高考總復(fù)習(xí)優(yōu)化設(shè)計GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2024文體分類練(三)說明文之科普知識類Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023浙江湖州、衢州、麗水二模)Incountriesaroundtheworld,womendomoreunpaidlabor—housework,childandeldercare,andthementalloadofmanagingafamilythanmen.Newresearchsuggestsittakesahealthtoll(代價)onmanyofthem.Ananalysisof19studiescovering70,310peopleglobally,whichispublishedthismonthinThe

Lancet(柳葉刀)Public

Health,foundthatthemoreofthislaborwomendo,theworsetheirmentalhealth.Thefindingspointoutwomenaremoreoftendiagnosedwithanxietyanddepressionthanmen.Passage1Passage2Passage3Houseworkandchildcare,theresearchfound,havemuchlessofanimpactonmen’smentalhealth.That’sprobablybecausetheydosomuchlessofit.IntheUnitedStates,womendoanaverage4.5hoursofsuchworkaday,comparedwith2.8hoursformen,accordingtodatafromtheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.InGreece,womendo4.3hourswhilemendoanhourandahalf.Eveninthemostgender-equalcountries,likeSweden,womendo50minutesmoreadaythanmen.Passage1Passage2Passage3It’salsobecausethetypeofsuchworkmendoisgenerallylesstime-sensitive.Forexample,menaremoreoftenresponsibleforoutdoortasks,likemowingthelawn,thataredonelessoftenandontheirownschedule.Womenaremorelikelytotakeondailytasksthatneedtobedoneatcertaintimes,likepreparingmealsorcleaningup.Socialexpectationsprobablyalsoplayarole.Studieshaveshownthatwomenfeelpressuretokeeptheirhomesclean,forinstance,andfeeljudgediftheydon’t.Men,ontheotherhand,areoftenpraisedfordoingdailytasksliketakingachildtoanappointment.Passage1Passage2Passage3TheLancetresearcherssaidthatdrawingclearconclusionsfromthe19studieswasdifficultandthatmoreresearchwouldbewelcome.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了發(fā)表在《柳葉刀公共衛(wèi)生》上的一項對全球70,310人的19項研究的分析發(fā)現(xiàn),女性從事的勞動越多,她們的心理健康狀況就越差。Passage1Passage2Passage31.How

does

the

author

show

the

research

findings

in

paragraphs

2

and

3?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bylistingfigures.C.Bymakinganalysis. D.Bytellingstories.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“An

analysis

of

19

studies

covering

70,310

people

globally”以及第三段中“In

the

United

States,women

do

an

average

4.5

hours

of

such

work

a

day,compared

with

2.8

hours

for

men”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通過列舉數(shù)字展示研究成果的。Passage1Passage2Passage32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“time-sensitive”meaninparagraph4?A.Flexible. B.Valuable.C.Demandingintiming. D.Challenginginskills.√解析

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)下文“For

example,men

are

more

often

responsible

for

outdoor

tasks,like

mowing

the

lawn,that

are

done

less

often

and

on

their

own

schedule.Women

are

more

likely

to

take

on

daily

tasks

that

need

to

be

done

at

certain

times,like

preparing

meals

or

cleaning

up.”可知,男性負責的任務(wù)對時間的要求沒有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-sensitive的含義應(yīng)為對時間要求高的。Passage1Passage2Passage33.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph5?A.Womenaregenerallyexpectedtodomorehouseholdlabor.B.Womenwillbepunishedbyjudgesiftheydon’tkeeptheirhomesclean.C.Menfeelstressedmoreoftenwhentheycan’ttaketheirchildrentothedentist.D.Menaresupposedtotakeachildtoanappointmentinsteadofdoingotherhousework.√解析

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段中“Studies

have

shown

that

women

feel

pressure

to

keep

their

homes

clean,for

instance,and

feel

judged

if

they

don’t.”可知,婦女被期望從事更多的家務(wù)勞動。Passage1Passage2Passage34.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Factsthatmenandwomenareunequal.B.Badeffectsthathouseworkhasonwomen.C.Responsibilitiesthatwomenshareinfamilies.D.Reasonswhyunpaidlaborhurtswomenmorementally.√解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段以及第三段中“Housework

and

child

care,the

research

found,have

much

less

of

an

impact

on

men’s

mental

health.”以及第五段中“Social

expectations

probably

also

play

a

role.”可知,本文第一段提出了無償家務(wù)勞動對婦女心理有健康危害這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn),后續(xù)段落對這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn)進行了原因分析和解釋。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023浙江寧波二模)Humansarenottheanimalkingdom’sonlyfashionistas.Tits(山雀)canbefashionfollowers,too,apparently.Alateststudyshowsthat,giventhechance,theydecoratetheirnestswiththisseason’smust-havecolour.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinwerefollowinguponastudypublishedin1934byHenrySmithWilliams,anAmericannaturalist.Henoticedthatwhenheputvariouscolouredballsofyarn(紗)outinhisgarden,almostalwaysoneandonlyonebecamepopularthatseasonforbeingincludedintolocalbirds’nests.Butwhichparticularcolourwasfavouredvariedfromseasontoseason.Thissuggestedthatthecolourchosenbyoneoftheearlybirdswasspottedandcopiedbyothers.Passage1Passage2Passage3Williams’sworkwas,however,forgottenuntiltheycameacrossitwhilefollowinguponadifferentstudy,publishedbyateamattheUniversityofToulouse,suggestingfashion-following,too.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinthereforesetouttore-runWilliams’sexperiment,butthistimetocollectsomeactualnumbers.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thebirdstheyfollowedwerepartofawell-monitoredpopulationofbluetitsinawoodneartheinstitute.Mostbirdsinthiswoodcarriedtrackingdevicesfittedtothemaftertheircaptureinmistnets.Thatallowedtheinstitute’sresearcherstokeeptrackofavastnumberofindividualsbyrecordingtheirarrivalatfoodcontainersthroughoutthewood.Insteadoffood,thesecontainerswereloadedwithwoolofdifferentcolours.Interestingly,researcherssoonfoundthatmostnestsofbluetitsincludedonlythecolourofthewoolfirstchosenbyanestbuilder.Passage1Passage2Passage3Tits,then,doseemtobe“ontrend”,whenitcomestonest-buildingmaterials.Whythatshouldhappenremainsobscure.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.Williams’soriginalwork,though,suggestssuchinitialchoicesareatrandom—abitlikethoseoftheleadersofhumanfashions.[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。人類并不是動物界唯一的時尚達人。研究表明,山雀也像人類一樣追隨潮流,用流行色裝點巢穴。Passage1Passage2Passage35.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph2?A.Dr.WildandDr.AplincontributedtoWilliam’swork.B.Earlybirds’colourpreferencewascopiedbytheirfellows.C.Theyarnwasthemostpopularmaterialtodecoratelocalbirds’nests.D.Thecolouroftheyarnfavouredbylocalbirdswasfixedthroughouttheyear.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“He

noticed

that

when

he

put

various

coloured

balls

of

yarn

out

in

his

garden...by

one

of

the

early

birds

was

spotted

and

copied

by

others.”可知,最開始的鳥類的顏色偏好被它們的同伴模仿了。Passage1Passage2Passage36.HowdidDr.WildandDr.AplinimproveWilliams’sexperiment?A.Theyobservedthebluetits.B.Theystudiedthehabitsofbluetits.C.Theyadoptedthedata-collectingmethod.D.Theyfittedtrackingdevicestofoodcontainers.√解析

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Dr.Wild

and

Dr.Aplin

therefore

set

out

to

re-run

Williams’s

experiment,but

this

time

to

collect

some

actual

numbers.”可知,Wild博士和Aplin博士采用了數(shù)據(jù)收集的方法來改進Williams的實驗。Passage1Passage2Passage37.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“obscure”inparagraph5mean?A.Hidden. B.Evident.C.Complicated. D.Shallow.√解析

詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第五段中“Dr.Wild

and

Dr.Aplin

suspect

the

fashion

leaders

are

older

birds,and

that

evolution

favours

younger

ones

copying

their

elders

since

those

elders

have

evidently

survived

what

fortune

has

to

throw

at

a

tit.”中的suspect可推知,為什么會發(fā)生這種情況還不清楚。obscure意為“不清楚的;隱蔽的”。Passage1Passage2Passage38.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Birdsfavourcertaincoloursindecoration.B.Youngbirdsfollowtheireldersinfashion.C.Youngbirdsarejustasintelligentaspeople.D.Birdsarejustasfashion-consciousaspeople.√解析

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段可知,本文主要講的是鳥類像人類一樣追隨潮流。D項“Birds

are

just

as

fashion-conscious

as

people.”最能概括本文大意。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023福建廈門二模)Inanewstudy,IowaPsychologistEdWassermangavethepigeonscomplexcategorizationteststhathigh-levelthinkingwouldnotaidinsolving.Instead,thepigeons,bytrialanderror,eventuallywereabletomemorizeenoughsituationsinthetest.Thisbasicprocessofmakingassociations—consideredalower-levelthinkingtechnique—isthesamebetweenthetest-takingpigeonsandthelatestAIadvances.Passage1Passage2Passage3Theresearcherssoughttofigureouttwotypesoflearning:onedeclarativelearning,isbasedonexercisingreasonaccordingtoasetofrulesorstrategies—aso-calledhigherleveloflearningownedmostlybypeople.Theother,associativelearning,centersonrecognizingandmakingconnectionsbetweenobjectsorpatterns,suchas“sky-blue”and“water-wet”.Passage1Passage2Passage3Wasserman’steamdesignedadifficulttesttofindoutwhetherthepigeonsusedeclarativeorassociativelearning.Eachtestpigeonwasshownastimulus(刺激)andhadtodecide,bypecking(啄)abuttonontherightorontheleft,towhichcategorythatstimulusbelonged.Whatmadethetestsodemandingwasthatnorulesorlogicwouldhelpfinishthetask.Theyhavetomemorizetheindividualstimuliorregionsfromwherethestimulioccur.Overhundredsoftests,thefourtestpigeonseventuallyuppedtheirscorefrom50%toanaverageof68%right.Passage1Passage2Passage3“ThepigeonsarelikeAImasters,”Wassermansays.“Bothofthememployassociativelearning,andyetthatbase-levelthinkingiswhatallowedthepigeonstoultimatelyscoresuccessfully.”Ifpeopleweretotakethesametest,they’dscorepoorlyandwouldprobablygiveupbecausetheyrelysoheavilyonrulesorstrategies.Thoseruleswouldgetinthewayoflearning.Thepigeondoesn’thavethathigh-levelthinkingprocess.Butitdoesn’tgetinthewayoftheirlearning.Infact,insomewaysitfacilitatesit.Passage1Passage2Passage3“PeoplearestunnedbyAIdoingamazingthingsusingalearningalgorithm(算法)muchlikethepigeon,”Wassermansays,“yetwhenpeopletalkaboutassociativelearninginhumansandanimals,itisdiscountedasinflexibleanduncomplicated.”[語篇解讀]本文是一篇說明文。心理學(xué)家通過實驗證明鴿子和最新的人工智能使用了同樣的學(xué)習(xí)方法:聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)。Passage1Passage2Passage39.Whichofthefollowingisatypicalexampleofassociativelearning?A.Tomrefusestoputhandsonhotstovesafterburns.B.Dolphinsdetectobstaclesusingsoundwaves.C.Chimpanzeesusephysicalgesturestrategies.D.Emilyfiguresoutmathproblemswithlogic.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“The

other,associative

learning,centers

on

recognizing

and

making

connections

between

objects

or

patterns,such

as‘sky-blue’and‘water-wet’.”可知,聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是建立聯(lián)系。在“湯姆燙傷后不愿把手放在熱爐子上”這一現(xiàn)象中,湯姆把燙傷和熱爐子聯(lián)系了起來,這屬于聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)。Passage1Passage2Passage310.Howdidthepigeonsimprovetheirperformanceinthetest?A.Bypeckingthestimuli.B.Byfindingrulesorlogic.C.Bycompetingwitheachother.D.Bymakingnumerousattempts.√解析

細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Over

hundreds

of

tests,the

four

test

pigeons

eventually

upped

their

score

from

50%

to

an

average

of

68%

right.”可知,鴿子在測試中通過多次嘗試提高它們的表現(xiàn)。Passage1Passage2Passage311.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.AIandmanusethesamelearningpattern.B.Associativelearningisunderestimated.C.Peoplethinkhighlyofdeclarativelearning.D.PigeonsfinishtaskswithAIalgorithms.√解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知,人們認為聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)法對人類和動物來說不靈活且簡單,但人工智能卻用這種學(xué)習(xí)法做出驚人的事情,由此推知,聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)被低估了。Passage1Passage2Passage312.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleofthetext?A.Pigeon’sPeckCanMirrorHighTechB.AIContributestoaNewLearningPatternC.AICanEnrichHumanLearningExperienceD.Pigeon’sLearningLargelyExtendsHighTech√解析

主旨大意題。通讀全文