Unit1ElectronicsElementsandLawsResistors,CapacitorsandInductorsResistors,capacitorsandinductorsareveryimportantelementsinelectroniccircuits.ResistorsandResistance Aresistorisatwo-terminalelement.Resistanceisthecapacityofmaterialstoimpedetheflowofcurrentor,morespecifically,theflowofelectriccharge.resistor n.[電]電阻器 capacitorn.(=capacitator)電容器inductor n.電感器 element n.元件electronica.電子的 circuit n.電路resistancen.電阻，阻抗 terminal n.終端capacity n.容量 impede v.阻止current n.電流 charge n.負荷，電荷，充電電阻器、電容器和電感器在電子電路中，電阻器、電容器和電感器是非常重要的元件。電阻器和電阻電阻器是二端口元件。電阻是阻止電流流動，更確切地說，是阻止電荷流動的能力。InSI,resistanceismeasuredinohms.TheGreekletteromega(Ω)isthestandardsymbolforanohm.Largeramountofresistancearecommonlyexpressedinkilo-ohm(kΩ)andinmega-ohm(MΩ).SI 國際單位制,英文:InternationalSystemofUnitsohm n.[物]歐姆在國際單位制中，電阻用歐姆來度量。希臘字母Ω是歐姆的標準符號。較大的電阻一般用千歐和兆歐來表示。Thecircuitelementusedtomodelthisbehavioristheresistor.Figure1.1showsthecircuitsymbolfortheresistor,withRdenotingtheresistancevalueoftheresistor.Figure1.1Thecircuitsymbolforaresistor模擬這種特性常用的電路元件是電阻器。圖1.1表示電阻器的電路符號，R表示電阻器的電阻值。圖1.1電阻器的電路符號Forpurposesofcircuitanalysis,wemustreferencethecurrentintheresistortotheterminalvoltage.Ifwechoosetheassociatedreferencedirection,therelationshipbetweenthevoltageandcurrentisv=iR(1.1)Wherevisthevoltageinvolts,iisthecurrentinamperes,andRistheresistanceinohms.voltage n.[電工]電壓，伏特數associated a.聯合的，關聯的ampere n.安培為了進行電路分析，我們必須在電阻器中指明電流和電壓的參考方向。如果我們選擇關聯參考方向，那么電壓和電流之間的關系是：這里v是電壓，其單位是伏特，i是電流，其單位是安培，R是電阻，其單位是歐姆。Ifwechoosenon-associatedreferencedirection,wemustwritev=-iR (1.2)ThealgebraicsignsusedinEqs(1.1)and(1.2)areknownasOhm’sLaw.Ohm’sLawexpressedthevoltageasafunctionofthecurrent.Howeverexpressingthecurrentasafunctionofthevoltageisalsoconvenient.Ohm’sLawisthealgebraicrelationshipbetweenvoltageandcurrentforaresistor.non-associated a.非聯合的，非關聯的algebraic a.代數的，關于代數學的Eq. 公式(equation)的縮寫Ohm’sLaw 歐姆定律function n.[數]函數如果選擇非關聯參考方向，我們必須寫成：v=-iR(1.2)用在公式（1.1）和（1.2）中的代數式就是著名的歐姆定律。歐姆定律表示了電壓作為電流的函數。然而，要表示電流是電壓的函數也是非常方便的。歐姆定律是電阻兩端的電壓和電流間的代數關系。CapacitorsandCapacitanceThedevicecapableofdoingthisiscalledacapacitor.Theabilityofacapacitortostoreelectricalenergyistermedcapacitance.1Electricalenergycanbestoredinanelectricfield.Figure1.2showsthecircuitsymbolforthecapacitor.capacitance n.容量，電容electricfield 電場電容器和電容電能可以存儲在電場中，存儲電能的裝置叫電容器。電容器存儲電能的能力叫做電容。圖1.2表示電容器的電路符號。存儲能量的裝置叫電容器?電容器存儲電能的能力叫做電容?句中“tostoreelectricalenergy”為不定式作定語?兩個句子都是被動語態,在科技英語中經常使用被動語態?ThecircuitparameterofcapacitanceisrepresentedbytheletterC,ismeasuredinfarads(F).Becausethefaradisanextremelylargequantityofcapacitancepracticalcapacitorvaluesusuallylieinthepicofarad(pF)tomicrofarad(μF)range.Fig.1.2Thecircuitsymbolforacapacitorparametern.參數，參量faradfaradn.[電]法拉，電容單位picofaradn.[電]皮(可),法拉,微微法拉,百億分之一法拉,符號為PF或pfmicrofaradn.[電]微法拉電容的電路參數用字母C表示，用法拉來度量。因為法拉是相當大的電容量，實際上電容值通常位于皮法和微法之間。圖.1.2電容器的電路符號Asthevoltagevarieswithtime,thedisplacementofchargealsovarieswithtime,causingwhatisknownasthedisplacementcurrent.2Attheterminals,thedisplacementcurrentisindistinguishablefromaconductioncurrent.Whenthecurrentreferenceandthevoltagereferenceareassociated,thecurrentisproportionaltotherateatwhichthevoltageacrossthecapacitorvarieswithtime,or,mathematically,whereiismeasuredinamperes,Cinfarads,vinvolts,andtinseconds.當電壓隨時間變化時,電荷的位移也隨時間變化,引起了眾所周知的位移電流?在“causingwhat...”中,causing是現在分詞短語作結果狀語,what引導賓語從句,作causing的賓語?當電壓隨時間變化時，電荷的位移也隨時間變化，引起了眾所周知的位移電流。在終端，位移電流和傳導電流沒有區別。當電流參考方向和電壓參考方向是關聯參考方向時，電流正比于電容兩端電壓隨時間的變化率，數學表達式為：這里i的單位是安培，C的單位是法拉，v的單位是伏特，t的單位是秒。InductorsandInductanceItiswellknownthatinductorsareoneofbuildingblocksinelectroniccircuits.Allcoilshaveinductance.Inductanceisthepropertyofopposinganychangeofacurrentflowingthroughacoil.InductanceissymbolizedbytheletterL,ismeasuredinhenrys(H).Figure1.3showsaninductor.Fig.1.3Thecircuitsymbolforaninductorinductance n.感應系數，自感應coil v.盤繞,卷,線圈henry n.henries亨利(電感單位)電感器和電感眾所周知，電感是電子電路中的模塊之一。所有的線圈都有電感。電感是抵抗流過線圈電流的任何變化的性質。電感用字母L表示，其單位是亨利。圖1.3表示一個電感器。圖1.3電感器的電路符號Whenthereferencedirectionsofthecurrentandvoltageareassociated,yieldswherevismeasuredinvolts,Linhenrys,iinamperes,andtinseconds.當電流和電壓的參考方向關聯時，有(1.4)這里v的單位是伏特，L的單位是亨利，i的單位是安培，t的單位是秒。NotefromEq.(1.4)thatthevoltageacrosstheterminalsofaninductorisproportionaltothetimerateofchangeofthecurrentintheinductor.Wecanmaketwoimportantobservationshere.First,ifthecurrentisconstant,thevoltageacrosstheidealinductoriszero.Thustheinductorbehavesasashortcircuitinthepresenceofaconstant,ordc.current.Second,acurrentcannotchangeinstantaneouslyinaninductor,thatis,thecurrentcannotchangebyafiniteamountinzerotime.Aninductor,likeacapacitor,storestheenergysuppliedtoit,butitstoresenergyintheformofamagneticratherthananelectricfield.3constant n.[數?物]常數，恒量finite a.有限的，[數]有窮的，限定的shortcircuit 短路dc.current 直流電流電感器和電容器一樣,存儲供給它的能量,但是它是以磁場的形式而不是以電場的形式存儲能量?句中“ratherthan”可作連詞詞組使用,連接兩個并列成分,表示在兩者中間進行選擇,否定后者?后面可以接名詞?代詞?形容詞?副詞?動詞和動詞不定式等?Exercises1.two-terminalelement 2.associatedreferencedirection Ohm’sLaw4.electricfield .Chooseonewordfromthewordlistbelowtofillintheblankineachofthefollowingsentences.Changetheformofthewordwherenecessary.1.Theabilityofacapacitortostoreelectricalenergyistermed.2.Aisadevicedesignedtohavecapacitance.3.InSIismeasuredinohms.4.Ohm’sLawisthealgebraicrelationshipbetweenthevoltageandcurrentfora.5.isthepropertyofopposinganychangeofacurrentflowingthroughacoil.6.storesenergyintheformofamagneticratherthananelectricfield.III.PleasetranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.Wecanmaketwoimportantobservationshere.First,ifthecurrentisconstant,thevoltageacrosstheidealinductoriszero.Thustheinductorbehavesasashortcircuitinthepresenceofaconstant,ordc.current.Second,acurrentcannotchangeinstantaneouslyinaninductor,thatis,thecurrentcannotchangebyafiniteamountinzerotime.在此，我們可以得到兩條重要的結論：第一，如果電流是常數，理想電感器的端電壓為0，這樣電感器在恒量或直流中可以當作短路；第二，在電感器中電流不能瞬時變化，也就是說，在0時間內電流不能以有限量改變?？萍加⒄Z的翻譯標準及方法翻譯是一種語言表達法,是譯者根據原作者的思想,用本國語言表達出來?這就要求譯者必須確切理解和掌握原著的內容和意思,絲毫不可以離開它而主觀地發揮譯者個人的想法和推測?在確切理解的基礎上,譯者必須很好地運用本國語言把原文通順而流暢地表達出來?1.翻譯的標準科技英語的翻譯標準可概括為“忠實?通順”四個字?忠實:首先指忠實于原文的內容,譯者必須把原作的內容完整而準確地表達出來,不得任意增刪?歪曲;忠實還指保持原作風格,盡可能還其本來面目?通順:指譯文語言必須通順易懂,符合漢語規范?忠實與通順是相輔相成的?忠實而不通順,讀者看不懂,也就做不到忠實;通順而不忠實,脫離原作的內容與風格,通順也就失去了作用?例如:1)Heknowssomethingaboutelectricity.錯誤譯法:他知道有關電的某些東西?正確譯法:他懂點電?2)Theelectricresistanceismeasuredinohms.錯誤譯法:電的反抗是用歐姆測量的。正確譯法:電阻的測量單位是歐姆?3)Allmetalsdonotconductelectricityequallywell.錯誤譯法:全部金屬不導電得相等好。正確譯法:并非所有的金屬都同樣好地導電?4)Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingtowardthecoil.錯誤譯法:電路被完成的片刻,一個電流將開始流向這個線圈?正確譯法:電路一接通,電流就開始流向線圈?從以上例句中可以清楚地看到:不要任意增刪,并非是逐詞死譯;譯文漢語規范化,并非是離開原文自由發揮?在科技英語的翻譯過程中,還應該注意通用術語的譯法?例如,例句2中“電阻”是術語,沒有別的譯法?2.翻譯的方法 翻譯的方法大體說來有兩種:直譯(literaltranslation)和意譯(freetranslation)?直譯,即指“既忠實于原文內容,又忠實于原文形式”的翻譯,但決不是“死譯”,不可望文生義?意譯,就是指忠實于原文的內容,不拘泥于原文的形式?在翻譯時,我們應靈活使用上述兩種方法,能直譯的就直譯,能意譯的就意譯,因為對同一個句子有時并非只能用一種方法,有時兩種方法可交替使用或同時并用?總之,要遵循“忠實?通順”的宗旨?試看下面的例子:theMilkyWay銀河(意譯)(不可直譯為:牛奶路)bull’seye靶心(意譯)(不可直譯為:牛眼睛)catchacold感冒(意譯)(不可直譯為:抓住一個冷)Newuseshavebeenfoundforoldmetals,andnewalloyshavebeenmadetosatisfynewdemands.老的金屬有了新用途,新的合金被冶煉出來,以滿足新的需要?(本句前半部分用的是意譯法,后半部分用的是直譯法?)TheIdealBasicCircuitElementandKirchhoff’sLawsTheidealbasiccircuitelementAnidealbasiccircuitelementhasthreeattributes:(1)ithasonlytwoterminals,whicharepointsofconnectiontoothercircuitcomponents:(2)itisdescribedmathematicallyintermsofcurrentsand/orvoltages,and(3)itcannotbesubdividedintootherelements.Weusetheword“ideal”toimplythatabasiccircuitelementdoesnotexistasarealizablephysicalcomponent.Weusethe“basic”toimplythatthecircuitelementcannotbefurtherreducedorsubdividedintootherelements.Thusthebasiccircuitelementsformthebuildingblocksforconstructingcircuitmodels,buttheythemselvescannotbemodeledwithanyothertypeofelements.Therearefiveidealbasiccircuitelements:voltagesources,currentsources,resistors,inductors,andcapacitors.Kirchhoff’sLawsAcircuitissaidtobesolvedwhenthevoltageacrossandthecurrentineveryelementhavebeendetermined.Ohm’sLawisanimportantequationforderivingsuchsolutions.Insimplecircuitstructures,Ohm’sLawissufficientforsolvingforthevoltagesacrossandthecurrentsineveryelement.However,formorecomplexinterconnectionsweneedtousetwomoreimportantalgebraicrelationshipsknownasKirchhoff’sLaws,tosolveforallthevoltagesandcurrents.ThereareKirchhoff’sCurrentLawandKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw.Kirchhoff’sCurrentLawcanbestated,thealgebraicsumofallthecurrentsatanynodeinacircuitequalszero.TouseKirchhoff’sCurrentLaw,analgebraicsigncorrespondingtoareferencedirectionmustbeassignedtoeverycurrentatthenode.Assigningapositivesigntoacurrentleavinganoderequiresassigninganegativesigntoacurrententeringanode.Conversely,givinganegativesigntoacurrentleavinganoderequiresgivingapositivesigntoacurrententeringanode.BeforewecanstateKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw,wemustdefineaclosedpathorloop.Startingatanarbitrarilyselectednode,wetraceaclosedpathinacircuitthroughselectedbasiccircuitelementsandreturntotheoriginalnodewithoutpassingthroughanyintermediatenodemorethanonce.WecannowstateKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw,Thealgebraicsumofallthevoltagesaroundanyclosedpathinacircuitequalszero.TouseKirchhoff’sVoltageLaw,wemustassignanalgebraicsign,referencedirection,toeachvoltageintheloop.Aswetraceaclosedpath,avoltagewillappearaseitherariseoradropinthetracingdirection,assigningapositivesigntoavoltageriserequiresgivinganegativesigntoavoltagedrop.Conversely,givinganegativesigntoavoltageriserequiresgivingapositivesigntoavoltagedrop.TechnicalWordsandExpressionsKirchhoff’sLaws 基爾霍夫定律component n.元件subdivide v.細分node n.節點positive a.正的negative a.負的Unit2DigitalCamerasDigitalCamerasDigitalcamerasaresimpletouseandofferamazingqualitypictures.Adigitalcameratakespicturesusinganelectronicphotosensitivesensor.Theimagesarestoredinthecamera’sdigitalmemoryandcanbetransferredtoacomputerorstoragedevice.Whereastraditional35mmcamerasrelyonmechanicalandchemicalprocessestocreateaphoto,digitalcamerashaveasmallcomputerinsidethemtorecordadigitalimage.photosensitive a.對光敏感的,感光的whereas conj.然而,反之,鑒于,盡管,但是數碼相機使用簡單并可提供驚人的高質量圖像。數碼相機是利用電子感光傳感器拍攝照片，圖像儲存在相機的數字存儲卡中，并可傳到計算機或存儲設備。傳統的35毫米照相機依靠機械和化學過程來生成一個照片，而數碼相機內部有一個小型計算機來記錄數字圖像。ApertureAnadjustableirisoropeningthroughwhichlightentersacamera’slens.Thelargertheapertureis,thegreaterthecamera’sphotosensitivityis.Asmalleraperture,however,givesgreaterdepthoffieldtoapicture.Theaperturesettingiscalledthef-stop.Asmallaperturehasarelativelyhighf-number,suchasf8orf11,andalargeraperturehasasmallernumber,suchasf2.8.aperture n.孔,穴,縫隙,(照相機,望遠鏡等的)光圈,孔徑iris n.希神,彩虹之女神,虹,虹彩photosensitivity n.[物]光敏性,感光性;感光靈敏度光圈控制光線進入相機鏡頭的一個可調的虹膜或孔。光圈越大，相機的感光靈敏度越大。然而較小的光圈會使照片有更大的景深。光圈設置被稱做f-stop(光圈級數)，小光圈有相對較高的f值，比如f8或f11；較大的光圈是較小的值，如為f2.8。光圈越大,相機的感光靈敏度越大?themore...themore...,越……就越……Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyou’llmake.你越努力工作,你取得的進步就越大?然而,較小的光圈值會使照片有更大的景深?句子中間的however是副詞插入語,把句子的主謂語分開了?插入語一般對一句話做一些附加的說明?通常與句中其它部分沒有語法上的聯系,將它刪掉之后,句子結構仍然完整?插入語在句中有時是對一句話的一些附加解釋?說明或總結;有時表達說話者的態度和看法;有時起強調的作用;有時是為了引起對方的注意;還可以起轉移話題或說明事由的作用;也可以承上啟下,使句子銜接得更緊密一些?Theaperturesettingmustbebalancedagainsttheshutterspeed.Thefastertheshutterspeed,thelargertheaperturemustbe,andviceversa,toadmittherightamountoflighttotheimagesensorforproperexposure.CompressionAprocessthatreducestheamountofdatarepresentinganimagesothatthefiletakesuplessspaceinyourcamera,memorycard,andcomputer.shutterspeed 快門速度viceversa ad.反之亦然compression n.濃縮,壓縮,壓榨,密集光圈設置必須兼顧快門速度，快門速度越快，光圈必須越大，反之亦然，允許適量的光線進入以使圖像傳感器正確曝光。壓縮壓縮是減少代表圖像數據量的一種過程，以使文件在您的相機、記憶卡和電腦中占用較少的空間。Compressingandsavinganimageactuallytakeslesstimethansavinganuncompressedimage.Smallerfilesarequickertousefore-mailandontheWeb.Whenafileisovercompressed,however,imagequalitycanbeseriouslydegraded.degraded a.被降級的,退化的,墮落的其實壓縮并保存圖像比保存非壓縮圖像所花的時間更少。較小的文件在電子郵件和在網絡上更快。不過當一個文件被過度壓縮時，圖像質量可能嚴重退化。DepthoffieldAnindicationofhowmuchofascenewillbesharpandinfocus.Agreaterdepthoffieldimpliesanincreaseddistancebetweenwell-focusedbackgroundandforeground,witheverythinginbetweenproperlyfocused.Anarrowdepthoffieldconcentratesitsareaoffocuswithinasmallrange,basedonthecentralsubject’sdistancefromthecamera.depthoffield 景深infocus 焦點對準,清晰景深景深是景象的清晰程度和對焦的指標。越大的景深意味著背景和前景之間更大的距離，在兩者之間的一切都可正確聚焦。根據鏡頭中央的對象與相機之間的距離，狹窄的景深把聚集面積集中在一個小范圍內。Forinstance,ifyoursubjectisstandingaloneinaballpark,usinganarrowdepthoffieldwillmakemostoftheballparklookblurry,onlythesubjectwillbefocused.Agreaterdepthoffieldmightkeepmostoftheballparkinfocusblurrya.模糊的,不清楚的例如，如果你的目標是獨自站在一個球場，狹窄的景深會令大部分的球場看起來模模糊糊的，只有目標被對焦，更大的景深可能保持球場的大部分都能被對焦。ImagesensorThesemiconductorchipinadigitalcamerathatreplacesfilm.Itcapturesthelightofasceneorasubject,whichitturnsintoelectricalsignalsthatthecameracanunderstandanduse.Thecamerainturnconvertsthesesignalsintodigitaldatathatyourcomputercanunderstandanduse.圖像傳感器圖像傳感器是數碼相機里可以取代膠卷的半導體芯片。它捕捉到一個場景或對象的光線，并把它變成相機可以識別和使用的電信號。相機依次把這些信號轉換為計算機可以識別和使用的數字信息。ThemostcommonimagesensortypesareCCD(charge-coupleddevice)andCMOS(complementarymetal-oxidesemiconductor).Bothtypesofimagersconvertlightintoelectricchargeandprocessitintoelectronicsignals.CCDsensorshavebeenusedincamerasformorethan20yearsandpresentmanyadvantageousqualities,amongthem,betterlightsensitivitythanCMOSsensors.advantageous a.有利的,有益的最常見的圖像傳感器類型有CCD（電荷耦合器件）和CMOS（互補金屬氧化物半導體）。這兩種類型的傳感器都是把光線轉換成電荷并處理成為電信號。CCD傳感器在照相機中的應用已超過20年了，它有許多優良性能，其中之一就是：其光敏性優于CMOS傳感器。LCDviewfinderAsmallelectronicscreenonthebackofadigitalcamerathatdisplayswhatthelenssees.Youwoulduseittocomposeyourpicture,chooseyoursettingsfocusandframeanimageinmacromode,andviewjust-shotphotos.viewfindern.取景器LCD取景器數碼相機背面的小電子屏幕會顯示鏡頭看到的東西。你可以用它來調整圖片、選擇你的設置、在微距模式對焦并框定一幀圖像、查看剛剛拍攝的照片。MemorycardAsmallremovablestoragedevicethatsavestheimagesadigitalcameracaptures.Whenitisfull,youcanswaponememorycardforanotherandcontinueshooting.Acardreadercanbeattachedtoyourcomputerforopeningandsavingimagefilesoutsideofyourcamera.Memorycardscomeinvariousdensities,asdoanyotherdrivesorstoragedevices.存儲卡一種可以保存數碼相機所拍攝圖像的小巧、可移動存儲設備。當它存滿時，你可以更換另一個存儲卡，并繼續拍攝。讀卡器可以連到你的電腦上用來打開和保存你相機中的圖像文件。存儲卡有各種密度，任何其他的驅動器或存儲設備也是同樣的，ThemostcommontypesofmemorycardsareCompactFlash,SmartMedia,andSecureData(SD).Youmustusetherighttypeandvolumeofcardforyourdigitalcamera.Ascameramegapixelcountsgrow,highercapacitymemorycardsbecomenecessary.最常見類型的記憶卡有CF卡、SM卡和SD卡。必須使用適合你數碼相機的適當型號和容量的存儲卡。隨著照相機像素的不斷增加，更大容量的存儲卡已成為必備。像素數字圖像中的一個數據點，這個詞是圖像元素的簡稱。數碼相機的分辨率是衡量圖像傳感器能夠捕捉到的像素數量的指標。每一個像素含有一系列的描繪顏色或亮度的數字，一個像素可以表示的精度被稱作“位（bit）”或“色彩深度”。圖像所包含的像素越多，它就有越多的細節描述能力。ShutterspeedAmeasureofhowlongacameraallowslighttofallontheactiveimagesensor(expressedasafractionofasecond).Intraditionalfilmcameras,thereisaphysical,mechanicalshutterinthelensthatopensandclosestoregulatehowlongthefilmisexposedtolight.Thoughmanydigitalcamerashavebothelectronicandmechanicalshutters,inexpensivemodelsrelysolelyonelectronicshuttersthatturnoffthephotosensitivityoftheimagesensors.快門速度衡量允許光線落在圖像傳感器的時間長度（表示為一秒鐘的若干分之一）的參數。傳統的膠片相機，在鏡頭上有一個物理機械快門，用快門的打開或關閉來調節膠卷曝光時間。雖然許多數碼相機都有電子和機械兩種快門，但廉價的相機單靠電子快門來關閉圖像傳感器的感光性。ExercisesI.MarkthefollowingstatementswithT(true)orF(false)accordingtothetext.1. Adigitalcameratakespictures,andthensavestheminadigitalmemory.2.Thereisasmallcomputerinsidethedigitalcamera.3.Thelargertheapertureis,thesmallernumberoff-stopis.4. Theslowertheshutterspeed,thelargertheaperturemustbe.5.Digitalcameracannotworkwellwithoutfilm.6. Compressingtheimagefilepurposestosavetheimagefilesinlessspace.7. Acompressedimagemaylosssomeinformation.8.Themorepixelsanimagecontainsthelessdetailitcanpresent.9.Theaperturesettingandtheshutterspeedmustbematchedwell.(TTTFFTTFT)II.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoEnglish.1.數碼相機2.電子光學傳感器3.景深4.快門速度5.存儲卡6.膠片照相機7.電子快門8.光圈9.液晶取景器10.電荷耦合器件(CCD)1.digitalcamera2.electronicphotosensitivesensor3.depthoffield4.shutterspeed5.memorycard6.filmcamera7.electronicshutter8.aperture9.LCDviewfinder10.charge-coupleddeviceIII.TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChinese.1.convertlightsignalsintodigitaldata2.imagesensor3.lightsensitivity4.electronicscreen5.macromode6.removablestoragedevice7.acardreader8.digitalimage9.pictureelement10.colordepth1.把光信號轉換成數字信息2.圖像傳感器3.光敏性4.電子屏幕5.微距模式6.可移動存儲裝置7.讀卡器8.數字圖像9.圖像元素10.色彩深度IV.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.Thedigitalcamerasoffermorethanjusttheinstantgratificationofpreviewingpicturesonsmallcolorscreens,thuseliminationthecostofrepetitiveshots.Theycanstoredozenssometimeshundredsofimagesthatcanbeprintedeasilyathomeorsentbye-mail.Althoughthereareextracostsinvolvedingoingdigital,thecostofmemorycardsforstorage,andthespecialpaperforprinting,manybuyershavebeenwillingtomaketheswitch.Digitalcamerasarecapturingagrowingshareoftheconsumermarket,andthenumberofdigital-camerahouseholdsiscertaintogrow.Thepriceshavecomedownandthequalityhasgoneup.Withalargememorycardtostorepictures,youcanshootandshootandneverhavetoworryaboutchangingaroll.數碼相機除了可以在其小彩色屏上立刻預覽照片是否令人滿意，省去了重復拍攝的開支之外，還可以存儲幾十張、甚至是數百張照片，這些照片可以在家里打印出來或用電子郵件發送出去。盡管走向數字化也需要額外的花費，如存儲卡、打印用特殊紙張的開支，但許多購買者還是愿意換用（數碼相機）。數碼相機占有的市場份額正在增長中，擁有數碼相機家庭的數量當然也在增長。數碼相機的價格已經下降，而質量卻在上升。有一張大容量的保存照片的存儲卡，你就可以不停地拍照而不必擔心更換膠卷。Grammar:省略和插入語英語的句子中除主?謂?賓?定?狀?補及補足語外,常有同位語?插入語及獨立定語,這些句子的附加成分在語法中雖然不處于重要的地位,但對閱讀科技專業書刊往往會起一些干擾作用,妨礙我們對句子中主要成分的理解和分析?1.省略:英語句子中常省略一些成分使語言精練,但有時這種省略會給我們的閱讀和翻譯帶來一些困難,現在我們來看一下在科技英語中常見的省略情況?1)并列結構中某些相同成分的省略在and,but,or,while,so等詞連起來的并列句中,常省去與前面相同的成分?Stoneandglassconductheatpoorlycomparedtometals,butwellcomparedtowoodandpaper.石頭和玻璃與金屬相比導熱性能很差,但是與木頭和紙相比則導熱性很好?But后面省略了theyconductheat?2)狀語從句中省略在一些狀語從句中,如果其主語與主句中的主語相同,且謂語中含有動詞be,則從句中的主語和be常?？梢允÷?Potentialenergy,thoughnotsoobviousaskineticenergy,existsinmanythings.勢能雖不如動能那樣明顯,但很多物體都具有勢能?Though后面省略了itis?3)常用省略有些省略已成為習慣用法,如ifpossible(如果可能),ifnecessary(如有必要),ifany(如果主句中含有否定的意思,譯成:即使有,也很少;如果主句是肯定的,譯成:若有……)?Innon-conductors(insulators)therearefewifanyfreeelectrons.在絕緣體中幾乎沒有自由電子,即使有,也極少?這里ifany也可不譯?Thereareveryfewmistakesinhiswork,ifany.他工作極少出錯?4)比較句中的省略Thehotterthegas,thefasterdothemoleculesmove.氣體越熱,分子就運動得越快?gas后面省略了is?Inaseriescircuitthetotalresistanceisthesumoftheindividualresistances.Thecurrentineachunitisthesameasinallotherunits.在串聯電路中,總電阻等于各個電阻的總和,通過每一個元件的電流與通過其他元件的電流相同?as后面省略了thecurrentis?2.插入語插入語也是英語中常有的現象,它也能造成句子的分離現象,在閱讀和翻譯時把它先放在一邊,免得對句子的主要意思產生干擾?一般插入語會用逗號斷開,所以還是比較好判斷的?1)插入語中見到最多的是同位語,如果名詞后面有另一名詞(或代詞)?詞組或句子對該名詞作進一步的說明,而這兩者在語法上又處于同等的位置,則稱為同位語?同位語和前面的(特別是),including(包括)等引出同位語?Colortelevisionsbreakdownthepicturesintothreecolors—red,green,andblue.彩色電視把圖像分解為三種顏色——紅?綠?藍?OnOctober17,1831,Faradaysucceededinmakingoneofthegreatestdiscoveriesinthefieldofelectricity—theelectromagneticinduction.法拉第于1831年10月17日成功地做出了電學領域中的一項最偉大的發現——電磁感應?Their(electrons)orbits,orpaths,formconcentricshells,orlayers,somewhatlikethelayersofanonion. 電子的軌道(即軌跡)形成一些同心的外殼(即同心層),有點像洋蔥的表皮?2)插入語中常見的還有一些表示語氣?態度?承上啟下或轉折的短語,這樣的插入語有許多,典型的如:therefore所以,forexample(例如),forinstance(例如),inaconclusion(作為結論),inshort(簡言之)等?但也有的插入語沒有用逗號分開,要注意區分?Thearea-delaytrade-offinvolvedhereisinessence,theproblemoftransistorsizeoptimization.這里所涉及的面積-延遲平衡(問題)本質上就是晶體管規模設計優化問題?ClassroomReadingPropertyofDigitalCamerasAdvantagesofDigitalCamerasIfyouwanttobuyadigitalcamera,considerthefollowingadvantages,instantimagechecking,noscanning,nofilmcost,andpromotingacleanerenvironment.Forjustaminimalinvestment,youcanenhanceyourpicturesusingdigitaltechnology.Allyouneedisadigitalcamera,abasiccomputer,aphoto-qualityprintermaybesomeadditionalmemory,andaremovablemediaexternaldrive.You’llalsoneedsomeimagingprograms.You’llbeabletocropandgetridofdustmarksandscratches,bleach,sharpen,soften,splittoneretouchcolor,andperformdozensofotherfunctionincludingcorrectingperspective.Anddoitsoquicklyandeasilythatyourresultwillsoonsurpassthoseofconventionalphotographerswhotookyearstolearntheircraft.BasicrequirementsofdigitalcamerasLet’stalkaboutbasicrequirementsofadigitalcamera.Anydigitalcamerathathasa640by480pixelsresolutionwouldbeagoodstartifyoudon’tneedprintslargerthan4by6inches.Youneedapersonalcomputeralso,themonitorisoneofthemostimportantelementsinthedigitalchain.Youmayneedsomeextrastoragespacefortheimagesyouworkon.Theirfilesizescangobbleupanywherefrom1MB~5MBperpictureandthey’llfillupyourdrivefast.Finally,I’mgoingtosuggestyoubuyacolorink-jetprinter.ResolutionResolutionistheabilityofadevicetorecordfinedetailsinanimage.Imagesfromdigitalcamerasaremadeupoflittlesquares(sometimesrectangles)calledpixels.Apixelisshortfora“picturecell”.Adigitalcamera’simagingsurfaceismadeupofrowsoftinyindividuallightsensorsthatcapturecolorandlightinformationthatisthenelectricallyconvertedintodigitaldata—thecellsorpixelsthatmakeuptheimage.Themorepixelsthatcanbepackedintoagivenarea,thehighertheresolution.Thehighertheresolution,thelargerthefilessize—eventhoughmostimagesarecompressedinthecamerausingJPEGencoding.Yourfilesizeswilldependonthespecificimageanddegreeofcompression.Manycamerasallowyoutoselectthedegreeofcompressiondependingontheultimatepicturequalityyourequire.Ifahighdegreeofcompressionisacceptable,itallowsyoutostoremoreimagesinthecameraoronitsmemorycard.Whenanuncompressedimageisopened,itwillberoughlyfivetotwentytimeslargerthanitscompressedsize.JPEGisalosscompressionmethod.Thismeansthattoreducefilesize,someoftheimageinformationislost,oncegone,youcan’tgetthosepixelsbackwithoutstartingoverfromyouroriginalimage.SosaveimagesinTIFF,losslesscompression,ifavailable,tosavespace.TechnicalWordsandExpressionsenhance v.提高,增強scratch v.亂涂,勾抹掉,擦,刮bleach v.漂白sharpen v.銳化surpass v.勝過,超越conventional a.傳統的,慣例的resolution n.分辨率lightsensor 光傳感器JPEG abbr.聯合圖像專家組一種壓縮標準degreeofcompression 壓縮程度losscompressionmethod 有損壓縮方式losslesscompression 無損壓縮TIFF 標簽圖像文件格式Unit3MicrocontrollersTheAT89C51isalow-power,high-performanceCMOS8-bitmicrocontrollerwith4KbytesofFlashprogrammableanderasablereadonlymemory(PEROM).Bycombiningaversatile8-bitCPUwithFlashonamonolithicchip,theAtmelAT89C51isapowerfulmicrocontrollerwhichprovidesahighly-flexibleandcost-effectivesolutiontomanyembeddedcontrolapplications.microcontroller n.微處理器(在本文中可以譯成單片機)CMOS是ComplementaryMetalOxideSemiconductor縮寫,指互補金屬氧化物(PMOS管和NMOS管)半導體共同構成的互補型MOS集成電路制造工藝,它的特點是低功耗programmablea.可設計的,可編程的 erasablea.可消除的,可抹去的versatile a.多用途的,多功能的 monolithicn.單片電路,單塊集成電路flexible a.柔韌性,易曲的,可通融的cost-effectivea.有成本效益的,劃算的embeddeda.植入的,深入的,內含的微處理器AT89C51是一種低功耗、高性能的帶有4KB可編程和可擦除的只讀存儲器(PEROM)。CMOS8位微控制器，通過把通用的8位CPU與Flash內存集成在一塊單芯片上，AT89C51是一種功能強大的微控制器，它為許多嵌入式控制應用提供了具有高度靈活性且價格低廉的解決方案。TheAT89C51providesthefollowingstandardfeatures,4KbytesofFlash128bytesofRAM,32I/Olines,two16-bittimer/counters,afive-vectortwo-levelinterruptarchitecture,afullduplexserialport,on-chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry.Inaddition,theAT89C51isdesignedwithstaticlogicforoperationdowntozerofrequencyandsupportstwosoftwareselectablepowersavingmodes.interrupt n.發給電腦的中斷信號duplex a.雙倍的,復式的<電信?計>雙工的,雙向的circuitry n.電路,線路AT89C51具有以下標準特點：4KB閃存、128字節RAM、32個I/O、2個16位定時器/計數器、五個2級中斷結構、全雙工串行端口、片內振蕩器和時鐘電路。此外，AT89C51具有降到零頻率的靜態邏輯，以及支持兩種軟件可選的省電模式。Port0isan8-bitopen-drainbi-directionalI/Oport.Asanoutputport,eachpincansinkeightTTLinputs.When1sarewrittentoPort0pins,thepinscanbeusedashighimpedanceinputs.Port0mayalsobeconfiguredtobethemultiplexedloworderaddress/databusduringaccessestoexternalprogrammemoryanddatamemory.1highimpe