UnitOne

languageandcultureincommunication學習重點

教學內容

案例分析資源導航歷年試題試題答案

culture

cross-culturalcommunication

Typesofcommunicationhumancommunication

ClassificationsofLanguage

Modelsofcommunication

Meaningsincommunication

Essentialcomponentsofasocialsituation

學習重點1Ourlifedependsoncommunication.

Thereareallsortsofcommunication:humancommunication,animalcommunication,human-animalcommunication,human-machinecommunication,andmachine-to-machinecommunication.Communicationcanalsobedividedintodirectcommunicationvs.indirectcommunication,face-to-facecommunicationanddistancecommunicationsuchasourdistancelearningwhichiscarriedoutthroughdistancecommunication.2Fourmodelsofcommunicationareconstructed:informationmodel,mono-culturalmodel,unilateralmodelandbilateralmodel.

學習重點3Incommunicationtherearethreekindsofmeaning:utterancemeaning,speaker'smeaningandhearer'smeaning.4Allhumancommunicationtakesplaceinsocialsituations.5Beingpoliteisoftenconsideredaveryimportantstrategyincross-culturalcommunication.However,politeexpressioninChinesedoesnotmeanthatitisalsopoliteinEnglish.SimilarlyapoliteexpressioninEnglishdoesnotmeanthatitisequallypoliteinChinese.

教學內容:文化可以定義為：“歷史上創造的所有的生活形式，包括顯型的和隱型的，包括合理的、不合理的以及談不上合理或不合理的一切，它們在某一時期作為人們行為的潛在指南而存在。”文化是人類所獨有的，它們是社會的遺產，而不時生理遺傳。文化有船承的一面，也有變化的一面。在跨文化交際研究中文化是核心。影響跨文化交際的文化因素包括一個民族的歷史、傳統、宗教、價值觀念、社會組織、風俗習慣、社會所處于的開展階段和社會制度等。

教學內容:2跨文化交際(cross-culturalcommunication)指具有不同文化背景的人們之間的交際。在跨文化交際研究中應該首先把眼光集中于國別研究，集中于一個國家中的主流文化的研究。

Definitionsofcommunication〔傳播的定義〕：Definition1：theactivityorprocessofgivinginformationtootherpeopleortootherlivingthings,usingsignalssuchasspeech,bodymovements,orradiosignals，e.g.:Insectssuchasantshaveahighlyeffectivesystemofcommunication.

定義1：傳播是個人或團體通過符號向個人或團體傳遞信息、觀念、態度或情感。Definitionsofcommunication〔傳播的定義〕Definition2：thesystemsofprocessesthatareusedtocommunicateortobroadcastinformation,especiallythosethatuseelectricityorradiowave,e.g.:thecurrentrevolutionincommunications定義2：從最一般的意義上而言，傳播是一個系統——信源〔信息來源〕通過可選擇的符號去影響另一個系統——信宿〔信息到達目的地〕的過程，這些符號能夠通過連接這兩個系統的信息渠道得到傳遞。Definitionsofcommunication〔傳播的定義〕Definition3：aletter,telephonecallorsomeothermessage;aformaluse,e.g.:asecretcommunicationfromtheForeignMinister

定義3：傳播也可以定義為通過迅息進行的社會互動Typesofcommunication:

humancommunication(人類傳播〕

animalcommunication

human-animalcommunication

human-machinecommunication

machine-to-machinecommunication

humancommunication(人類傳播)：

1．SocialCommunication〔社會傳播〕

1〕．InterpersonalCommunication〔人際傳播〕:兩個人或兩個人以上的信息傳受過程。包括兩人之間的交談、書信往來、小組討論、大會演講、街談巷議等等。

2〕．OrganizationCommunication〔組織傳播〕:在學校、公司、工廠、軍隊、黨派、群眾團體等的內部的傳播。

3〕．MassCommunication〔群眾傳播〕:職業化的傳播機構利用機械化、電子化的技術手段向多數人傳送信息的行為和過程。包括報刊雜志、播送電視、因特網上的各種信息。

humancommunication2．IntrapersonalCommunication〔內向傳播、自我傳播〕:指一個人自己腦子里在自我交流活動或是自言自語。 ClassificationsofLanguage:HumanLanguage〔人類語言〕:verbal:English,Chinese;nonverbal:non-wordsoundssoundsutteredtocontrolanimals;bodylanguagegestures,headmovementsArtificialLanguage〔人造語言〕:specialpurposeBraille;symboliclogic;machinecomputerModelsofcommunication傳播的模式):Communicationexpertshavedesignedvariousmodelsforcommunication.Theyhavedifferentwaysofprovidingmodels.Onthewhole,theearlierexpertshavesimpleroneswhilethepresentexpertshavetakenmuchmorethingsintoconsiderationbeforedesigningmodels.

1．HaroldLasswell:2ClaudeShannon&WarrenWeaver(1949)3CharlesOsgood&WilburSchramm(1950s):4

Meaningsincommunication

Inanyformsofcommunication,mono--cultural,unilateralandbilateralcross-culturalalike,meaningexchangeistheessence.Inthispart,weshallexaminevarioustypesofmeaningsincommunication.

InPage23,thereisaconversationbetweenwife,aFinnish,andhusband,aTaiwanChinese.Theyaretalkingaboutthehusband'smother.Unfortunatelythisconversationisoverheardbythemother:

Meaningsincommunication

Theauthorofthecoursebookdividesanutteranceofwordsintothreekindsofmeanings:

1.UtteranceMeaningiswhatanutterancenormallymeans.

2.Speaker'smeaningiswhatthespeakerhasintendedtoconveybywayofutterancemeaning.

3.Hearer'smeaningiswhatthehearerhasunderstoodonthebasisoftheutterancemeaning.Essentialcomponentsofasocialsituation1.twoormoreparticipants:2.asocialsituation:Asocialsituationmayreceivetwodefinitions.Oneisgivenbythecommunityandtheotherbytheparticipants.Thecommunitydefinitionofasocialsituationisasortofofficialdefinition,orofficialinterpretationofthesituation,suchasasocialsituationofmeeting,asocialsituationofclassroomteaching,etc.Theparticipants'definitionreferstotheinterpretationsofthesituationgivenbyparticipantsthemselves.Thetwotypesofdefinitionmaycoincideordiffer.

3.goal:apurposeyouwanttoachievebydoingsomething

4.setting:spatialsetting(空間場合)&temporalsetting(時間場合)

5.schema/schemata:rulesandprocedures

6.verbalcommunication:

7.non-verbalcommunication:一切不使用語言進行的交際活動，包括：眼神、手勢、身勢、微笑、面部表情、服裝打扮、沉默、身體的接觸、講話人的距離、講話的音量、時間觀念、對空間的使用等。

8.timeandspace:案例分析Case1:Direction:UsethetheoryraisedbyClaudeShannon&WarrenWeaver(1949)toanalyzethefollowingcase.:JohnmeetsMaryatthebusstationandsaystoher:"Morning,Mary!"

1.Thesourceofinformationis:John.

2.Theencodeis:John.

3.Thecodeis:English.

4.Themessageis:"Morning,Mary!"

5.Thechannelis:facetoface.

6.Themediumis:air.

7.Thenoiseis:thedisturbanceofthepassingcar.

8.Thedecoderis:Mary.

9.Theretrievalofinformationis:Mary.

案例分析Case2:Direction:Supposingthatthe"I"ismale,andthetwoparticipantsarestrangetoeachother,theantidotetakesplaceintheYuehuLakePark,Ningbo.Pleaseanalyzethefollowingaspectsofessentialcomponentsinasocialcommunication.

Ifeltexhaustedaftermuchsightseeing.Ilookedforaseattorestmylegs.Itsohappenedthatonthenearbyroadsidetherewasatwo-personstonechairwithoneplacealreadyoccupiedbyacharmingyounggirl.Ihesitated,butstillwentover."Isitoccupied?"Iasked."No"wastheanswer.ThemomentIsatdown,thewomanstoodupandleft.Iwasabithurtbyherinstantdeparture案例分析Case3:Direction:Inaformalacademicconference,Mr.YaoisbeingintroducedtoProfessorLeachbyProfessorGuo.WhatiswrongwithMr.Yao'sanswer?

Prof.Guo:Mr.Yao,letmeintoduceyoutoProfessorLeach.

Prof.Leach:Howdoyou?

Mr.Yao:Howdoyou,MrLeach?

案例分析Case4:Direction:Prof.LianghaswrittenabookinChinese.HewantstohavehisbookpublishedbyThompsonPublishers.HeistalkingtoMr.Allright,aThompsonrepresentative,throughLiYan,whoisactingashisinterpreter.Whatistheprobleminthiscross-culturalcommunication?

Prof.Liang:奧萊特先生，這是鄙人的拙作。

LiTan:Mr.Allright,thisaclumsybookwrittenbyyourhumbleservant.

MrAllright:No,no,no,you'renotmyhumbleservant...

案例分析．MorecontrastbetweentheChineseandtheAmericancultures:IfyouarebeinginvitedtohaveadinnerChinese:“不”("Pleaseoffermeagain.")American:"No."("Idon'tacceptyourinvitation.")Ifsomeo