高考英語二輪復習題型專練（新高考）13專練13議論文體類閱讀理解【命題意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來講，考查學生運用英語的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關文章提取有用信息的能力。【考試方向】議論文是英語中的重要文體，在每年的高考閱讀理解中占有一定的比例。 議論文就是說理性的文章，一般由論點、論據和論證過程組成。議論文都要提出論題、觀點、提供充分的證據，使用一定的邏輯方法證明觀點或得出結論。議論文的寫法通常有以下三種形式：寫法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我認為……寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題。寫法三：論點，理由(證據)，重申論點。議論文的內容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學、科學和教育等各個方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點、論據和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時候，我們要認真把握作者的態度，領悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據文章的事實做出合理的推斷。注意事項：1.避免讀得太快，做題靠印象和直覺。(要求每一道題回到原文去找答案)2.要先看題目，后讀文章。(與先讀文章，后看題目的比較)高考材料閱讀方法：先通讀全文，重點讀首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略讀，再審題定位，比較選項，選出答案。要有把握文章的宏觀結構、中心句的能力。3.閱讀中需要特別注意并做記號的有：(1)標志類、指示類的信息。①表示并列關系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示轉折關系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；③表示因果關系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；④表示遞進關系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；⑤表示重要性的詞：prime,aboveall,first等。以上關鍵詞有助于我們對文章邏輯結構的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、顯示作者態度的詞：blind盲目的(貶),excessively過分的(貶),objective(客觀)等。4.常見問題：(1)讀不懂怎么？問題本身太空泛，應該仔細分析問題到底在哪兒。首先要能意識到自身問題所在。unconsciousincompetent(無意識無能力)屬于問題認知的第一階段；consciousincompetent(有意識無能力)屬于問題認知的第二階段；consciouscompetent(有意識有能力)屬于問題認知的第三階段；unconsciouscompetent(無意識有能力)屬于問題認知的第四階段。從認知的第三階段達到第四階段，是一個反復熟練的過程。(2)讀懂了文章之后還做錯題怎么辦？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么辦？(4)做題技巧用不上怎么辦？能夠不由自主地按照正確的思路解題了，才表明我們正確掌握了這些技巧。在課堂聽明白之后，還需要回去自己思考，針對自己的實際進行分析，從而對癥下藥。【得分要點】解答議論類閱讀理解試題，可以從以下幾個方面著手考慮：作者在開始敘述一個現象，然后對現象進行解釋。這類文章的主題是文中最重要的解釋或作者所強調的解釋，閱讀時要注意作者給出的原因，所以又被稱為原因—結果(Cause&Effect)型。還有一種比較常見的是問題—答案型，作者在一開始或一段末以問句提出一個問題(相當于一個現象)，然后給出該問題的答案(相當于解釋)。針對文中問題給出的主要答案就是這種文章的中心。這里強調一點，答題時優先考慮正面答題(直接從文章內容得出答案)，然后從中心、態度或利用解答特征等其他角度對選項進行檢驗；如果從文章內容中直接無法解決，則從中心和態度方面考慮；次之，從解答特征方面考慮。考生往往最怕此類體裁。山窮水盡時，記住：首先從整體上把握文章中心和作者所持的態度，靠近中心的就是答案。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點、論據和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結構和語言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點或在一些例子之后，總要抒發一些議論。考生在理解議論時，可以借助文中所給的實例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達的。推理要根據文章的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關系，各個信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對文章進行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過現象看本質。【真題再現1】【2020·天津卷，D】Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅策力)countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto________.A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContentedB.ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearn【答案】51.D52.D53.B54.C55.C【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了獲得成就的兩個關鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足。51.推理判斷題。根據第一段內容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.可知，作者經過多年對人性的觀察，認為成就非凡的人和平庸的人的區別在于好奇心和不滿足，而且兩者是相輔相成的。由此推知，作者寫第一段的目的是提出一個論點。故選D。52.推理判斷題。根據第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”可知，像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告訴我們，偉大來自于持久的探索欲望。故選D。53.細節理解題。根據第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”及第四段中的“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.可知，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么？為什么？”孟子認為“不失去孩子的心，就是偉大的人。”然而，我們大多數人確實失去了它。我們不再問問題。我們不再挑戰習俗。我們只是隨大流。由此可知，你可以通過培養了一個善于提問的頭腦，來重新獲得好奇心和不滿。故選B。54.推理判斷題。根據第六段中的Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.及第七段中的Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.以及列舉了ThomasCostain在57歲時出版了他的第一部小說，GrandmaMoses在78歲時展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，這兩段想告訴我們“缺乏天賦和時間不是不采取行動的理由”。故選C。55.主旨大意題。根據第一段內容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.及下文論述可知，本文主要論述了獲得成就的兩個關鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足。由此可知，C項TheKeystoAchievement(成就的關鍵)適合做本文最佳標題。故選C。【真題再現2】【2020·江蘇卷，D】IwasinthemiddleoftheAmazon(亞馬遜)withmywife,whowasthereasamedicalresearcher.Weflewonasmallplanetoafarawayvillage.Wedidnotspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustoms,andmoreoftenthannot,didnotentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldnothavefeltmoreforeign.Wewereraisedonbooksandcomputers,highwaysandcellphones,butnowwewerelivinginavillagewithoutrunningwaterorelectricityItwaseasyforustogotosleepattheendofthedayfeelingalittlemisunderstood.ThenoneperfectAmazonianevening,withmonkeyscallingfrombeyondthevillagegreen,weplayedsoccer.Iamnotgoodatsoccer,butthateveningitwaswonderful.Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.Asdarknesscameoverthefieldandthematchended,thegoalkeeper,Juan,walkedovertomeandsaidinamatter-of-factway,“Inyourhome,doyouhaveamoontoo?”Iwassurprised.AfterIexplainedtoJuanthatyes,wedidhaveamoonandyes,itwasverysimilartohis,Ifeltasortofawe(敬畏)atthepossibilitiesthatexistedinhisworld.InJuan’sworld,eachvillagecouldhaveitsownmoon.InJuan’sworld.theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.Anythingwaspossible.Inoursociety,weknowthatEarthhasonlyonemoon.Wehavelookedatourplanetfromeveryangleandfoundallofthewildestthingslefttofind.Ican,frommycomputerathome,pullupsatelliteimagesofJuan’svillage.Therearenomorecontinentsandnomoremoonstosearchfor,littlelefttodiscover.Atleastitseemsthatway.Yet,asIthoughtaboutJuan’squestion,Iwasnotsurehowmuchmorewecouldreallyruleout.Iam,inpart,anantbiologist,somythoughtsturnedtowhatweknowaboutinsectlifeandIknewthatmuchintheworldofinsectsremainsunknown.Howmuch,though?Howignorant(無知的)arewe?Thequestionofwhatweknowanddonotknowconstantlybotheredme.Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newmonkey,newspider…,andonandontheyappear.Mydrawerquicklyfilled.Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies,fourhundredspeciesofbacteriafoundinthehumanstomach.TheseconddrawerbegantofillandasitdidIwonderedwhethertherewerebiggerdiscoveriesoutthere,notjustspecies,butlifethatdependsonthingsthoughttobeuseless,lifeevenwithoutDNA.Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.Itfillsmoreslowly,butallthesame,itfills.Inlookingintothestoriesofbiologicaldiscovery,Ialsobegantofindsomethingelse,acollectionofscientists,usuallybrilliantoccasionallyhalf-mad,whomadethediscoveries.Thosescientistsveryoftenseethesamethingsthatotherscientistssee,buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion(窮盡),andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.Wearerepeatedlywillingtoimaginewehavefoundmostofwhatislefttodiscover.Weusedtothinkthatinsectswerethesmallestorganisms(生物),andthatnothingliveddeeperthansixhundredmeters.Yet,whensomethingnewturnsup,moreoftenthannot,wedonotevenknowitsname.65.HowdidtheauthorfeelonhisarrivalintheAmazon?A.Outofplace. B.Fullofjoy. C.Sleepy. D.Regretful.66.WhatmadethatAmazonianeveningwonderful?A.Helearnedmoreaboutthelocallanguage.B.Theyhadaniceconversationwitheachother.C.Theyunderstoodeachotherwhileplaying.D.Hewonthesoccergamewiththegoalkeeper.67.WhywastheauthorsurprisedatJuan’squestionaboutthemoon?A.Thequestionwastoostraightforward.B.Juanknewsolittleabouttheworld.C.Theauthordidn’tknowhowtoanswer.D.Theauthordidn’tthinkJuanwassincere.68.Whatwastheauthor’sinitialpurposeofcollectingnewspaperarticles?A.Tosortoutwhatwehaveknown.B.TodeepenhisresearchintoAmazonians.C.Toimprovehisreputationasabiologist.D.Tolearnmoreaboutlocalcultures.69.Howdidthosebrilliantscientistsmakegreatdiscoveries?A.Theyshiftedtheirviewpointsfrequently.B.Theyfollowedotherscientistsclosely.C.Theyoftencriticizedtheirfellowscientists.D.Theyconductedin-depthandclosestudies.70.Whatcouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?A.ThePossibleandtheImpossible.B.TheKnownandtheUnknown.C.TheCivilizedandtheUncivilized.D.TheIgnorantandtheIntelligent.【答案】65.A66.C67.B68.A69.D70.B【解析】這是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者和妻子來到了亞馬遜，妻子是一名醫學研究者。一踏上這里，作者感到非常不適應，通過與當地人的接觸，作者了解一些人對外部的世界并不了解。在生物多樣性發現的過程中，作者意識到，很多東西是人類已知的，還有很多是人類未知的。65.推理判斷題。根據第一段“Wedidn’tspeakthelocallanguage,didnotknowthecustomsandmoreoftenthannot,didn’tentirelyrecognizethefood.Wecouldn’thavefeltmoreforeign.”可知，我們不會說當地的語言，不了解當地的風俗習慣，而且往往我們不能完全認識食物，我們感覺非常陌生。由此可知，作者一到達亞馬遜感覺格格不入。故選A項。66.細節理解題。根據第三段“Everyoneknewtherules.Weallspokethesamelanguageofpassesandshots.Weunderstoodoneanotherperfectly.”可知，每個人都知道規則，在傳球和射門方面，我們說著同樣的語言，彼此非常了解。由此可知，踢球時他們的彼此理解使得他們的亞馬遜夜晚很美好。故選C項。67.推理判斷題。根據第四段“InJuan’sworld,theunknownandundiscoveredwasvastandmarvelous.”可知，在胡安的世界里，未知的東西和未被發現的東西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此判斷，胡安對這個世界知之甚少。故選B項。68.推理判斷題。根據第七段“Ibegancollectingnewspaperarticlesaboutnewspecies,newspider...,andonandontheyappear,mydrawerquicklyfilled,Ibeganaseconddrawerformoregeneraldiscoveries:newcavesystemdiscoveredwithdozensofnamelessspecies...Istartedathirddrawerforthesebigdiscoveries.”可知，我開始收集報紙上關于新物種、新蜘蛛的文章……它們源源不斷地出現，我的抽屜很快就填滿了。我開始用第二個抽屜來儲存更普遍的發現:在新的洞穴系統發現了幾十個無名的物種……我還為這些重大發現準備了第三個抽屜。由此判斷，作者收集報紙文章的初始目的是為了分類我們所知道的事情。故選A項。69.細節理解題。根據倒數第二段“buttheypaymoreattentiontothem,andtheyfocusonthemtothepointofexhaustion,andattheriskoftheridiculeoftheirpeers.”可知，但他們更多地關注這些發現，他們把注意力集中在這些發現上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒著被同齡人嘲笑的風險。由此可知，杰出的科學家進行深入細致的研究，做出重大的發現。故選D項。70.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，作者和妻子來到了亞馬遜。一踏上這里，作者感到非常不適應，通過與當地人的接觸，作者了解到一些人對外部的世界并不了解。在對這里的風土人情和多樣化生物的研究過程中，作者提高了認識，意識到很多東西是人類已知的，還有很多是人類未知的。所以短文的最佳標題為“已知和未知的事物”。故選B項。【題型演練】1It’ssummertime.Thatmeanslonghotdays,noschool---andsummercamps.Lotsofkidsspendatleastsomeofthesummeratcamps.Somekidsspendthewholeyearplayingonesport.Andwhatdotheydoduringthesummer?Theygotoacampandkeepplayingthatsport.Sowhat’swrongwiththat?AstudypublishedinthejournalSportsHealthfoundthat“formostsports,thereisnoevidencethatintense(集中的)trainingandplayingonesportbefore13or14arenecessarytoachieveelite(精英的)status.”Howbigistheriskofinjuryifyouspecializeinonesport?ALoyolaUniversityChicagostudyof1,200youthathletesfoundthatkidswhospecializedinonesportwere70percentto93percentmorelikelytobeinjuredthanmulti-sportathletes.That’salot.Kidswhospecializeinonesportalsogetburnedout.AnOhioStateUniversitystudyfoundthatkidswhoplayedasinglesportweremorelikelytoquittheirsportandbephysicallyinactiveasadults.Butdon’tyouhavetospecializeinonesportwhenyou’reakidtohaveachancetoplayincollegeorbeaprofessional?No!Sorry,butIhavetotalkaboutanotherstudy.ThisonewasasurveyofcollegeathletesbytheAmericanSocietyofSportsMedicine.Thestudyfoundthat88percentofcollegeathletesplayedmorethanonesportwhentheywerekids.Lookatthisyear’sNationalFootballLeague(NFL)draft,26ofthe31first-roundpicks,includingJaredGoff,theplayerdraftedaheadofalltheothers,hadbeenmulti-sportathletesinhighschool,accordingtoTrackingFootball.Itwasn’tjustthefirstround:224ofthe256draftpickshadplayedmorethanonesportinhighschool.Morethanathirdofthedraftedplayerswerethree-sportathletes.Soifyouareayear-roundbaseballkid,trysoccerthissummer.Itwillgetyouintogreatshapeandhelpyoumoveyourfeetinthefield.Orifyou’reasoccerkid,trytennisorrockclimbing.Havesomefun,andtrysomethingnew.It’ssummertime.1.What’sthepurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?A.Toinvitemorekidstoplaysports.B.Toinspirekidstoplaysportsforfun.C.Toencouragekidstotrymoretypesofsports.D.Togivekidsadviceonbecomingprofessionalathletes.2.WhathasthestudyinSportsHealthfound?A.Playingonesportissuitableforadults.B.Toomuchtrainingdoesn’tliftsportspirits.C.70%-93%kidsgetinjuriesfromplayingsports.D.Kids’sportspecializationdoesn’tpromisefuturesuccess.3.WhatcanwelearnaboutNFLdraftedplayers?A.Mostofthemweremulti-sportplayers.B.Theyarecollegestudents.C.Theyareprofessionalathletes.D.Mostofthemweresummer-campinglovers.4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthetext?(P---paragraph)A. B. C. D.2AttheWorldEconomicForumlastmonth，PresidentTrumpdrewclapswhenheannouncedtheUnitedStateswouldrespondtotheforum'sproposaltoplantonetrillion（萬億）treesjofightclimatechange.ThetrilliontreeideawonwideattentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas"themosteffectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate".Ifonlyitweretrue.Butitisn't.Plantingtreeswouldslowdowntheplanet'swarming,buttheonlythingthatwillsaveusandfuturegenerationsfrompayingahugepriceindollars，livesanddamagetonatureisrapidandconsiderablereductionsincarbonreleasefromfossilfuels，tonetzeroby2050.Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion（偏離）.Worsestill，ittakesattentionawayfromthoseresponsibleforthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.Forexample，intheNetherlands，youcanpayShellGroupofCompaniesanadditional1eurocentforeachliterofregulargasolineyouputinyourtanktoplanttreestobalancethecarbonreleasefromyourdriving.That'sclearlynomorethandisasterslightlydelayed.Theonlywaytostopthisplanetfromoverheatingisthroughpolitical，economic，technologicalandsocialsolutionsthatendtheuseoffossilfuels.Thereisnowaythatplantingtrees，evenacrossthesizeoftheUnitedStates，canabsorbthehugeamountsoffossilcarbonreleasedfromindustrialsocieties.Treesdotakeupcarbonfromtheatmosphereastheygrow.Butthisuptakemerelyreplacescarbonlostwhenforestswereclearedinthefirstplace，usuallylongago.Regrowingforestswheretheyoncegrewcanundosomedamagedoneinthepast，butevenatrilliontreescan'tstoreenoughcarbontoheadoffdramaticclimatechangesthiscentury.Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalinOctoberthatthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat"theclaimthatglobaltreerestorationisourmosteffectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading".5.Whatdoweknowaboutthetrillion-treeidea?A.Itwaspublishedinajournal.B.Itwasproposedlastsummer.C.ItwasputforwardbyTrump.D.Itdrewlotsofpublicattention.6.Whatparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Adrawbackofthetreeplantingstrategy.B.Anexampleofbalancingcarbonrelease.C.AnanecdoteofmakingapurchaseatShellD.Aresponsibilityforpoliticiansandeconomists.7.WhatwasJustinGillis'sattitudetowardsglobaltreerestoration?A.Reserved B.Opposed C.Hesitant D.Supportive8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ContradictoryIdeasonTreePlantingB.ATrillionTreesCometotheRescueC.PlantingTreesWon'tSavetheWorldD.TheBestSolutiontoClimateChange3Wehavetomakecertainourlimitedmoneyiswellspent.Butwhatshouldwespendourmoneyon?A20-yearstudyconductedbyDr.Gilovich,aprofessoratCormellUniversity,reachedapowerfulandstraightforwardconclusion:don'tspendyourmoneyonthings.Thetroublewiththingsisthatthehappinesstheyprovidepetersout.Wegetusedtonewpossessions,andwhatonceseemedexcitingquicklybecomesthenorm.Wekeepraisingthebarandalwayslookforanevenbetterone.Possessions,bytheirnature,causecomparisons.Webuyanewcarandarethrilledwithituntilafriendbuysabetterone—andthere'salwayssomeonewithabetterone.Mostofususuallyassumethatthehappinesswegetfrombuyingsomethingwilllastaslongasthethingitself.Itseemsintuitive(直覺的)thatinvestinginsomethingwecansee,hear,andtouchonapermanentbasisdeliversthebestvalue.Butit'snotthecaseatall.Gilovichhasfoundthatexperiencesdelivermore-lastinghappinessthanthings.Experiencesbecomeapartofouridentity.Everyone'sexperienceisunique.Wearenotourpossessions,butwearetheaccumulationofeverythingwe'veseen,thethingswe'vedone,andtheplaceswe'vebeento.“Ourexperiencesareabiggerpartofourselvesthanourmaterialgoods,”saidGilovich.“Youcanreallylikeyourmaterialstuff.Youcaneventhinkthatpartofyouridentityisconnectedtothosethings,buttheyremainseparatefromyou.Incontrast,yourexperiencesreallyarepartofyou.Wearethesumtotalofourexperiences.”Besides,wedon'tcompareexperiencesinthesamewaythatwecomparethings.It'shardtoquantifytherelativevalueofanytwoexperiences,whichmakesthemthatmuchmoreenjoyable.Andexpectationofanexperiencecausesexcitementandenjoyment,whileexpectationofobtainingapossessioncausesimpatience.Experiencesareenjoyablefromtheveryfirstmomentsofplanning,allthewaythroughtothememoriesyoukeepforever.Thetemporaryhappinessachievedbybuyingthingscanberegardedas“puddles(水坑)ofpleasure.”Inotherwords,thatkindofhappinessevaporates(蒸發)quicklyandleavesuswantingmore.Thingsmaylastlongerthanexperiences,butthememoriesthatremainarewhatmattermost.9.Theunderlinedphrase“petersout”canbereplacedby_________________.A.diesaway B.istoolittle C.isnotreal D.coststoomuch10.WhatdoesGilovichthinkofexperiences?A.Experiencesdeliverless-lastinghappinessthanthings.B.Experiencescanexistinourmemoryforever.C.Ourexperiencestakeupallpartsofourselves.D.Ourexperiencesarewhatseparateusfromothers.11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________________.A.experiencescanbecomparedwitheachotherB.expectinganexperienceincreasesourfeelingofanxietyC.peoplearemorelikelytobeimpatientwhenbuyingthingsD.spiritualwealthisthemostvaluableforus12.Whichisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howcanwegainhappinesswithmoney?B.Howcanwemakehappinesslastlong?C.Whyshouldwespendmoneyonexperiencesinsteadofthings?D.Whydoexperiencesachievepermanenthappinessthanthings?4Someoneoncesaid,‘thepoorestmanonearthisnotthemanwithoutmoney,butthemenwithoutadream.’Thisimpliesthatthetotalityofaman'slifeisrootedindreams.Ihaveneverseenasuccessfulmanwithoutadream;infact,forplanstoconetobeingitmustfirstbeimaginedasadream.Bringingone'sdreamtorealizationisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsanyonecandotobesuccessfulinlife.However,weneedtounderstandthattolifetherearedesignsandrulesthatcannotbebrokenorreplaced;forinstance,foodhasnosubstituteinourlives.Why?Itisbecauseweneedfoodforenergytodoworkandgrowth.Also,havingdreamisvitalinmakingthemostofouradventureinlife.HaveyoueverwonderedwhyeachtimesuccessisdiscussedsomenamessuchasBillGate,MartinLutherKing,ThomasEdison,BarrackObanaandotherscometoourminds?Weneedtounderstandthatallthesemenatonepointintheirliveshaddreams,whichtheyputintoplansGreatnessisneverachievedinaday;itfirststartsinthemindlikeadream,beforethecarrierputsitintoplans.Dreamisthestartingpointofsuccess.itisthebeginningofanycreation.Lifewithoutadreamisdoomediofailure.Wherethereisnodream,thereisnohope.Withouta,dream,one'sfutureisuncertain.Whenthenisdream?Itcanbedescribedasthementalpictureofadesiredfuture.Ibelievetherearetwoworlds;thephysicalworldwecanseeandrelatewith,andtheworldthatexistsinthemind(imaginedworld).Concreteitemsexistedfirstinimaginedworldbeforebirthedinformofinventionorotherwise.Everythingthatexiststoday,wascreatedtwice.Firstinthemindandthenprocessedintorealorseenworld.Dreamis,therefore,thecurrencyandpowerofhope.Ourdreamsaremuchmoreimportantthanourpresentcircumstances,becausetheyenableustohaveideasaboutthefuture.13.Whatisthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A.Togiveanexample. B.Todescribeadream.C.Toleadtothemaintopic. D.Toattractreader’attention.14.Whydoestheauthortakethefoodforexample?A.Itbrings1senergytogrow. B.Ittakestheplaceofadream.C.Ithelpsustoliveasuccessfullife. D.Ithasthesamefunctionasadream.15.WhydoestheanthermentionthesesuccessfulpeoplelikeBillGateinparagraphthree?A.Theysucceededinbusiness. B.Theyhadtheirowndreams.C.Theysetagoodexampletous. D.Theylikedadventuringinlife.16.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.IHaveaDream! B.NoDream,NoHope!C.ADreaminLifeIsImportant! D.SuccessStartswithaDream!5WhenIwas17yearsoldIhadsurgerybecauseofadisease.Thedayafterthesurgery,Iawoketofindafriendofminesittinginachairacrossfrommybed.Idon'tremembermuchabouthisvisit.ButIwillnotforgetthathevisitedmeonthatday,andsatthereforIdon'tknowhowlong,whileIwasundertheinfluenceofamorphinedrip(輸液).Webenefitgreatlyfromourclosefriendships,buttheyarenotamatterofcalculablegainorloss.Ourage,whatwemightcalltheageofeconomics,isstronglyinfluencedbytwotypesofrelationshipsthatreflectthelivesweareencouragedtolead.Thereareconsumerrelationships,thosethatweparticipateinforthepleasuretheybringus.Theyarefocusedonthepresent.Itiswhatbringsimmediatepleasurethatmatters.Andthereareentrepreneurial(商業的)relationships,thosethatweinvestin,hopingtheywillbringussomereturn.Aristotlethoughtthattherewerethreetypesoffriendship:thoseofpleasure,thoseofusefulness,andtruefriendship.InPleasureFriendships,hesaid,“Ttisnotfortheircharacterthatmenloveready-wittedpeople,butbecausetheyfindthempleasant.”Abouttheusefulnessfriendships,hesaid,“Thosewholoveeachotherfortheirutility(效用)donotloveeachotherforthemselves,butbecauseofsomegoodwhichtheygetfromeachother.”Althoughwebenefitfromourclosefriendships,thesefriendshipsarenotamatterofcalculablegainandloss.Consumerpleasuresarelastingforonlyalimitedtime.Theysurroundusforashortperiodandthentheyfade,likeadrug.Entrepreneurfriendship,whensuccessful,leadstothevictoryofpersonalgain.Itispreciselythenon-economiccharacterthatisthreatenedinasocietyinwhicheachofusisofferedonlythechoicesofownership,shopping,competitionandgrowth.Itisthreatenedwhenweareledtobelievethatfriendshipswithoutobviousrecognizablegainare,intheeconomicsense,irrational(不合理的).Friendshipsarenotwithoutreason,perhaps,buttheyarecertainlywithoutthatparticularreason.Sharedexperience,notjusteverydayamusementoradvancement,isthetruebasisoffriendship.17.Theauthormentionshisoper