文體分類(lèi)練(四)說(shuō)明文之發(fā)明創(chuàng)新類(lèi)(限時(shí):25分鐘)Passage1(2023福建福州二模)Someday,youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(納米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife-changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Thetooth-cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁鐵).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart,”saysSteager.1.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater-proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.2.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus-killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.3.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain. B.Confident.C.Concerned. D.Surprised.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth-CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape-ShiftingRoboticTooth-CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStartPassage2(2023山東濟(jì)南一模)Thereisnothingquitelikeenjoyingthesights,soundsandcultureofacitywhiletastingacupofcoffeeoutdoors.Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraeli(以色列的)company,begantobetestedinTelAviv.Theswelteringcityisaperfectplacetotrythenewtechnology.Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature,itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment,theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner,”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid.AsLeizerintroduced,theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept,italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven,anddoesn’tblowoutharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice,itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition,theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays,dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm. B.Dry.C.Hot. D.Freezing.6.Whatproblemdoestheexistingoutdoorcoolingsystemshave?A.Theyarewasteful.B.Theyoverheateasily.C.Theyoftenbreakdown.D.Theyareslowtocooltheair.7.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyexplain?A.Whatpowerstheengine.B.Whatturnsliquidintogas.C.Howthepressureisformed.D.Howthenewsystemworks.8.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Topromoteacompany.B.Tosettleanenergycrisis.C.Tointroduceatechnology.D.Tomarketamistingsystem.Passage3(2023安徽馬鞍山二模)Togivegrasshoppers(蚱蜢)somecredit—jumpingacrossyardsandbetweenbranchestakesalotmoreexpertisethanitmightappear.Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.Mostjumpingrobotscan’tcompetewiththeinsect,astheirjumpsarelimitedtostartingatopextremelyrigidsurfaces.ButanewbouncingrobotdevelopedbyresearchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanisms(彈簧機(jī)制)usedtoboostitupward.Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransfer(傳遞)ofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.Totesttheirwork,theteampositionedasmalljumpingrobotatopatreebranchandrecordedthepreciseenergytransfersinitsjumps’firstmoments.“Wefoundthatthelatchcannotonlymediate(調(diào)節(jié))energyoutputbutcanalsomediateenergytransferbetweenthejumperandtheenvironmentthatitisjumpingfrom,”saidBergbreiter.Nowthatresearchersbetterunderstandtheinteractionsatplayintheopeningmomentsofjumping,theycannowbeginworkingonwaystointegratethisintofutureroboticdesigns.“Ithasbeennearlyimpossibletodesigncontrolledinsect-sizedrobotsbecausetheyarelaunchedinjustmilliseconds,”explainedBergbreiter.“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”9.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowaboutthenewrobotbymentioninggrasshoppers?A.Itcomeswithtechnicaldifficulties.B.Itcanbeattheinsecteasily.C.Itisthefirstonedesignedforjumping.D.Itisshapedlikethetinycreature.10.WhatadvantagedolatchesdesignedbyBergbreiterhaveoverthetraditionalones?A.Theyarebetterpositionedinrobots.B.Theyhelpreleasemoreenergyatatime.C.Theyworkinextremeenvironments.D.Theyhavemorethanasinglefunction.11.WhatdoesBergbreiterthinkoftheirwork?A.Ithaschangedtheirresearchdirection.B.Itinspiresnewapplicationsofrobots.C.Itbringsthemasenseofachievement.D.Itwillmakerobotssmallerandlighter.12.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anewmodelforfuturerobots.B.Astepforwardinrobotdesign.C.Jumpingrobotsinspiredbygrasshoppers.D.Effortstodevelopinsect-sizedrobots.答案：文體分類(lèi)練(四)說(shuō)明文之發(fā)明創(chuàng)新類(lèi)Passage1[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文為一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了一款納米材料的機(jī)器人潔牙器。1.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.”可知,這個(gè)潔牙產(chǎn)品能根據(jù)口腔內(nèi)狀況而變形。故選B項(xiàng)。2.A主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段可知,第三段陳述的是這款清潔牙齒的機(jī)器人的工作原理。3.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知,Steager認(rèn)為這個(gè)清潔牙齒的設(shè)備從概念到產(chǎn)品,還需要很多工程,但是不失為一個(gè)好的想法,故Steager對(duì)這款產(chǎn)品很自信。4.C主旨大意題。通讀全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.”可知,文章主要介紹了一款納米材料的潔牙器,在口腔中會(huì)根據(jù)具體狀況變化形狀。C項(xiàng)“AShape-ShiftingRoboticTooth-Cleaner(一種可以變形的機(jī)器人潔牙器)”作標(biāo)題比較貼切。Passage2[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了開(kāi)始進(jìn)入測(cè)試階段的一種室外冷卻系統(tǒng),這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)有望在2024年投入市場(chǎng),使人們?cè)谘谉岬奶鞖庀?能夠重享在室外喝咖啡的快樂(lè)。5.C詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第一段中“Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.”可知,這座城市是非常悶熱的。由此可知,“Theswelteringcity”指的是這座悶熱的城市,畫(huà)線詞sweltering意為“悶熱的”。6.A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.”可知,現(xiàn)在的室外冷卻系統(tǒng)消耗過(guò)多的水和電力,是比較浪費(fèi)的。7.D主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段中“Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.”可知,該段主要描述了這種新的冷卻系統(tǒng)是如何工作的。8.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraelicompany,begantobetestedinTelAviv.”和最后一段中“Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.”及“Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人們介紹一種新的室外冷卻技術(shù)。Passage3[語(yǔ)篇解讀]本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了科研團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)優(yōu)化機(jī)器人的彈簧機(jī)制,使機(jī)器人的彈跳能力獲得極大的改良。9.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.”及第二段可知,大多數(shù)彈跳機(jī)器人在彈跳能力上都無(wú)法與蚱蜢匹敵,但新型彈跳機(jī)器人正在克服這些障礙,提高彈跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的彈跳力是為了展示新型彈跳機(jī)器人想要獲得類(lèi)似的彈跳能力需要克服重重技術(shù)難關(guān)。10.D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransferofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.”可知,和之前的彈簧機(jī)制比較,Bergbreiter的團(tuán)隊(duì)設(shè)計(jì)的彈簧功能更多。11.C推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—c