絕密★啟用前

2010年全國碩士研究生招生考試

英語（一）

201

（科目代碼：）

☆考生注意事項☆

1.答題前，考生須在試題冊指定位置上填寫考生編號和考生姓名；在答題卡指定位

置上填寫報考單位、考生姓名和考生編號，并涂寫考生編號信息點。

2.考生須把試題冊上的“試卷條形碼”粘貼條取下，粘貼在答題卡的“試卷條形碼

粘貼位置”框中。不按規定粘貼條形碼而影響評卷結果的，責任由考生自負。

3.選擇題的答案必須涂寫在答題卡相應題號的選項上，非選擇題的答案必須書寫在

答題卡指定位置的邊框區域內。超出答題區域書寫的答案無效；在草稿紙、試題

冊上答題無效。

4.填（書）寫部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆書寫，字跡工整、筆跡清楚；涂寫部分

必須使用2B鉛筆填涂。

5.考試結束，將答題卡和試題冊按規定交回。

（以下信息考生必須認真填寫）

考生編號

考生姓名SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosupervisea

seriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnear

Chicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workers'

productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorne

effect,"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimented

uponchangedsubjects'behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.

Accordingto_5_oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlighting

wasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot_6_whatwasdoneinthe

experiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8that

theywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers'

behavior10itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.The

Hawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionson

record,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedto

changesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveled

to14interpretationsofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschanged

onaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecompared

withthepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18

acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthat

outputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfew

daysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.This

suggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.

-1-5.

7.

[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

1.[A]affected

2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off

3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous

[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work

[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

12.[A]Contraryto[B]Consistentwith[C]Parallelwith[D]Peculiarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

18.[A]Therefore[B]Furthermore[C]However[D]Meanwhile

19.[A]attempted[B]tended[C]chose[D]intended

20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,

B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

-2-Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduring

thepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorable

declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof

fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-

citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof

th

criticismpublishedinthe20centuryconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.

Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereonce

deemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublished

th

inEnglandbetweenthetumofthe20centuryandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatime

whennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornament

tothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgranted

thatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheevents

theycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheir

learninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedto

knowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwere

proudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughor

literarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,"Newmanwrote,"thatI

amtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoare

notreadtowriterswhoare'."

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefor

theManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnow

knownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,

hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidely

admiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,

thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,and

hisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospect

seemsremote.Joumalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodem

readershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong

retreat.

-3-21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.

[B]casualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodemspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

-4-Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalled

businessmethods.Areceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepayment

system.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.One

inventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackon

business-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirst

authorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,the

U.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcaseto

conductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,

is"averybigdeal,"saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolof

Law.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents."

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseit

wastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionin

theso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpooling

mutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatent

filings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightsto

specifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoadd

suchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeat

themtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmore

than300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfor

grantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswith

patentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthe

practice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthe

energymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase

wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,and

thatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsStateStreet

Bankruling.

TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsby

theSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.Last

April,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor

"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare"reactingtothe

anti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,"saysHaroldC.Wegnera,patentattorneyand

professoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

-5-26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinesses.

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation.

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting.

[D]thecontroversyovertheirauthorization.

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction.

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword"about-face"(Line1,Para.3)mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill.

[B]increaseofhostility.

[C]changeofattitude.

[D]enhancementofdignity.

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges.

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued.

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders.

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks.

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders.

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents.

-6-Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat"socialepidemics"

aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,often

calledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.The

ideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbut

largelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"two-stepflowofcommunication":Information

flowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketers

haveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand

influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.The

theoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,

brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthat

somesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritis

beforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththe

ideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefinding

thatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.

Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.

Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocial

influence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsize

presenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemost

influentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yet

itispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flow

theory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsand

colleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected

musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,

andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittleto

dowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfrom

theinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon't

propagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.

Buildingonthisbasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudied

thedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsof

populations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilityto

influenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipal

requirementforwhatiscalled"globalcascades"-thewidespreadpropagationof

influencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofa

criticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.

-7-31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics.

[B]discussinfluentials'functioninspreadingideas.

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics.

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"two-step-flowtheory"

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems.

[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends.

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials.

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity.

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions.

[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia.

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic.

[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention.

34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inParagraph4referstotheoneswho

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence.

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence.

[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers.

[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential.

35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted.

[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers.

[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced.

[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers.

-8-Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthe

scenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.

Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjust

notfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,

notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybe

unknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproper

functioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxic

assetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccounting

StandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedom

tousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglosseson

long-termassetsintheirincomestatements.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,cried

outagainstthosewho"questionourmotives."Yetbanksharesroseandthechanges

enhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement."

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccounting

StandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithout

overallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofrules

laterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedthe

IASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealworld"andthatEurope

couldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervalued

assets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflect

thetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwill

notbeknownforyears.Butbanks'sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthat

investorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhich

willnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposed

bargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.

America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetsto

levelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandeven

combativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaningup

rulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.

Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.

-9-36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules.

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties.

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers.

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement.

[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem.

[C]thebanks'long-termassetlosses.

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence.

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongplanet"inthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators.

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets.

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness.

[D]sympathy.

-10-PartB

Directions:

Forquestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfill

themintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeen

correctlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:

[A]

theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfrom

about32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andis

expectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesale

demandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,

comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,asthe

recessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighter

holdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope'slargestmarketsareatastandstill,

[B]

leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleading

retailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansion

abroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirown

backyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindof

marketretailersneed.

Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodand

[CJ

drinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexible

trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,rather

thantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybe

acclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternational

consumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitably

[D]

applytheirgiganticscale,existinginfrastructure,andprovenskillsinthe

managementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.Retailers

thatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakein

substantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closer

inspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,

-11-especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthe

competitivedamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmust

yn

understandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropean

wholesalinginwhichtheirparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenched

competitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeen

[EJ

closelyexamined-France,Germany,ItalyandSpain-aremadeoutofthesame

buildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independent

morn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretoosmallto

buystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumers

whentheydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnack

machinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesare

knowninthetradeas"horeca":hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe's

wholesalemarketforfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceasthe

retailmarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.

Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescameto$268billioninFrance,

[F]

Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percent

ofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethanin

retail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmore

Europeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedamicsofthis

yn

fragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.

However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andevensome

[GJ

largefoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,forthose

thatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderable

gams.

-12-PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomic

motivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yet

thesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependson

itsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappento

loveit,weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofthe

centurysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtothe

rescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupif

birdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,

(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearerthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshould

continueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceof

economicadvantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.

(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedtheevidencethatthese

creaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheyprey

onlyon"worthless"species.Hereagain,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinorderto

bevalid.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehearthemorehonestargumentthat

predatorsaremembersofthecommunity,andthatnospecialinteresthastherightto

exterminatethemforthesakeofbenefit,realorfancied,toitself.

Somespeciesoftreeshavebeen"readoutoftheparty"byeconomics-minded

forestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaluetopayastimber

crops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenoncommercial

treespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofthenativeforestcommunity,tobepreserved

assuch,withinreason.Moreover,somehavebeenfoundtohaveavaluablefunctionin

buildingupsoilfertility.Theinterdependenceoftheforestanditsconstituenttree

species,groundflora,andfaunaistakenforgranted.

Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestis

hopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,many

elementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialto

itshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclock

willfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.

-13-SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

YouaresupposedtowriteforthePostgraduates'Associationanoticetorecruit

volunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization.Thenoticeshouldinclude

thebasicqualificationsforapplicantsandtheotherinformationwhichyouthinkis

relevant.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsiyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"Postgraduates'

gn

Association"instead.(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,

youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

Y