SectionⅠReadingandThinking(1)閱讀理解A(2021年·全國乙卷)You’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstoreexaminetheirrelationshiptosingleuseplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse”,apairof10foottallplasticwaves,frozenmidcrash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcentreinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource(來源)ofplasticpollution,butthey’verecentlyeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate(說明)aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic”,VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped(傾倒)fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigpaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.1.WhatareVonWong’sartworksintendedfor?A.Beautifyingthecityhelivesin.B.Introducingecofriendlyproducts.C.Drawingpublicattentiontoplasticwaste.D.Reducinggarbageonthebeach.解析:細節理解題。根據文章第一段最后一句可知,Benjamin想通過自己的作品來引起人們對塑料污染的關注。故選C。答案:C2.Whydoestheauthordiscussplasticstrawsinparagraph3?A.Toshowthedifficultyoftheirrecycling.B.Toexplainwhytheyareuseful.C.Tovoicehisviewsonmodernart.D.Tofindasubstituteforthem.解析:推理判斷題。根據第三段第一句可知,全球僅有9%的塑料垃圾可以回收利用,塑料垃圾回收難度大,而對塑料吸管的介紹更加說明了這一點。故選A。答案:A3.Whateffectwould“TruckloadofPlastic”haveonviewers?A.Calming. B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.解析:推理判斷題。根據第四段最后一句可知,“TruckloadofPlastic”讓觀眾感覺這些垃圾會從一輛卡車上一次性傾倒下來,再結合第一段尾句和最后一段可推知,這件作品會引起觀眾的不安,從而讓他們關注塑料污染。故選B。答案:B4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigpaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures解析:標題歸納題。文章主要講述加拿大攝影師Benjamin通過自己的塑料藝術品讓人們意識到塑料給海洋帶來的污染,故選D。答案:DBDuetoclimatechanges,Arcticiceisbreakingupearlierinthespring,anditsareaisdecreasing.ThisiscreatingproblemsforpolarbearsthatmaketheirhomesoffnorthernAlaskaandinHudsonBay.PolarbearsoffAlaskanormallyhuntandraisetheiryoungonicesheetsthatfloatontheocean.Butastheicehasmelted,thepolarbearshavebeenforcedtospendmoretimeonland.There,theyhavebeguntofrequentbeaches,feedingontheremainsofwhalescaughtbynativehunters.Forpolarbears,thisfoodislessnutritiousthansealsthattheynormallycatchonicesheets.Theshrinking(減少)icehasalsoforcedmorepolarbearsintotheocean.Inthepast,theyonlyhadtoswimshortdistancesbetweenicesheets.Butastheicehasshrunk,polarbearshavebeenforcedtoswimlongerandlongerdistancesintheopenocean.Thisposesaseveredangerduringroughweather,andanincreasingnumberofdrownedpolarbearshavebeenobserved.InHudsonBay,theicebreaksupthreeweeksearlierinthespringnowthanitdid20yearsago.PolarbearsinHudsonBayfast(禁食)duringthesummer,waitingforicetoforminthefalltohunt.Everyyear,thesummergetslonger,andthebearsgetskinnier.Overthepast25years,theaverageweightofthefemalebearshasdroppedto68kg.Thislossaffectstheirabilitytoreproduce,andalreadythenumberofbirthshasdroppedby15percent.Unlessthebearscanlearntosurvivetheseclimatechanges,thesegiantsoftheicemayonedaydisappear.5.WhatisArcticicedoingearliereachyear?A.It’sfreezing. B.It’shardening.C.It’smelting. D.It’sexpanding.解析:細節理解題。根據第一段第一句中的“Arcticiceisbreakingupearlierinthespring”可知,北極冰川每年春天較早時候就在融化。故選C。答案:C6.WhatisTRUEofpolarbearsthatarespendingmoretimeonlandinAlaska?A.Theiryoungaredying.B.Theirdietischanging.C.Theirhealthisimproving.D.Theirfamiliesaregrowing.解析:細節理解題。根據第二段可知,北極熊正常情況下主要吃在冰原上捕捉到的海豹,但現在由于冰的減少,它們只能以當地獵人捕捉的鯨魚的殘留物為食了。故選B。答案:B7.WhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutfemalepolarbearsinHudsonBay?A.Theyarehavingfeweryoungnow.B.Theysufferfromvarioussicknesses.C.Theydon’tneedstrongerprotection.D.Theycan’tfindenoughgoodmales.解析:細節理解題。從最后一段倒數第二句可知北極熊的出生率已經下降了15%。故選A。答案:A8.Whereisthetextmostlikelyfrom?A.MedicalNews. B.SocietyToday.C.WildlifeJournal. D.DesignMagazine.解析:推理判斷題。通讀全文可以發現,文章敘述的是全球氣候的變化給北極熊帶來的負面影響,而北極熊屬于野生動物,所以推斷這篇文章最有可能摘自《野生動物雜志》。故選C。答案:CCReforestationfferalotofbenefitswhentherecreationissuccessful.9.________Thisincludescollectingseedlings(幼苗.________Theimportanceofhavingmultiplespeciesoftreesisconsideredtomakesurethattheneedsofotherspeciesthatwillliveandgrowintheareaaremet.

Destroyingaforestiseasybutrebuildingitisreallyhard.11.________Theplanmustincludeaccuratespacingbetweenplants.Thisistoensurethattheywon’tcovereachotherwhiletheygrow.12.________.________Itisthereforareasonjustlikeeveryoneelseonthisplanet.

Therecannotbeabetterwaytorestorethebalanceofnaturethantoincreasetheforestarea.Wemustrememberthattheforestisanaturalhabitatforawidevarietyofanimalsandplants.Inthismanner,thereisnosubstituteforreforestation.A.Andglobalwarmingwillspeedupthedestructionofforests.B.Keepinmindthatyoucan’tjustplanttheseedlingsanywhere.C.Recreationswon’tworkuntilallthesedetailshavebeenconsidered.D.Soagoodplanisneededtomakethereforestationasuccessfulone.E.Theforestalsoprotectsusfromtyphoonsandothernaturaldisasters.F.Therearemanythingstobedonewhenitestothistypeofeffort.G.Itisimportanttomakesurethattheyaresuitedtotheclimateandthetypeofsoil.9.解析:空格處為本段的主題句。根據下文“Thisincludescollectingseedlings...Someadditionaltreeswhicharenotnativeintheareaalsoneedtobeplanted.”可知,本段主要講的是針對重新植樹造林需要做的一些事情。F項可概括本段大意,故選F。答案:F10.解析:根據上下文可知此處所填內容應與種植非天然生長于此的植物有關。G項中談到與氣候和土壤相適應,與此相關。故選G。答案:G11.解析:根據下文“Theplanmustincludeaccuratespacingbetweenplants.”可知上文提到plan,故選D。答案:D12.解析:根據上文“Theplanmustincludeaccuratespacingbetweenplants.Thisistoensurethattheywon’tcovereachotherwhiletheygrow.”可知,要記住,不能隨意將幼苗種在任何地方。故選B。答案:B13.解析:根據上文“Theforestgreatlyhelpswiththereductionofairpollution.”可知,本段主要講重新植樹造林的重要性,故選E。答案:EReadingandThinking(2)[基礎測評]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Chinesecultureisfuelinginternationalfashion________(trend).

2.Peopleinthatcountryaredyingof________(starve)becauseoftheplagueoflocusts(蝗災).

3.Firefighterstooktwohoursto________(release)thedriverfromthewreckage(殘骸).

4.________(restrict)ontradewerelifted.

5.Someresearchersbelievethatthereislittledoubt________acureforthatnewdiseasewillbefound.

6.________(sustain)developmentisthemontargetofhumanbeings.

7.People________(frequent)usesunflowersassymbolsofstrength.

8.Theinterview________(broadcast)allovertheworldyesterday.

9.Thegovernmentnowhopes________(seize)theinitiativeoneducation.

10.Acontemporary________(ecology)oncesaid:ManlivesonEarthasaguestofgreenplants.

答案:1.trends2.starvation3.release4.Restrictions5.that6.Sustainable7.frequently8.wasbroadcast/broadcast9.toseize10.ecologistⅡ.用適當的介詞填空1.(2018·全國卷Ⅲ)Infact,traditionalsorefers________thethingsthathavebeendevelopingandthatarestillbeingcreated.

2.Dandelionsreleasetheirseeds________theair,makingthemflyingwithwind.

3.Sofarthevirushasresulted________thedeathoftensofthousandsofpeople.

4.According________studies,pricesareaffectedbysupplyanddemand.

5.(2018·北京卷)Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswhohadbeentrapped________themountainsfortwodays.

答案:1.to2.into3.in4.to5.inⅢ.語法填空Thereislittledoubt1.________Earthisgettingwarmerandwarmer.In2013,scientistsfoundadeadbody2.________apolarbear,whichappeared3.________(starve)anddied.Thisalarmingcaseshowedhowtheincreaseintemperaturehad4.________impactonEarth’secology.

Aclimateprocess5.________(call)the“greenhouseeffect”keepsEarthwarmandhabitable.6.________,itcanalsocauseEarth’ssurfacetemperaturetorisequickly.Climatescientists7.________(warn)thatifwedon’ttakeaction,thiswarmingtrendwillcontinueandtherewillbea8.________(high)pricetopay.Itissuggestedthateveryindividual9.________(seize)everyopportunitytoreducegreenhousegas10.________(emission).

答案:1.that2.of3.tohavestarved4.an5.called6.However7.havewarned8.higher9.(should)seize10.emissions[提升測評]Ⅳ.閱讀理解ATheAntarctic’ssnowwhiteenvironmentisgoinggreenandfacingotherunexpectedthreats.Scientistssaythatastemperaturesgoupinthepolarareas,invading(入侵)plantsandinsects,includingtheflies,causeamajorthreat.Moreandmoreoftheseinvaders,intheformoflarvae(幼蟲)orseeds,aresurvivingincoastalareasaroundtheSouthPole,wherethetemperaturehasrisenbyalmost3℃overthepastfivedecades.Glaciershavemelted,exposingmorelandwhichhasbeenoccupiedbymossesthathavebeenfoundtobegrowingmorequicklyandthicklythaneverbefore—providingpotentialgreenhomesforinvaders.“ThemonhousefliesareaperfectexampleoftheproblemtheAntarcticnowfacesfrominvadingspecies,”saidDominicHodgsonoftheBritishAntarcticSurvey.“Theyarrivebyship,wheretheyexistinkitchens.TheynowhaveanincreasingchanceofsurvivingintheAntarcticasitwarmsup,andthatisaworry.Insectslikethehousefliescarrybacteriathatcouldhaveadeadlyeffectonnativelifeforms.”TheAntarctichasseveralnativespeciesofinsects.Togetherwithitsnativemosses,thesearenowunderincreasedthreatfromthreemajorsources:visitingscientists,increasingnumberoftouristsandglobalwarming.However,itisglobalwarmingthatisthemaindriverofthe“greening”oftheAntarctic.Inthe20152016travelseason,morethan38,000touristsvisitedtheAntarctic.“Thesetouristsareoftenverycarefulaboutnotleavingwaste.ButtheycouldcarryseedsorlarvaeontheirbootswhentheysetfootontheAntarctic,”saidDominic.MoreandmoreinvadinginsectsandplantshavebeenfoundontheAntarcticandhaverequiredremoval.“TheinsectsandplantsthatarenativetotheAntarctichavesurvivedthereforthousandsofyears,”saidDominic.“Wehavetoactnowifwewanttosavetheenvironment.”1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“mosses”inparagraph3mean?A.Houseflies.B.Coastalareas.C.Akindofplants. D.Akindofanimals.解析:詞義猜測題。根據第三段中的“Glaciershavemelted,exposingmorelandwhichhasbeenoccupiedbymossesthathavebeenfoundtobegrowingmorequicklyandthicklythaneverbefore—providingpotentialgreenhomesforinvaders.”可知,畫線詞指的是一種植物,故選C。答案:C2.WhatdoweknowaboutthehousefliesintheAntarctic?A.TheyarenativetotheAntarctic.B.Theywilldieoutbecauseofthefreezingweather.C.TheyetotheAntarcticfromnearbyislandsontheirown.D.TheycouldseverelyinfluencethenativespeciesoftheAntarctic.解析:細節理解題。根據第四段最后一句可知,南極地區的家蠅所攜帶的細菌會嚴重影響當地的物種。故選D。答案:D3.WhatisthemaincauseoftheAntarcticgoinggreen?A.Thearrivalofscientists.B.Theincreasingnumberofvisitors.C.Therapidspreadofnativeplants.D.Therisingtemperaturearoundtheworld.解析:細節理解題。根據第五段最后一句可知,南極地區變綠的主要原因是全球氣候變暖。故選D。答案:DBSeaturtlesareoneofseveralspeciesthathavetemperaturedependentsexdetermination.Thenumberoffemalebabiesincreaseswhennestsaremadeinwarmersands.ArecentstudybytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,TheCaliforniaStateUniversityandWorldWildlifeFundforNatureAustraliaexaminedtwogeneticallydistinctpopulationsofgreenseaturtleslivingintheGreatBarrierReef.Thestudyfoundthatagroupofabout200,000turtleslivinginthenorthernpartofthereefwasalmostentirelyfemale.ofadults.Afterbiningtheirresultswithtemperaturedata,thescientistsinchargeofthestudyfoundthatthenortherngreenturtleshavebeenproducingmainlyfemalesformorethantwodecadesandthatthepletefeminization(雌性化)ofthispopulationispossibleinthenearfuture.Thetemperatureatwhichtheturtleswillproducemaleorfemalebabiescanbepassedontotheturtles’children.Mostseaturtlepopulationsarenowproducingoffspringabovethemostsuitabletemperature,makingitclearthatclimatechangecausesaseriousthreattothesurvivalofthesepopulations.ThechiefexecutiveofWorldWildlifeFundAustralia,DermotO’Gorman,saidthisisanothersignoftheimpactofclimatechange,followingrecentresearchthatshowsthatcoralbleaching(珊瑚白化)eventsareoccurringfarmorefrequentlythaninthepast.“We’vehadtwoyearswherewe’vehadmassbleachingeventsontheGreatBarrierReef,”hetoldGuardianAustralia.“That’’tseetheimpactit’shavingonaturtlepopulationuntilastudylikethisshowssomelongtermtrends.”Theleadauthorofthepaper,DrMichaelJensen,saidthefindingsrepresentamajorenvironmentalconservationissue.O’Gormansaidmoreurgentactiononclimatechangeisclearlyneeded,addingthatsomeconservationistshavealreadytakenpracticalmeasures,suchasusingshadeclothonturtlenestingbeachestolowerthesandtemperature,andreducingbycatch(誤捕)inthefishingindustry.“Shadeclothcanbeusedincertainplaces,butthere’salimittothescaleyoucandothat,”hesaid.“Noweverylargemalewhocanreproduceisgoingtobeevenmoreimportant.”4.WhatdoweknowaccordingtotheresearchonGreatBarrierReef’sgreenseaturtles?A.About65to69percentofnorthernturtlesarefemale.B.86.8percentofsouthernturtleshavegrownuptoadults.C.Thefeminizationofgreenseaturtlescouldbeeworse.D.Adultgreenseaturtlescanchangetheirsexinwarmerplaces.解析:細節理解題。由第四段可知,北部的綠海龜在近20年的時間里孵化的后代一直以雌性為主,而且,在不久的將來,這個種群可能會完全雌性化。說明雌性化現象會更為糟糕。故選C。答案:C5.WhydidO’Gormanmentioncoralbleaching?A.Tosuggestthatclimatechangeposesmoreriskstocoralthanturtles.B.Toparethelivingenvironmentsofturtlesandcoral.C.Tourgepeopletotakepracticalmeasurestofightclimatechange.D.Tostressthisdiscoveryaboutgreenseaturtlesisveryvaluable.解析:推理判斷題。由第七段可知,珊瑚白化是看得見的氣候變化的影響,而綠海龜性別的雌性化卻不是那么明顯可見,直到做了這項研究才注意到氣候變化對它們的影響。用珊瑚白化來凸顯對海龜的這一發現的重要性。故選D。答案:D6.Whatisthepurposeoftheconservationists’action?A.Tokeeptheseaturtles’nestscool.B.Tostoptheillegalfishingofgreenseaturtles.C.Toexpandthesizeofthegreenseaturtles’nestingplaces.D.Tobuildspecialnestsforturtlestoproduceoffspring.解析:細節理解題。由倒數第二段中“suchasusingshadeclothonturtlenestingbeachestolowerthesandtemperature”可知,生態環境保護者們正采取措施給海龜巢降溫。故選A。答案:A7.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.HowClimateChangeAffectsOceanCreaturesB.InvisibleChangeCausedbyGlobalWarmingExposedC.NecessityofProtectingGreenSeaTurtlesandTheirHabitatD.GlobalGreenSeaTurtlePopulationsinGreaterDanger解析:標題歸納題。整篇文章講述了龜巢的溫度較高使得生活在澳大利亞大堡礁附近的綠海龜雌性化,并且這種變化不像珊瑚白化那樣直接可見。故選B。答案:BⅤ.完形填空1mightdamagethebeautyoftheplace.Theglaciersaredisappearing,changingthe2ofKilimanjaro.

Hearingthesestories,I’m3abouttheplace—otherdestinationsaredescribedas“purer”naturalexperiences.

However,Isoon4thatmuchhaschangedsincethedaysofdisturbingreportsof5amongtonsofrubbish.Ifindacleanmountain,withtoiletsatcampsandalongthepaths.Theenvironmentalchallengesare6buttheeffortsmadebytheTanzaniaNationalParkAuthorityseemtobe7.

ThebestofaKilimanjaroexperience,inmyopinion,isn’treachingthetop.Mountainsare8asspiritualplacesbymanycultures.This9isespeciallyevidentonKilimanjaroasclimbersgothroughfiveecosystems(生態系統)inthespaceofafewkilometres.Atthebaseisarainforest.Itendsabruptlyat3,000metres,10landsoflowgrowingplants.Furtherup,theweather11—lowcloudsenvelopthemountainsides,whicharecoveredwiththickgrass.I12twelveshadesofgreenfromwhereIstand.Above4,000metresisthehighland13:gravel(礫石),stonesandrocks.Finallyyouclimbintoanarcticlikezonewith14snowandtheglaciersthatmaysoondisappear.

DoesKilimanjaro15itsreputationasacrowdedmountainwithlinesoftouristsruiningtheatmosphereofpeace?Ifoundtheoppositetobetrue.

B.buildingsC.crowds D.reporters解析:人群可能會破壞這個地方的美。story故事;building建筑物;crowd人群;reporter記者。由“40,000people”可知,這是一個龐大的人群。故選C。答案:C B.ageC.face D.name解析:冰川正在消失,改變著乞力馬扎羅山的地貌。position位置;age年齡;face外貌;name名字。冰川是乞力馬扎羅山的地貌之一,所以冰山融化會改變它的地貌。故選C。答案:C B.skeptical C.serious D.crazy解析:聽到這些故事,“我”對這個地方產生了懷疑——其他旅游地被描述為“更純粹的”自然體驗。由下文可知,作者親自來到了乞力馬扎羅山,想解開這個疑惑。silent沉默的;skeptic