）5.Because individuals （and organizations） frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals， the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 主從復合句（第六段）6.Frequently， departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger orgnization. （第六段）7.Some of these objectives are more important than others， but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. （第七段）8.When presented with a common case， sales managers tend to see sales problems， production managers see production problems， and so on. （第七段）Text BSecrets of Success at an InterviewI.New Wordstitle分析：Secrets：秘密 success n. 成功 succeed erview vt./n. 面談，采訪；面試，口試criticism n. 批評；評論candidate n. 候選人，候補者；應試者vague a. 含糊的；不明確的notion n. 概念；想法，看法prospect n. 展望，景象；前景，前程community n. 社區(qū)；共同體unattractive a. 無吸引力的；不引人注意的indifference n. 冷漠；不感興趣interviewer n. 接見者；面談者personality n. 個性；人格；品格prospective a. 預期的；未來的speechless a. 不會說話的；不說話的clarification n. 澄清，闡明correspondence n. 符合，一致；通信photocopy vt./n. 復印，影印；照相復制本resume n. 摘要，梗概；個人簡歷inefficiency n. 無效；效能差neat a. 整潔的；簡潔的；整齊的conservative a. 保存的，防腐的；保守的，守舊的punk n. （俚）阿飛；朋克（70年代以來英國、美國的年輕人中的頹廢派）a.頹廢派的miniskirt n. 超短裙panel n. 專門小組intimidate vt. 恐嚇，恫嚇clutch vt./vi. 抓住，握緊grip vt./n. 緊握，緊夾；掌握，控制painful a. 痛苦的；費力的rephrase vt. 重新措辭，改用別的話表示詞組：to apply for 申請day to day （=day-to-day） work 日常工作to take the trouble to 不辭勞苦，費力to put oneself in somebodys place 設身處地