高一英語語法知識（10）動名詞(Gerund)動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特征的非限定動詞。它可以支配賓語，也能被副詞修飾。動名詞有時態和語態的變化。特征：動詞原形+ing構成，具有名詞，動詞的一些特征 。一、動名詞的作用動名詞具有名詞的性質，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。1、作主語Reading is an art. Climbing mountains is really fun. Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 動名詞作主語，有時先用it作形式主語，把動名詞置于句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. It is fun playing with children.動名詞作主語的幾種類型： 動名詞可以在句子中充當名詞所能充當的多種句子成分。在這里僅就動名詞在句子中作主語的情況進行討論。 動名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況：1）直接位于句首做主語。如： Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2）用 it 作形式主語，把動名詞(真實主語)置于句尾作后置主語。 動名詞做主語時，不太常用 it 作先行主語，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。如： It is no use telling him not to worry. 常見的能用于這種結構的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述結構。 3）用于“There be”結構中。如： There is no saying when hell come.很難說他何時回來。 4）用于布告形式的省略結構中。如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). No parking. 動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較： 動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作，不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作。比較： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 注意： 1)在口語中，用動名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見。 2)在“It is no use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is fun.”，“It is a waste of time.”等句型中，通常用動名詞作真實主語： It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that. 3)在疑問句中，通常用動名詞的復合結構，而不用不定式的復合結構作主語： Does your saying that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用動名詞，而不能用不定式作主語： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen. 5)當句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語和表語在形式上要求統一： Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.2、作賓語1）作動詞的賓語下列動詞只能用動名詞作賓語，請牢記下列小詩：考慮建議盼原諒，承認推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續練，否認完成停欣賞，不禁介意準逃亡。consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon； admit, delay/ put off, fancy/, imagine; avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate; cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape, 另加：forbid, risk此外be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand (無法忍受), give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty / trouble (in), have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等動詞詞組也要用動名詞作賓語。The squirrels was lucky that it just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.2）作介詞的賓語We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 3）作形容詞的賓語The music is well worth listening to more than once.We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.3、作表語動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關系，表示主語的內容，主語、表語可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定語動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 二、動名詞的邏輯主語帶有邏輯主語的動名詞稱為動名詞的復合結構。當動名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時，要在動名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構成了動名詞的復合結構。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語，動名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動名詞復合結構在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. Janes being careless caused so much trouble. Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 注意：在口語中，如果動名詞復合結構作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時不能這樣來代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer?The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset.His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 在下列情況下動名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語：1).無命名詞The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個嬰兒被猛烈的關門聲吵醒。2) 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎？3) 兩個以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 三、動名詞的時態和語態動名詞的時態和語態如下：主動語態被動語態一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作，即不是明確地發生在過去、現在或將來的動作，或是與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生的動作。如：I hate talking with such people. Being careless is not a good habit.2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者時，動名詞用被動語態。1）它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，或在其前發生。如：I dont like being laughed at in public.2）它的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 3）有某些動詞，我們常用動名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，這似乎是一種強大的習慣。如：Excuse me for being late. Thank you for giving us so much help. I dont remember ever meeting somewhere.4）動名詞被動語態一般式與現在分詞被動語態一般式同形，但無進行意義，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public. 四、常見題型：1）動名詞做主語時，謂語動詞為單數2）在動名詞和不定式中，作為介詞的賓語是動名詞3）動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞not，通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語。如：I would appreciate_ back this afternoon.A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.youre calling4）有些詞后面加不定式和動名詞均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意義截然不容。如：remember to do/doing：I remembered to post the letters.（指未來/過去未來將要做的動作）I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我記得做過這個動作）forget與remember的用法類似。regret的用法：I regret to inform you that（我很遺憾地通知你）I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（為了“二十年前的離開”而遺憾。）try to（努力）與try +ing（試驗）You really must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day. 五鞏固練習：1.No one enjoys at. A. laughing B. to laugh C. being laughed D. to be laughed 2.You must do something to prevent your house . A. to be broken in B. from being broken in C. to break in D. from breaking in 3.They insisted onanother chance to try. A. given B. giving C. being given D. to be given 4.Where is my passport? I rememberit here.You shouldnt have left it here. Rememberit with you all the time. A. to put；to take B. putting；taking C. putting；to take D. to put；taking 5.His room needs, so he must have it. A. painting； painted B. painted； paintingC. painting； painting D. painted； painted 6.After finishing his homework he went ona letter to his parents. A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write 7.The young trees we planted last week requirewith great care. A. looking after B. to look after C. to looked after D. taken good care of 8.OnlyEnglish doesnt meanthe language. A .to learn；to learn B. learning；learning C. learning about；learn D. learning about；learning 9.She returned home only to find the door open and something. A. missed B. to be missing C. missing D. to be missed 10.She decided to devote herselfthe problem of old age. A. to study B. studying C. to studying D. study 11. Rememberthe newspaper when you have finished it. A. putting back B. put back C. to put back D. be put back 12. As she is looking forward to_from me, please remember_this letter on your way to school. A. hear；post B. hearing；to post C. be heard；posting D. be hearing；to posting 13.Grandma said that she had a lot of troubleyour handwriting. A. to read B. to see C. reading D. in seeing 14.Writing stories and articleswhat I enjoy most. A. is B. are C. was D. were 15.We appreciateus to the ball. A. them to invite B. to invite C. their inviting D. being invited 16.Would you mindquiet for a moment? Im trying a form. A. keeping；filling out B. to keep；to fill out C. keeping；to fill out D. to keep；filling out 17.He was afraidfor being late. A. of seeing B. of being seen C. to be seen D. to have seen 18.Id like to suggestthe meeting till next week. A. to put off B. putting off C. put off D. to be put off 19.I dont see how I could possibly managethe work without.A. finish；helping B. to finish；being helped C. finishing；helping D. finishing；being helped 20.Anything worthis worthy ofwell. A. doing；being done B. doing；doing C. to be done；to be done D. to be done；being done 21.We advised them to take a rest, but they insistedthe work. A. finish B. to finish C. in finishing D. on finishing 22.I delayedyour letter because I had been away for a week. A. answer B. answering C. writing D. to post 23.The thief drove as fast as he could to escape by the police. A. to be caught B. he caught C. being caught D. catching 24.I searched for my wallet and it wasnt there. At first, I thought I_ it at home. Then I rememberedit out to pay for the taxi.A. must have left；to take B. might have left；takingC. might leave； to take D. could have left；taking 25. the news of his fathers death, he burst into tears. A. After heard B. On hearing C. While hearing D. Having heard 26. his mother, the baby could not help _. A. To see；to laugh B. Seeing； to laugh C. Seeing；laugh