(4) 定定語語從從句句：在復合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。 定語從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。) 語法術語的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞先行詞；引導定語從句的連接詞稱 為關系詞關系詞,其中 that、which、who 稱為關系代詞關系代詞,where、when、how 稱為關系關系 副詞副詞。 關系代詞或關系副詞的作用： 關系代詞關系代詞 who、whom 和 whose 指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。 which 指物 that 多指物, 有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。定語 從句中關系代詞作從句賓語時可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找一間足夠大 能住下我們全體的房間。) 關系副詞關系副詞 when 或 where 引導定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點 狀語。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個星 期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永 遠不會忘記第一次見到你的日子。) 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則 主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句 是一種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個晚上都在談論她最近的書,我們一個人都沒有聽說過那本書。) 注解注解 1、關系代詞只能用 that 的情況：當先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything 等), 或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數詞時,不能用其他的關系代詞,只能用 that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily 告訴我的話似乎不真實。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點里面沒有糖的東 西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運行于我 市的雙層公交車。) 2、關系代詞在從句中作主語時一般用 who(指人)、that(指物),而不用 that 指人或用 which 指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認 識那個在角落里哭泣的女人嗎？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關的話,請一個字也不要說。) 3、關系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用 which 或 whom,較少使用 that 或 who,而且,關系 代詞常常省略。如：Toms father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom 的父親是我們老師第一個談話的人。) 4、當關系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時,必須用 which 或 whom,而當介詞移到句尾時,則 又可以使用 that 或 who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經居住過的房間。) 定語從句定語從句 1 什么是定語從句？ 由一個完整的句子充當定語的從句為定語從句。 2 特點：和其它類從句比較，除了有引導詞（關系詞）定語從 句有“先行詞” 。 3 什么是先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞/代詞為先行詞。 4 定語從句的種類：限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。 5 定語從句引導詞（關系詞）的種類：關系代詞和關系副詞。 例：I work in a school which was built 50 years ago. 在此句中”school”為先行詞，which 來引導定語從句， “which was built 50 years ago.”整句話來修飾先行詞做定語，所以這是 個定語從句。 注注：定語從句的引導詞通常置于先行詞之后引導定語從句。 （一）代詞性引導詞和副詞性引導詞，即關系代詞和關系副詞。 代詞性引導詞有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as 等，副詞性引 導詞有：when,where,why 等，代詞性引導詞在定語從句中充當 主語/賓語，副詞性引導詞在定語從句中充當狀語。 注：注：what 不能引導定語從句，因為 what 從句屬于名詞性從句。 （二）基本用法。 1先行詞性質不同要使用不同的引導詞，先行詞指人時，可用 that,who,whom 代指，who 與 whom 的區(qū)別在于 who 是主格，在 從句中作主語，whom 是賓格，在從句中作賓語，而 that 作主 語/賓語均可。先行詞指物時，用 that/which 代指，可見，that 既可代指人的先行詞，也可代指物的先行詞。 例：Do you know the man that is standing by the door? 此句 that 引導定語從句，代指先行詞 the man. 例：This is the book that I have been looking for . 此句 that 引導定語從句，代指先行詞 the book. 例：This is the book which I have been looking for. 此句 which 引導定語從句，代指先行詞 the book. 例：Do you know the man who is standing by the door? 此句 who 引導定語從句，代指行行詞 the man,作從句的主語。 也可用 that 引導從句，如” Do you know the man that is standing by the door?” 例：The lady whom we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown. 此句 whom 引導定語從句，代指先行詞 the lady，在從 句中作 賓語。也可用 that 引導即“The lady that we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.” 例：As is known to all,China is a large country. As is know to all 是個很常用的表達方式，這也是的定語從句， 只不過它的位置不像別的定語從句在先行詞的后面，本句 as 代 指主句的含義“中國是個大國“。 As 是一個特殊的引導詞，引導定語從句時為代詞。不像其他的 代詞性引導詞用來代指一個具體的先行詞，as 代指整個主句的 含義，which 引導非限定性定語從句時，也有類似的用法。 例：He is often late,which makes his teacher angry. 此句 which 引導定語從句，代指主句的含義“他經常遲到“， 作從句的主語，這時 which 引導的就是非限定性定語從句。 Which 和 as 的用法相似，但也有區(qū)別。 （1）which 引導的定語從句只能位于主句后，但 as 引導的從 句在主句前，中，后均可，在主句前居多。 （2）as 常理解為“正如，正像“而 which 常理解為”這，這 事，這點“ （3）as 常用的固定搭配有，as is often the case,as was expected,as often happens,as is known to all,as has been said before,as is mentioned above 等 2副詞性引導詞。副詞性引導詞。 副詞性引導詞副詞性引導詞 when.where,why. 例：I often think of the happy days when I was in France. When 引導定語從句，修飾先行詞 days 意為“in the happy days”作從句的時間狀語。 例：This is the building where my father works. Where 引導定語從句，修飾先行詞 building，意為“in the building” ，作從句的地點狀語。 例：例：Do you know the reason why he was late. Why 引導定語從句，修飾先行詞 reason 意為“for the reason” ， 作從句的原因狀語。 說明：從以上的例子可以看出，代詞性引導詞在從句中作主語/ 賓語，副詞性引導詞在從句中作狀語。 注注：如果引導詞在從句中作賓語，則引導詞可以省略。 (一)限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的比較。 限定性定語從句與先行詞的關系密不可分，不可用逗號分開。 而非限定性定語從句只是到先行詞起補充說明作用，與先行詞 關系松散，通常用逗號將其分開，非限定性定語從句不能用 that 代指先行詞。 例：This is the photo that/which I took. The famous basketball player,who tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention. （二）that 與 which 的區(qū)別。 當先行詞指物時才需要討論這個問題。 1當先行詞為不定代詞，如 anything,everything,nothing,none,one,all,little,few,much 等，或先行詞被 all,little,few,much,any,only,the every,every,no 等修飾時，要用 that 代指先行詞。 例：All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally,the thief handed everyting that he had stolen to the police. This is the only problem that remains to be settled. 2.先行詞是序數詞/最高級形容詞時，或先行詞被序數詞，最高 級形容詞，具有最高級意義的形容詞（如 last）修飾時，要用 that 作引導詞。 例：This is the first/best film that I have seen since I came here. 3.先行詞同時包括人和物時，要用 that 作引導詞。 例：They often talk about the people and the things that they like most. (三)不能用 that 引導的定語從句。 1.在非限定性定語從句中不能用 that，而用 who,whom,which 等 代指先行詞。 例：I saw Mary just now,who seemed very excited. 2.介詞后不能用 that。 例：This is the person to whom your father spoke just now. 3.當先行詞是 all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people 等 且指人時，只能用 who,不用 that. 例：Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star. (四)as 與 which 代指主句的含義。 有的定語從句并不修飾一個具體的先行詞，而是修飾整個主句， 由 which/as 引導，這時 which 和 as 都代詞性的，代指主句的含 義，但是用法不同，上文有講。 例 1：_is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B.When C.What D.As 例 2：_is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior school is increasing. AWhich B.As C.That D.It 例 3：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him. A.who B.that C.what D.which. 例 4：He made another wonderful discovery,_of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is 例 5：The weather turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C.that D.it. (五)先行詞前有 such,so,the same 修飾時。 這種情況下，定語從句用 as 引導，as 代指先行詞，在從句在作 主語/賓語。 例： 1. She is such a kind teacher as we all like. 2. She is so kind a teacher as we all like 3. She is such a kind teacher that we all like her. 1 和 2 句均為定語從句，先行詞均為 teacher,分別用了 such a kind teacher 和 so kind a teacher 結構，含義是一樣的。先行詞有 such/so 修飾，要用 as.在這兩個句子中，as 代指先行詞，邏輯語 序為 we all like as,as 作賓語。句 3 用了 suchthat結構 that 本身沒有含義，也不是從句的成分，只是起到引導的作用， 從句的主謂賓分別為，we,like,her。 這個問題的解題技巧是看從句是否主謂賓完整，如缺少賓 語，必然要用引導詞作賓語，選擇 as,如從句成分完整，選 that, 組成 suchthat結構。例 1This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work it out 2This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work out 3This is a difficult problem_none of us can work out. 句 1 是個完整的句子，用 that. 句 2 從句中缺少賓語，且 problem 有 such 修飾，故是定語從句， 用引導詞 as，句 3 從句缺少賓語，為定語從句，但沒有 such,so,the same 修飾，故用 that/which 代指先行詞。 （六） “介詞+收導詞”引導定語從句。 例 1：This is the faith with which I went back to the south. 先行詞為 faith，with which I went back to the south 為定語從句。 Which 代指先行詞 faith,從句邏輯語序為 I went back to the south with which.因為 that 不能用在介詞后面，只能用 which 代指先 行詞 faith. 例 2:He is the right person with whom we can finish the taks in time. 先行詞 person,with whom we can finish the task n time 為定語從句。 Whom 代指先行詞 person,定語從句的邏輯語序為 we can finish the task with whom in time.同樣 that 不能用在介詞后，故只能用 whom 代指先行詞作介詞的賓語。 注：注：(1)上面的兩個定語從句中，如果介詞在從句的句中/句末， 則可使用 that 作引導詞，即 This is the faith that/which I went back to the south with 和 He is the right person whom/that we can finish the task with in time. (2)因為引導詞作介詞的賓語，如果介詞在從句的句中/句末，引 導詞可以省略。即 This is the faith I went back to the south with 和 He is the right person we can finish the task with in time. (七)whose 和 of whom/which 引導的定語從句。 1.whose 的用法 Whose 引導定語從句時，意為“.的”先行詞是人/物時可用 whose. 例 1：George Orwell,_was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays. A.the real name B.what his real name C.his real name D.whose real name 例 2：Look out! Dont get too close to the house_roof is under repair. A.whose B.which C.of wich D.that 2.of which/whom 的用法。 除了用 whose 之外，還可用 of 短語引導定語從句，因為 whom 指人 which 指物，先行詞為人時用 the.of whom，先行詞為物 時用,theof which 結構。 例 3：George Orwell,_the real name was Eric Arthur,wrote many political novels and essays. A. his B. whose C. of which D.of whom 解析：答案為 D 項。些題容易錯選 B 項，但是如選 B 項，由邏 輯語序 whose the real name was Eric Arthur 可知冠詞 the 的用法 不正確，正確表達方式應為 whose real name,故 B 項錯誤。選 擇 D 項從句的邏輯語序為 the real name of whom was Eric Arthur,whom 代指先行詞 George Orwell。C 項錯誤，因 which 不能代指“人”的先行詞。 例 4：Look out!Dont get too close to the house_the roof is under repair. A. whose B. of which C. of whom D.which （八）the way 后面的定語從句 例： 1.I dont like the way in which you speak to her. 2.I dontt like the way that you speak to her. 3.I dont like the way you speak to her. 解析：在句 1.中，which 代指先行詞 the way,定語從句的邏輯語 序為 you speak to her in which,意為“你用那種方式和她說話” 。 因 which 代指 the way,故用 in 和 which 搭配，in which 在從句 中為方式狀語。 根據定語從句的句法規(guī)則，in which 引導定語從句作方式狀語 時，in which 也可使用 that 代替，或者省略引導詞，也就是句 2 和句 3 的表達方式都是正確的。需要注意的是，句 2 中的 that 并非前文所說的代詞性的 that 代指先行詞的常規(guī)用法，而副詞 作方式狀語，相當于 in which. 注意：句 2 與句 3 正確的前提是引導詞在從中作狀語，并非 the way 后的定語從句都是如此。 例：You speak to her in the way_I dont like. 解析：先行詞為 the way,_I dont like 為定語從句，其邏輯語 序應為 I dont like_，引導詞應代指先行詞 the way,在從句中 作賓語，故用 that 或 which 都可以。又因為引導詞是從句的賓 語，因此也可省略，即下面的三種表達方式都是正確的： 1. You speak to her in the way which I dont like. 2.You speak to her in the way that I dont like. 3.You speak to her in the way I dont like. 注意：句 3 中的省略的是 that 或 which,因為引導詞作從句的賓語，而“I dont like the way you speak to her.”中省略的是 in which 或 that,引導詞是從句 的方式狀語。區(qū)別這兩種情況首先應判斷引導詞在從句中的成 分，是從句的賓語還是狀語，然后再判斷用什么引導詞或是否 可以省略。 例：What surprised me was not what he said but_he said it.(湖 北卷) A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which 解析：答案為 A 項。句意為“令我吃驚的不是他說的話，而是 他說話的方式。 ”根據句意可知 the way 前不用 in,可排除 B 項和 C 項。the way 是先行詞，he said it 為定語從句，邏輯語序為 he said it_,引導詞為從句的方式狀語，可用 in which、that 或省 略。D 項的錯誤在于把引導詞誤用為從句的賓語。 （九）the reason 后的定語從句 Reason 作先行詞后面的定語從句常用 why 或 for which 引導。 例 1：That wasnt the reason why/for which he lied to you. 使用什么引導詞還是由引導詞在從句中充當的成分決定。 例 2：Is this the reason_at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(上海卷) A. he explained B. what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained 解析：答案 A 項。定語從句的邏輯語序為 he explained_at the meeting for his carelessness in his work,可見引導詞作 explain 的賓語，應為代詞，代指先行詞 the reason，故用 which 或 that 均可，又因為引導詞作從句的賓語，可以省略。若用 why 引導 從句，些句應改為 Is this the reason why he was careless in his work,此時 why 為從句的原因狀語，當然也可使用 for which 代 替。 （十）分隔定語從句 分隔定語從句就是先行詞和定語從句之間有其他成分插入的情 況也并不罕見，如 A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English 一句中，先行詞為 teacher,who 引導定語從句， 先行詞與從句之間插入了 will come tomorrow. 例 1：The film brought the hours back to me_I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 例 2: It was an exciting moment for t