考點27 閱讀理解細節理解題（重難題型）在歷年高考閱讀理解中，對細節理解類題型的考查同往年一樣，依然占了較大的比例，全國及各省、市均有對此題型的考查，無一例外。細節理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實和細節進行理解。它們大都是根據文章中的具體信息如事實、例證、原因、過程、論述等進行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們在理解的基礎上將有關內容系統化才能找到，比如計算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見的命題方式通常有：1.特殊疑問句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；2.以是非題的形式。true/false,nottrue/false或EXCEPT，近年這種題型較少；3.以Accordingto…開頭提問方式；4.以填空題的形式，如：（1）Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.（2）Bythefirstsentenceofthepassageauthormeansthat________.（3）Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.（4）Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople’slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.（5）Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.（6）Thepolicemanwhosaid“Goodevening”toRollswantedto________.5.就文中數字、排序、識圖等提問。做細節理解題時，大多數學生易出現的問題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時，不必通篇細看原文，而常常可采取“帶著問題找答案”的方法．先從問題中抓住關鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認和記憶事實或細節，就要恰當地運用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關的段落、語句．仔細品味，對照比較．確定答案。除了運用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無此細節”和“與此細節相反”的選項排除。了解細節題干擾選項的特點也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項有如下幾個特點：（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內容；（2）符合常識，但不是文章內容；（3）與原文的內容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯誤。有的細節理解題只要直接辨認不要求讀者對客觀的事實作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時還要求讀者記住重要細節，在必要的時候（做判斷、推斷或結論的時候）能夠準確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結構表達相同的意思。有的細節理解題就需要通過有關詞語和句子的轉換。利用主要事實、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時間、空間等關系將零碎的細節經過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數。值得一提的是，有時原文中的信息可能只是一個短語，甚至一個單詞，因此需要我們在閱讀中特別仔細才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。細節理解題大致有如下幾種常考題型：題型一描寫類細節題描寫類細節題，常常考查考生對文中有關人物動作、思想感情、心理活動、觀點，或事件的起因、發展、過程、結果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對它們進行較深入的理解，對于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對應的有關信息。（2021·江西·二模）BlackValley,63kilometersfromdowntownChongqing,isoneofthebestpreservednaturalwondersaroundthemunicipality.Thenational5A-levelscenicspotisapopularsummerresortforsightseeing,forestadventures,outdoorcamping,huntingandangling.LocatedinHeishantown,WanshengEconomicDevelopmentZone,thescenicspotspansover103squarekilometers,97percentofwhicharecoveredbyprimitiveforests.Withover110,000negativeoxygenionsineachcubiccentimeterofair,itisdubbedasanaturaloxygenbarand“themostbeautifulhealthcare-themedvalley.”BlackValleyisalsoknownas“thenaturalgenebankofChongqingandGuizhouregions”forthediversityofitsrareplantsandwildlife,includingCathayaargyrophylla,Davidiainvolucrata,Trachypithecusfrancoisiandcloudedleopards.Scenicspotlevel:AAAAAAddress:Heishantown,WanshengEconomicDevelopmentZone,63kilometersfromdowntownChongqingOpeninghours:8:30am-3:30pm(peakseasonfromNovembertoFebruary),9:00am-3:00pm(offseasonfromMarchtoOctober)Idealsightseeingseason:fromMaytoSeptemberTicketprice:60yuan($8.72)duringoffseasonand100yuanduringpeakseason,sightseeingbusandcablenotincluded.Notes:1.Itisrecommendedthattouristsstartfromthehighersouthernareaforadownwardjourney.2.Theaveragetemperatureis18.1degrees.3.It’sagoodideatoexperiencethelocalfolkcultureoftheMiaoethnicgroup,especiallywhenyouchoosetovisitinMaywhenthetraditionalCaishanFestivalofMiaoethnicgroupiscelebrated.1．WhatcanweknowaboutBlackValley?A．ItliesindowntownChongqing.B．Plantsandwildlifearerarelyseenthere.C．Avisittherecostsatmost100yuan.D．Theairisveryhighinnegativeoxygenionsthere.2．AbesttimeforavisitorandloverofthefolkculturetoBlackValleyisinA．January. B．March. C．May. D．July.【答案】D【解析】】細節理解題。根據文章第二段最后一句“Withover110,000negativeoxygenionsineachcubiccentimeterofair,itisdubbedasanaturaloxygenbarand“themostbeautifulhealthcare-themedvalley.”（空氣中的負氧離子超過11萬個每立方厘米，它被稱為天然氧吧和“最美麗的醫療主題山谷”）可知，黑山谷的負氧離子含量很高。故選D項。【答案】C【解析】】細節理解題。根據文章最后一句“It’sagoodideatoexperiencethelocalfolkcultureoftheMiaoethnicgroup,especiallywhenyouchoosetovisitinMaywhenthetraditionalCaishanFestivalofMiaoethnicgroupiscelebrated.”（體驗當地苗族民俗文化是一個不錯的主意，特別是當你選擇在5月的傳統苗族踩山會的時候去參觀。）可知，前往黑山谷的最佳旅游時間是五月。故選C項。題型二信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題信息尋找題一般在應用文體中較常見，體現于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報、車船航班時間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細閱讀，因為材料中有很多冗余無效信息。做此類題時，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據問題要求，有針對性地閱讀相關部分快速尋找有效信息。廣告是閱讀理解題常考的一種題材。廣告屬應用文體。嚴格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點。廣告文體簡潔明快，省略了大量的詞語，達到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時具有語言精練，形象性、鼓動性強的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細節理解題，關鍵在于正確理解廣告內容。考生必須具備較強的語言運用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補全、聯想、推測等）正確解讀廣告的內容。通常運用“補全成分法”和“聯想推測法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。（1）補全成分法省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現，可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數句子都是省略句。我們應結合全文語境及邏輯關系將省略句補全，從而更加準確地理解。如：Driverwanted.根據文義，可將該句補充為：Adriverwillbewanted.(招聘一名司機)。（2）聯想推測法在些廣告時間、日期、地點、電話、票價等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語篇意義。為節省篇幅，特別是在商業廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規范，但卻常用，常見的縮寫詞有：Tel.=telephonenumberPh.=phoneAdd(r).=addressco.=companyLtd=LimitedMax=maximumMin=minimumhr=hourt=timefig=figureft=footml=miledoz=dozenMt=MountainP=pageprof.=professorDr.=doctors=southn=northw=westSta=Stationpop=popularvs=versusXmas=Christmasinfo=informationVIP=veryimportantpersonshrs=hoursaft=afterad=advertisementp/t=parttimeexp=experiencedPC=personalcomputerMA=MasterofArtsBSdegree=bachelor'sdegree(學士學位)（2022·廣東·廣州六中三模）GreatPandaCenterJoinGoEcoona7-dayvolunteerprograminChinatohelpwildlifeatagiantpandacenter!YourscheduleDay1:ArriveatChenduShuangliuInternationalAirport.ThelocalteamwillbewaitingtopickyouupandtransferyoutothehotelinChengdu.Day2:WalkaroundChengdu,visitPandaBreedingCenterandenjoydelicioushotpotdinner.Day3-6:TransfertoPandaBaseinthemountainsandtakepartinrewardingvolunteerwork!Eachday,volunteerswillworkfor4-6hoursandintheevenings,volunteerswilltakepartinculturalactivitiesrangingfromdumplingmakingtoChineselanguagelessons.Day7:TakeabustoeithertheairportorChengduCityCenterifextendingstay.Someofyourtasksinclude?Preparingfoodforthepandas?Cuttingdownandcarryingbamboos?Cleaningpandaenclosures?OccasionallyparticipatinginobservationandresearchRequirements?Ages18-50(Thisprojectmayacceptvolunteerswhoareunder18withaletterofconsent（同意）fromaparent)?BasicEnglishand/orChinese?MotivationtoworkwithanimalsTotalprojectcost:$1200?What’sincludedRoom:SharedhotelroomFood:ThreemealsadayAirporttransfers:Airporttransfersuponarrivalanddeparture?What’snotincludedFlights,travelhealthinsurance,personalexpensesImportantnote:Pleaseapplyforthisprogram1-2monthsinadvance.Familiesupgradingtoprivateaccommodationsmustpayanadditionalcharge.1．Whatmightvolunteersdoonthesixthday?A．VisitPandaBreedingCenter.B．Cleanpandaenclosures.C．TravelaroundChengdu.D．DepartfromPandaBase.2．Whatdoestheprojectcostinclude?A．Accommodations. B．Personalexpenses.C．Travelinsurance. D．Theairticket.3．Whatisrequiredofapplicants?A．BeingfluentinbothEnglishandChinese.B．Havingexperienceofworkingwithanimals.C．Applyingfortheprograminadvance.D．Beingatleast18yearsold.【導語】這是一篇應用文。主要介紹了“大熊貓中心”的幫助保護大熊貓的志愿者服務項目。【答案】B【解析】】細節理解題。根據文章“Yourschedule”部分的“Day3-6:TransfertoPandaBaseinthemountainsandtakepartinrewardingvolunteerwork!Eachday,volunteerswillworkfor4-6hoursandintheevenings,volunteerswilltakepartinculturalactivitiesrangingfromdumplingmakingtoChineselanguagelessons.”（第3-6天：趕往山里的熊貓基地，參加一些有意義的志愿者工作！志愿者們每天工作4-6個小時。晚上，志愿者們將參加從餃子制作到漢語課程等文化活動。）以及“Someofyourtasksinclude”部分的“Cleaningpandaenclosures”（打掃熊貓圈）可知，第六天志愿者仍然在山里的熊貓基地里，第六天可能會打掃熊貓圈。故選B項。【答案】A【解析】細節理解題。根據文章“Totalprojectcost:$1200”部分的“Room:Sharedhotelroom”（房間:酒店共享房間）以及“What’snotincluded”部分的“Flights,travelhealthinsurance,personalexpenses”（機票，旅行健康保險，個人費用）可知，費用包括住宿。故選A項。3.【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據文章最后一段“Importantnote:Pleaseapplyforthisprogram1-2monthsinadvance.”（注意:請提前1-2個月申請。）可知，參加志愿項目的人員要提前申請。故選C項。題型三數據計算題此類試題一般要求考生能根據閱讀材料中給出的有關數據，找出計算關系，通過計算，得出正確的結論。這類計算一般來說比較簡單，關鍵是要弄清各數據間的邏輯關系，選準比較的數據，弄清單位換算關系，確定計算方法，問題便迎刃而解了。對于數據較多、項目復雜用時間或空間跨度較大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的規律將數據分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計算打下基礎。對于相對不太復雜的數據，可采用“推算法”，即以有關數據為基準，進行簡單的運算就可得出。（2021·全國·二模）AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyTheXercesSocietyforInvertebrateConservation,themonarchbutterflyisfacingasharppopulationdeclinethatcouldsoonleadtoitsextinction.Themonarchbutterflyisconsideredthe"kingofallbutterfliesduetoitsextremebeauty,hencethename"monarch".ThemostpopularamongtheNorthAmericanbutterflies,thegrandblack-and-orangeinvertebrate（無脊椎動物）isknownforitsyearlymassmigrationofupto3,000milesfromtheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulatoCalifornia'sCentralCoasteverywinter,beautifullycoveringallthetreesalongtheirpath.In1980,itspopulationwasrecordedtobeabout4.5millionandbythemid-2000's,therewerebarely100,000remaining.In2018,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesfelldowntoonly28,260,whichmakesa99.4percentdeclinein39years."It'smind-boggling.We'renowdownbelow1percentofthehistoricpopulation,"SaysEmmaPelton,aXercesSocietyConservationbiologist.Avarietyoffactorscouldbeinvolvedtocausethemonarchbutterflies'nearextinction.Onecouldhaveaco-relationtothelesseningofotherinsectssuchasbeesandotherbirdspecies.Anotherfactorcouldbeduetoanumberofhumaneconomicactivitiessuchasurbanizationandillegalloggingwhichlessensthebutterflies'habitat,andpesticideswidelyusedoncornandsoybeancrops.Becauseofthesechainsofevents,an"extinction

vortex（旋風）”hasoccurredwheretheprocessof

extinctionwouldbenearunstoppablesincethespecieswon'tbeabletoreproduceandraisetheirnumbersthenaturalway.Themassdisappearanceofthemonarchbutterflyandotherendangeredspeciesisawakeupcallofourlittletimeremainingtopositivelyshiftthedirectionoftheecologicalenvironmentforamassiveimprovementinthenearfuture,inordertohelpmothernatureandalltheotherlivingspeciesinthisearth.12．Howmanymonarchbutterfliesdisappearyearly?A．About20,000. B．About150,000.C．About114,660. D．About44,550.12．【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據文章第三段“In1980,itspopulationwasrecordedtobeabout4.5millionandbythemid-2000's,therewerebarely100,000remaining.In2018,thenumberofmonarchbutterfliesfelldowntoonly28,260,whichmakesa99.4percentdeclinein39years.”(1980年，其數量約為四百五十萬只，到2000年中期，只剩下10萬。2018年，帝王蝶的數量降至28260只，它意味著在39年里下降了99.4%。)可知，可知平均每年有（4.5million-28,260）÷39=114660）只帝王蝶消失。故選C項。題型四排序題這種試題要求考生根據事情發生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類題目可采用＂首尾定位法＂，即先找出第一個事件和最后一個事件，這樣可以迅速縮小選擇范圍，從而迅速找到答案。閱讀理解的文章如果是記敘文，排序題通常以事件發生的時間為線索；如果是說明文，排序題通常以說明的先后順序為線索；如果是議論文，排序題通常以邏輯順序為線索。從近幾年高考試題來看，這類試題主要出現在記敘文和說明文中。（2020·天津·二模）Scientistssaytheyhavedevelopedasystemthatusesmachinelearningtopredictwhenandwherelightningwillstrike.TheresearchwasledbyengineersfromtheSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologyinLausanne,Switzerland.Lightningisastrongburstofelectricityintheatmosphere.Itcanstrikebetweencloudsorbetweenacloudandtheground.Sincelightningcarriesanextremelypowerfulelectricalcharge,itcanbedestructiveanddeadly.Itisdifficulttoknowexactlyhowmanypeopledieoflightning-relatedcauses.Europeanresearchershaveestimatedthatbetween6,000and24,000peoplearekilledbylightningworldwideeachyear.Thestrikescanalsocausepowerfailure,destroyproperty,damageelectricalequipmentandstartforestfires.Forthisreason,climatescientistshavelongsoughttodevelopmethodstopredictandcontrollightning.Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.Themodelwascreatedwithdatacollectedovera12-yearperiodfrom12Swissweatherstationsincitiesandmountainareas.Thedatarelatedtofourmainsurfaceconditions:airpressure,airtemperature,relativehumidity(濕度)andwindspeed.Theatmosphericdatawasplacedintoamachinelearningalgorithm(計算程序),whichcomparedittorecordsoflightningstrikes.Researcherssaythealgorithmwasthenabletolearntheconditionsunderwhichlightninghappens.“Oncetrained,thesystemmadepredictionsthatprovedcorrectalmost80percentofthetime,”theSwissFederalInstituteofTechnologysaidinastatement.“Itcannowbeusedanywhere.”AmirhosseinMostajabi,aPhDstudentattheinstitute,saidcurrentsystemsforgatheringsuchdataareslowandcomplexandrequirecostlycollectionequipmentlikeradarorsatellites.“Ourmethodusesdatathatcanbeobtainedfromanyweatherstation,”hesaid.“Thiswillimprovedatacollectioninveryremoteareasnotcoveredbyradarandsatelliteorinplaceswherecommunicationsystemshavebeencut,”headded.TheresearchersplantokeepdevelopingthetechnologyinpartnershipwithaEuropeaneffortthataimstocreatealightningprotectionsystem.ScientistsworkingontheParis-basedprojectareexperimentingwithalasertechnologythatcouldsomedaycontrollightningactivity.Theideaisthatpowerful,ground-basedlaserscanbepositionedintheskytodirectenergyfromlightning.16．Whichisthecorrectorderofhowthesystemworks?①developapredictionmodel.②learntorecognizeweatherconditions.③collectrelateddata.④inputthedataontothecomputer.⑤makepredictions.A．①→②→③→④→⑤ B．③→④→①→②→⑤C．①→②→④→③→⑤ D．③→①→②→⑤→④16．【答案】B【解析】細節理解題。根據第三段中Thesystemtestedintheexperimentsusesacombinationofdatafromweatherstationsandmachinelearningmethods.Theresearchersdevelopedapredictionmodelthatwastrainedtorecognizeweatherconditionsthatwerelikelytocauselightning.可知，實驗中測試的系統結合了氣象站的數據和機器學習方法。研究人員開發了一個預測模型，經過訓練可以識別可能導致閃電的天氣狀況。由此可知，系統工作的正確順序是③→④→①→②→⑤。故選B。題型五圖文轉換題此類試題要求根據短文中的描寫找出相應的圖形，或根據圖形選出相應的文字。可采用“文字鎖定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關圖形，或用“圖形標示法”，在圖形中標出相應的內容，以便做題。TheHomeofMyPeopleWhenLewisandClarksteppedontotheWeippePrairieinpresent-dayIdahoinSeptember1808,theymettheNezPerceIndians.Inthefollowingyears,thewhiteexplorers（探險者）begantofightwiththeIndiansfortheirland.SomeNezPercechiefssignedagreementswiththeU.S.government,sellingpartoftheirlands.Butthegovernmentalwaysbrokethoseagreementsanddemandedmoreland.Otherchiefsrefusedtogoalongwiththegovernment’splans.ThemostfamouswasChiefJoseph,whosepeoplelivedintheWallowaValley（present-dayOregon）.“Inordertohaveallpeopleunderstandhowmuchlandweowned,”heonceexplained,“myfatherplantedpolesarounditandsaid:‘Insideisthehomeofmypeople…Itcircledaroundthegraves（墳墓）ofourfathers,andwewillnevergiveupthesegravestoanyman.’”Butin1874,theU.S.governmentdeclaredthevalleyopenforwhitesettlementandorderedtheNezPerceontoareservation（保留地）.Seeingthatresistancewasuseless,ChiefJosephagreedtomove.Later,fightingbrokeoutbetweentheNezPerceandU.S.soldiers.ChiefJosephtriedtoleadhispeopletoCanada,winningseveralbattlesagainstthesoldiersduringtheirflight.Butfinally,hewasforcedtogivein.1.Whichhistoricsite（onthemap）liesinthesouthoftoday’sNezPerceReservation?A.BuffaloEddy.B.DugBar.C.JosephCanyonViewpoint.D.ChiefLookingGlassCamp.2.WhatcanwelearnabouttheNezPercelandsfromthemap?A.TheywereinthestateofOregon.B.Theyhavebecomeahistoricsite.C.Theyhavebecomemuchsmaller.D.TheywerelimitedtotheWallowaValley.1.【答案】D【解析】】此題考查學生的圖示理解能力。首先要找到并標出現在NezPerceReservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的歷史景點。可以看到ChiefLookingGlasscamp位于NezPerceReservation的南部。2.【答案】C【解析】】從地圖中我們可以看到，NezPerce原先所擁有的土地比現在NezPerce保留區的位置大多了。6．代詞指代題解題技能代詞指代題要求考生一定的上下文推測代詞的指代意義。此類題一般是在人物或事物關系比較復雜的情況下使用的一種題型，所以理清人物及事物之間的邏輯關系是關鍵所在。（2021·湖北黃岡·一模）Frenchchildren15andunderwillnolongerbeallowedtobringsmartdevicestoschool.LawmakersinFrancevotedrecentlytobanallphones,tablets,andotherInternet-connecteddevicesfromschoolgrounds.ThebanwillstartinSeptember,“Thesedays,thechildrendon'tplayatbreaktimeanymore,”Jean-MichelBlanquer,France'seducationminister,said.“Theyarejustallinfrontoftheirsmartphones,andfromaneducationalpointofview,that'saproblem.Somestrictmeasuresmustbetakenimmediately.”A2010lawbadalreadybannedsmartphonesduring"allteachingactivity"inFrance.Butthenewrulessaysmartphonesandtabletsarenotallowedevenduringbreaks.Studentswhobringthesedigitaldevicestoschoolhavetokeepthemintheirbackpacksandturnedoff,Iftheywanttocalltheirparents,schoolswillhelp.However,thenewlawdoesn’tforbidstudentstoturntothemduringextra-curricularactivities.Italsomakesanexceptionfordisabledstudents.AlexisCorbiereisaFrenchpolitician.Hesaidtheefforttomakesuchalawshouldhavebeenputtosomethingelsebecauseteachershavealreadycarriedoutthisrulesofar.“Idon'tknowasingleteacherinthiscountrythatallowstheuseofphonesinclassandinschool,”hetoldFrenchnewschannelBFMTV.HowaboutsmartphonesinAmericanschools?AccordingtoastudybytheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,about66%ofpublicschoolsbanneddevicesin2019,whichwasdownfrom91%in2009.Whythechange?LizKolb,aprofessorattheUniversityofMichiganSchoolofEducation,saidthatparentsareconcernedaboutsecurityinschools."Intherarecasethatsomethingmayoccur,"shesaid,"thebeliefbysomeparentsisthatacellphonecouldbeausefultoolforsafety."24．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"them"inparagraph1referto?A．Disabledstudents.B．Digitaldevices.C．Backpacks.D．Students'parents.24．【答案】B【解析】代詞指代題。第一段中劃線詞句上一句“Studentswhobringthesedigitaldevicestoschoolhavetokeepthemintheirbackpacksandturnedoff,iftheywanttocalltheirparents,schoolswillhelp.(把這些數碼設備帶到學校的學生必須把它們放在書包里，并關掉，如果他們想給父母打電話，學校會提供幫助)”說明學生可以把這些數碼設備帶到學校關掉不能使用，再根據劃線詞句“However,thenewlawdoesn’tforbidstudentstoturntothemduringextra-curricularactivities.(然而，新法律并不禁止學生在課外活動中求助于them)”轉折的語義可以推斷，劃線單詞“them”指代上文的“數碼設備”。故選B項。Passage1（2022·河南·模擬預測）TheUSspaceagencyNASAhasrevealedanastonishingpicturerevealingnewsecretsoftheEarth’shomegalaxy(星系),theMilkyWay.Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,a“noisy”areabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.Lightfromthisregiontakesabout26,000yearstoreachEarth.Forcomparison,lighttakesjusteightminutestoreachusfromthesun.Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.Mostofthedatacomesfrom370differentpicturestakenoverthepast20yearsbyNASA’sChandraXObservatory.ThissatellitetelescopedetectsX-raysoutinspace.X-raysareafromofradiationthatissentoutwhenviolenteventsheatmattertotemperaturesofmillionsofdegrees.OtherdatacomesfromtheMeerKATtelescopeinSouthAfrica,whichcandetectradiowavesfromspace.ThesewaveshavemuchlessenergythanX-rays.Theyareusuallyproducedbycoolermaterial,suchashugecloudsofgasbetweenthestars.Thebrightestsourcesincludeneutronstarswhicharethecoresofhugestarsthatranoutoffuelandcollapsedtocity-sizedballsofsuperhotmatter.Manyneutronstarsandblackholesjetoutgasesthatappearinthepictureaspurplestreaks(斑紋).Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribed“aviolentorenergeticecosystem”.1．WhatcanbelearnedabouttheMilkyWay?A．Thecenterofitremainsunknown.B．Thesunisn’tlocatedinthecenterofit.C．Itscenterisverypeaceful.D．Itscenterfeaturesfewerstars.2．What’sparagraph2mainlyabout?A．Thecollectionofspacedata.B．ThefunctionoftheMeerKATtelescope.C．Thedifferencesofspacewaves.D．Theformationofthenewimage.3．Whatcanweknowaboutthegasesjettedoutbytheblackhole?A．Theywillabsorbsurroundingmaterials.B．Theywillformsuperbigmatter.C．Theygetbentifawayfromtheirsource.D．Theyarelikelytoexplodewhensuperheated.4．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart B．AnattempttotravelinouterspaceC．Radiowavesfromouterspace D．Stars’purplestreaks【導語】本文是說明文。文章介紹了關于銀河系中心不為人知的一些情況。1．【答案】B【解析】細節理解題。根據第一段“Thesunisjustoneofhundredsofbillionsofstarsthatformthehugeshapeofourgalaxy.OursolarsystemsitsinanoutlyingregionbutthenewimagefocusesonthecentreoftheMilkyWay,anoisyareabecauseofallthecrowdedstars.(太陽只是構成銀河系巨大形狀的數千億顆恒星中的一顆。我們的太陽系位于一個偏遠的區域，但新圖像聚焦在銀河系的中心，一個嘈雜的區域，因為所有的恒星都很擁擠)”可知，整個太陽系都不在銀河系中心，即太陽也不在銀河系中心。故選B項。2．【答案】D【解析】主旨大意題。根據第二段“Theresearchersusethedatacollectedbytwotelescopesthatseetheskyinwaysthatareverydifferentfromthevisiblelightoureyescanseetoformthenewimage.(研究人員使用了兩臺望遠鏡收集的數據，它們觀察天空的方式與我們肉眼看到的可見光非常不同，從而形成了新的圖像)”及過程描述可知，第二段主要講述了銀河系的新照片的形成。故選D項。3．【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據最后一段“Powerfulmagneticfieldsintheareacausethejetstobendastheygetfurtherfromtheirsource.(該區域的強大磁場會導致射流在遠離源頭時發生彎曲)”可知，黑洞噴出的氣體如果遠離其源頭就會發生彎曲。故選C項。4．【答案】A【解析】主旨大意題。由文章最后一段“AstronomerDrDanielWang,whohasworkedontheimageoverthepastyear,saidthenewpicturedescribedaviolentorenergeticecosystem.(天文學家丹尼爾·王博士過去一年一直在研究這幅圖像，他說，這幅新圖像描述了一個激烈或充滿活力的生態系統)”可知，整篇文章圍繞這幅新圖像展開，描述了銀河系的中心是激烈或充滿活力的。由此可知，Ourgalaxy’sviolentheart(我們星系狂暴的心臟)適合作本文最佳標題。故選A項。Passage2（2022·吉林長春·模擬預測）Haveahardtimewakingupwhenit’scoldout?Scientistssayyourbrainistoblame.AstudyconductedbyscientistsfromNorthwesternUniversitymadeitpossibletooffersomeexplanationsforthisphenomenon.Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.Ithelpsexplainswhy,forbothfliesandhumans,itissohardtowakeupinthemorninginwinter.“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep,”saidMarcoGallio,associateprofessorofneurobiologyintheWeinbergCollegeofArtsandSciences.Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C．Havingrecognizedthoseneurons,theresearchersfollowedthemallthewaytotheirtargetswithinthebrain.Theyfoundtheirtargetsareasmallgroupofbrainneuronsthatarepartofalargernetworkthatcontrolsrhythmsofactivityandsleep.Whentheneuronstheydiscoveredareactive,thetargetcells,whichnormallyaremadeactivebymorninglight,areshutdown.“Temperaturesensingisoneofthemostfundamentalabilities,”saidGallio,whosegroupisoneofonlyafewintheworldthataresystematicallystudyingtemperaturesensinginfruitflies.“Theprincipleswearefindingintheflybrain,thelogicandorganization,maybethesameallthewaytohumans.Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.”5．Whyisithardforfliestowakeupincoldmornings?A．Coldconditionsdisabletheantennasofflies.B．Flicshavefewerneuronsinthebrainthanhumans.C．Coldnessstopsflies’neuronsfromfunctioningwell.D．Flies’neuronscontrollingwakefulnessaredamaged.6．Whatdoweknowaboutthestudy?A．Itfocusesmainlyonhowflybrainswork.B．Ithelpsexplainhowtemperatureaffectssleep.C．Itaimsatsolvinghumans’sleepingproblems.D．Itshowsthesimilaritiesbetweenflybrainsandhumanbrains.7．Whichpartofafruitflywillbemadeactivewhenitiscold?A．Itsantenna. B．Itstargetcells.C．Its“absolutecold”receptors. D．Itsnetworkcontrollingsleep.8．What’sGallio’sattitudetowardsthepracticalvalueofthefindings?A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Ambiguous. D．Disappointed.【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一項有關溫度影響睡眠的研究。5．【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據第二段中“Theirstudyonfruitfliesshowshowseasonallycoldanddarkconditionscanprohibitneuronswithintheflybrainthatpromoteactivityandwakefulnessfromsendingoutsignals,particularlyinthemorning.(他們對果蠅的研究表明，季節性寒冷和黑暗的環境會阻止果蠅大腦中促進活動和清醒的神經元發出信號，尤其是在早上)”可知，果蠅在寒冷的早晨很難醒來因為寒冷阻止果蠅神經元正常工作。故選C。6．【答案】B【解析】細節理解題。根據第三段中“Bystudyingbehaviorsinafruitfly,wecanbetterunderstandhowandwhytemperatureissovitaltoregulatesleep(通過研究果蠅的行為，我們可以更好地理解溫度如何以及為什么對調節睡眠如此重要)”可知，這項研究有助于解釋溫度如何影響睡眠。故選B。7．【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據第四段中“Thestudydescribesforthefirsttime“absolutecold”receptorsintheflyantenna,whichrespondtotemperatureonlybelowthefly’s“comfortzone”ofabout25°C.(該研究首次描述了果蠅觸角上的“絕對低溫”接收器，這種受體只對低于果蠅“舒適區”（約25°C）的溫度做出反應)”可知，果蠅的“絕對低溫”接收器在寒冷時會活躍起來。故選C。8．【答案】A【解析】推理判斷題。根據最后一段中“Andfuturestudiesonhumanbrainwillsurelyfindsomereferenceinformationinthisstudy.(未來對人腦的研究一定會在本研究中找到一些參考信息)”可推知，Gallio對這項研究的實用價值持積極態度。故選A。Passage3（2022·吉林長春·模擬預測）NewYork-basedEcovativehasbeencreatingenvironmentallyfriendlypackagingmadefrommushroomsandagriculturalwastesince2009.Now,thecompanywantstobringtheiramazingmaterialintohomesandofficeswithanewlineofcompostable(可堆肥的)furnishingsthataregrownusingjustthreematerials:mycelium(thevegetativepartofmushrooms),hemp(麻類植物),andsalt.Whilecreatinghardmaterialfrommushroomsmightsoundmagical,thecompany’sCEOEbenBayersaysitisarelativelylow-techprocessandcomparesitto“makingbread”.Thecompanybeginsbyaddingafewmyceliumcellstodamphemporotheragriculturalwaste.Themyceliumthatgrowslikelittlehairsisallowedtotwistwiththewasteuntileverythingis”glued“together.Thecombinationisthenmixedagainandplacedintothedesiredmold(模具)whereitcontinuestogrowandharden.Theresultingmaterialisthenbakedintheoven.Inadditiontomakingitasstrongaswood,theheatalsokillsthemycelium,thusgivingthecompostablematerialasimilarshelflifetowood.Also,thoughthetabletopsofthestylishTaflandKing’stablesrelea