目錄

2008年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院874綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2009年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院633綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2014年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院651綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2015年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院651綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2016年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院648綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2017年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院646綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2018年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院646綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

2008年中山大學(xué)國(guó)際翻譯學(xué)院874

綜合英語(yǔ)考研真題及詳解

Ⅰ.ReadingComprehension(40%)

Passage1

“Anyhow,yearsagoHuysmangotinterestedinthestudyofidentical

twins.Hedidsomeimportantwork,goodresearch.Thereareanomaliesin

twinbehaviorthathavenotyettobeunderstoodcompletely.Iftheyare

separatedatbirthandraisedseparately,thereareoftensimilaritiesintheir

livesthatarehardtounderstand.Forinstance,sayCarolandKarenareborn

inNewYorkandKarenistakenafewmonthslatertogrowupinCalifornia.

TheybothmarryamannamedGeorgeonaJunedayinthesameyearatthe

sametime.Theybothhavetwosonsbornatthesametime.Theyhavethe

sameillnessesandthesameaccidents.Andsoon.Thisisrepeatedoverand

over.Theydon’tknowabouteachother,don’tknowtheyaretwins.Infact,

whentwinsareraisedtogetherthispatternislesslikelytooccur.”

Drewfeltataloss.“Theremustbesomereason.Imean,itisn’tjust

CarolandKaren.It’salsotheGeorgesandthepeopledrivingtheothercars

involvedwiththeiraccidents.Ornotclearingsnowofftheirsidewalks,

whatevertheaccidentsare.Infact,it’slikeaninfiniteregressionofwhatitis.

Youknow,thewhatifIhadn’tbeenonthatcorneratthetimeyoucameout,

we’dneverhavemet.Andsoon,backthroughtheirentirelives.”

1.Thebestmeaningfortheword“anomalies”asitisusedinthis

contextis_____.

A.irregularities

B.discoveries

C.illnesses

D.accidents

2.Theauthorhelpsthereaderunderstandthemeaningoftheword

“pattern”bydoingwhichofthefollowingthings?

A.Theauthordefinesthewordinthenextparagraph.

B.Theauthorgivesexamplesoftwinsraisedtogetherbeforeusingthe

word.

C.Theauthorgivesexamplesofidenticaltwins,whoareraisedapart

butrepeatedlyactalike.

D.Theauthorsaysthattwinscanberaisedapart.

3.Thebestmeaningfortheword“regression”asitisusedinthis

contextis_____.

A.forwardmovement

B.backwardmovement

C.absenceofmovement

D.circularmovement

4.Theexcerptreferstowhichtwopeopleasidenticaltwins?

A.KarenandJune.

B.KarenandCarol.

C.CarolandJune.

D.GeorgeandKaren.

5.Theexcerptstatesthatwhentwinsareraisedtogethertheyaremore

likelyto_____.

A.followsimilarpatterns

B.marrypeoplewiththesamenamesatthesametime

C.havetwomalechildren

D.followdifferentpatterns

【答案與解析】

1.A這里的“anomaliesintwinbehavior”指后文所舉的例子，即某些

尚未被弄清楚原因的雙胞胎行為的異?，F(xiàn)象。因此anomalies與

irregularities意思相近。

2.C前文提到了兩個(gè)分開長(zhǎng)大，但是行為相同的雙胞胎的例子，這

也正是pattern的內(nèi)容。

3.BDrew認(rèn)為這種現(xiàn)象是許多“whatif”的無(wú)限回歸，因此regression

指backwardmovement。

4.B由第一段可知，這對(duì)雙胞胎是CarolandKaren。

5.D第一段最后一句提到“whentwinsareraisedtogetherthispattern

islesslikelytooccur”，由此可見一起長(zhǎng)大的雙胞胎會(huì)遵循不同的模式。

Passage2

WhenAmericanMovieClassicsfirstappearedoncabletelevision

networksinlate1984,peoplescoffedattheidea.Achannelshowingold

black-and-whitemovies,aroundtheclock,won’tlastlong,cable

programmerspredicted.

AMChasprovedthemverywrong.Itsaudienceforfilmsofthe1930’s,

40’sand50’sisnotonlysubstantialbutunusuallydedicated,withcable-

systemoperatorsconsistentlyidentifyingAMCasoneoftheirviewers’

favoritechannels.

SosuccessfulisAMCthatnowaseriouscompetitorforthatfilm-loving

audiencehasrisen.Therival,TurnerClassicMovies,whichbeganalmosta

yearago,hasbyallaccountstheworld’sbestclassicfilmlibrary.Thismonth

alone,inasalutetotheAcademyAwards,TCMisshowingnothingbut

movieswithOscarwinnersorOscarnominees,24hoursaday,allmonth—

325filmsinall.

ButTCMalsohasamajorproblem:itbeamsintoonly3millionhomes

nationwide,mainlythosewithsatellite-dishreception.AMC,bycontrast,

reaches54millionhouseholds,practicallyasmanyasCNN.

Turnerhasthemovies;AMChastheviewers.Thequestioniswhether

theirroleswillreverse,onceTCMbecomesmorewidelyavailable,because

ofthedifferenceinhowtheyacquiretheirmovies.AMCownsnoneofthe

filmsitshows,whileTurnerownsmorethan3,300.Addingmoviesavailable

toeachchannelthroughlicensingagreementswiththestudiosthatownthe

films,and,inthecourseofayear,Turnerprogrammershaveaccessto

between4,500and5,000movies,whileAMCprogrammerscanchoosefrom

1,000atmost.ManyonAMCarerepeated,oftenonthesameday.

Still,mostofAMC’slicensingagreementsruntotheyear2008,andits

executivevicepresidentandgeneralmanager,KateMcEnroe,saysthereare

enoughmoviesavailablenow“forseveralnetworks.”Shealsoarguesthat

quality,notquantity,istheissue.“Wecherry-pickthebestfromallthe

studios,”shesaid.

6.Accordingtotheauthor,theinitialresponsetoAmericanMovie

Classicwas_____.

A.enthusiastic

B.frightened

C.doubtful

D.excited

7.TheauthorimpliesthatAMCismoresuccessfulthanTCMbecause

_____.

A.itbroadcastsabetterselectionoffilms

B.itreachesalargernumberofhouseholds

C.TCMdoesn’tknowhowtoadvertise

D.itbeganbroadcastingbeforeTCM

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcomparedbytheauthor?

A.Numberofhouseholdsbroadcastto.

B.Movieinventories.

C.Leaseswithstudios.

D.Qualityofmoviesshown.

9.ItcanbeconcludedthatifTCMweretoincreaseitsbroadcastingarea

_____.

A.itwouldtakealargenumberofAMCviewers

B.itwouldstillbelesspopularthanAMC

C.itwouldloseitspresentviewers

D.itcouldonlyshowfilmswithOscarwinners

10.IfAMCweretobeginleasingandbuyingalargeselectionoffilms,

itcould_____.

A.continueitshabitofrepeatingfilmsonthesameday

B.loseitsaudiencetoTCM

C.becomeeventoughercompetitionforTCM

D.decreasesthenumberofhouseholdsitbroadcaststo

【答案與解析】

6.C由第一句中“peoplescoffedattheidea”可知，人們對(duì)這個(gè)想法并

不看好。

7.B由第四段可知，TCM的缺點(diǎn)在于覆蓋的用戶數(shù)量少，而AMC

覆蓋用戶的數(shù)量幾乎與CNN同樣多。

8.D第四段中比較了二者的用戶覆蓋數(shù)量，倒數(shù)第二段比較了二者

的電影數(shù)量，倒數(shù)第二段和最后一段比較了二者與電視頻道的協(xié)議，因

此并沒有比較二者放映電影的質(zhì)量。

9.A由第三段和第四段可知，TCM的電影質(zhì)量很高，但是缺點(diǎn)在于

覆蓋用戶少，因此如果其能增加覆蓋面積，將會(huì)吸引大量AMC的觀

眾。

10.C由倒數(shù)第二段中“AMCprogrammerscanchoosefrom1,000at

most.ManyonAMCarerepeated,oftenonthesameday”可知，AMC的缺

點(diǎn)在于電影數(shù)量少，因此如果其增加電影數(shù)量，將會(huì)增加競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。

Passage3

Evenbeforetherewerepeople,therewerecasesofairpollution.

Volcanoeserupted,spewingashandpoisonousgasesintotheatmosphere.

Therewereduststorms.Gasescollectedovermarshes.Whenpeople

appearedonthesceneandbegantheirconquestofnature,theyalsobeganto

pollutetheair.Theyclearedland,whichmadepossibleeverlargerdust

storms.Theybuiltcities,andthehorriblesmellfromtheirwastefilledtheair.

TheRomanauthorSenecawroteinA.D.61ofthe“stink,sootandheavyair”

oftheimperialcity.In1257,theQueenofEnglandwasforcedtomoveaway

fromthecityofNottinghambecausetheheavysmokewasunendurable.

Theindustrialrevolutionbroughtevenworseairpollution.Coalwas

burnedtopowerfactoriesandtoheathomes.Blackpowder,smoke,and

sulfurdioxidefilledtheair.Thegoodolddays?Notinthefactorytowns.But

therewerelargeruralareasunaffectedbyairpollution.

Withincreasingpopulation,theentireworldisbecomingmoreurban.It

isthehugemegalopolisesthataremostaffectedbyairpollution.Butrural

areasarenotunaffected.Intheneighborhoodsaroundsmokyfactories,there

isevidenceofincreasedratesofspontaneousabortionandofpoorwool

qualityinsheep,decreasedeggproductionandhighmortalityinchickens,

andincreasedfoodandcarerequiredforcattle.ThegiantPonderosapinesare

dyingoverahundredmilesfromthesmog-plaguedLosAngelesbasin.

OrbitingastronautsvisuallytraceddriftingblobsofLosAngelessmogasfar

eastaswesternColorado.Otherastronauts,over100kilometersup,wereable

toseetheplumesofsmokefromtheFourCornerspowerplantnear

Farmington,NewMexico.Thiswastheonlyevidencefromthatdistancethat

Earthisinhabited.

TrafficpoliceinTokyohavetoweargasmasksandtake“oxygen

breaks”—breathingoccasionallyfromtanksofoxygen.SmoginAthensat

timeshasforcedfactoryclosingsandtrafficrestrictions.AcidraininCanada

isspawnedbyairpollutionintheUnitedStates,contributingtostrained

relationshipsbetweenthetwocountries.Sydney,Rome,Tehran,Ankara,

MexicoCity,andmostothermajorcitiesintheworldhavehadfrightening

episodesofairpollution.

11.Thepassageimpliesthatairpollution_____.

A.wasoriginallycausedbytheindustrialrevolution

B.affectsonlyurbanareas

C.hasnaturalaswellasmanmadecauses

D.seriouslyaffectsthenervoussystemsofbothpeopleandanimals

12.TheauthorusesboththeRomanauthorSenecaandtheQueenof

England(paragraph1)asevidencethat_____.

A.civilizationhasnecessarilycausedairpollution

B.airpollutionwasn’ttootroublesomeinearlycities

C.urbanairpollutionisnotjustamodernproblem

D.recently,thelevelofairpollutionhasrisendramatically

13.Theorbitingastronautsarediscussedbytheauthor(paragraph3)in

orderto_____.

A.demonstratetheincreasedurbanizationofmoderncivilization

B.provethatairpollutionisaninevitableconsequenceofhuman

progress

C.supporttheclaimthatpollutionhasbecomethedefining

characteristicofmodernsociety

D.provideevidencethatpollutionisnolongerrestrictedtourbanareas

14.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhatairpollutioncausesallthe

followingEXCEPT_____.

A.difficultiesininternationalrelations

B.highlevelsoflungdisease

C.otherwiseunnecessaryclosingsofbusiness

D.changesinworkhabits

15.Theevidenceofpollutionofferedinthepassageprovidessupportfor

whichoneofthefollowingclaims?

A.Ifsocietycontinuesalongthesamepathofdevelopment,airpollution

willmostlikelycontinuetoincrease.

B.Ifnothingisdonetocontrolairpollution,civilizationwilleventually

destroybothitselfanditsenvironment.

C.Unlesssocietydecentralizesitsmajorurbanregions,theseareaswill

becomeuninhabitable.

D.Ifallthemajorindustrializednationscannotagreetocontrol

pollution,nonewillbeabletosucceed.

【答案與解析】

11.C由第一段中“Evenbeforetherewerepeople,therewerecasesof

airpollution…Whenpeopleappearedonthesceneandbegantheirconquest

ofnature,theyalsobegantopollutetheair”可知，自然中本來(lái)就有污染環(huán)

境的自然現(xiàn)象，人類出現(xiàn)后也開始污染環(huán)境。

12.C這兩個(gè)例子是關(guān)于工業(yè)革命發(fā)生之前，人類活動(dòng)對(duì)于環(huán)境的

污染，后文介紹了工業(yè)革命之后的情況，由此可見環(huán)境污染并不是現(xiàn)代

社會(huì)所獨(dú)有的。

13.D第三段中提出“Butruralareasarenotunaffected”，后面舉了一

系列例子來(lái)說(shuō)明這一觀點(diǎn)，其中包括宇航員的例子。

14.B最后一段提到，東京的交警在工作時(shí)要帶上防毒面罩，雅典

的一些工廠在霧霾嚴(yán)重時(shí)需要關(guān)閉，美國(guó)造成的空氣污染使其與加拿大

之間的關(guān)系緊張，因此并沒有提到肺病。

15.B文章中的例子表明，污染對(duì)于人類和自然環(huán)境均產(chǎn)生了很大

的不良影響，因此如果不采取措施控制污染，人類和環(huán)境終將毀滅。

Passage4

WhenyoufastsawapieceofAfricanart,itimpressedyouasaunit;you

didnotseeitasacollectionofshapesorforms.This,ofcourse,meansthat

theshapesandvolumeswithinthesculpturewerecoordinatedsosuccessfully

thattheviewerwasaffectedemotionally.

Itisentirelyvalidtoaskhow,fromapurelyartisticpointofview,this

unitywasachieved.Andwemustalsoinquirewhetherthereisarecurrent

patternofrulesoraplasticlanguageandvocabularywhichisresponsiblefor

thepowerfulcommunicationofemotionwhichthebestAfricansculpture

achieves.Ifthereissuchapatternorrules,aretheserulesapplied

consciouslyorinstinctivelytoobtainsomanyworksofsuchhighartistic

quality?

Itisobviousfromthestudyofarthistorythatanintenseandunified

emotionalexperience,whenexpressedinartform,gavegreatunity,

coherence,andpowertoart.Butsuchanintegratedfeelingwasonlythe

inspirationalelementfortheartist,onlythestartingpointofthecreativeart.

Theexpressionofthisemotionanditsrealizationintheworkcouldbedone

onlywithdisciplineandthoroughknowledgeofthecraft.AndtheAfrican

sculptorwasahighlytrainedworkman.Hestartedhisapprenticeshipwitha

masterwhenachild,andhelearnedthetribalstylesandtheuseoftoolsand

thenatureofwoodssothoroughlythathiscarvingbecamewhatBoascalls

“motoraction.”Hecarvedautomaticallyandinstinctively.

TheAfricancarverfollowedhisruleswithoutthinkingofthem;indeed,

theyneverseemtohavebeenformulatedinwords.Butsuchrulesexisted,for

accidentandcoincidencecannotexplainthecommonplasticlanguageof

Africansculpture.Thereistoogreataconsistencyfromoneworktoanother.

Yet,althoughtheAfrican,withamazinginsightintoart,usedrules,Iam

certainthathewasnotconsciousofthem.Thisisthegreatmysteryofsucha

traditionalart:talent,ortheabilitycertainpeoplehave,withoutconscious

effort,tofollowtheruleswhichlatertheanalystcandiscoveronlyfromthe

workofartwhichhasalreadybeencreated.

Note:plasticlanguage:languageofsculpture

16.WhichofthefollowingaccountsforthesuccessofAfricanart?

A.Acollectionofshapesorforms.

B.Theemotionalexperiencesoftheviewer.

C.Asetofrulesforcommunicatingemotions.

D.Theunityachievedbetweenshapesandvolumes.

17.Fromthethirdparagraphwelearnthat_____.

A.artisticinspirationcomesfromintenseandunifiedemotional

experience

B.thestartingpointofartislinkedwithunityandcoherence

C.theartistexpresseshisemotionwithdiscipline

D.artformsarerealizedbymotoraction

18.WhichofthefollowingdidNOTleadto“motoraction”ofthe

Africansculptor?

A.Hefollowedamasteratanearlyage.

B.Herecitedasetofunifiedrules.

C.Heacquiredthoroughknowledgeofthecraft.

D.Hewasfamiliarwiththecarvingmaterials.

19.ThegreatmysteryofAfricanartliesinthefactthat_____.

A.thesculptorcombinedtheruleswiththeplasticlanguageofsculpture

B.theruleswereformulatedbyaccident

C.thesculptordevelopedgreatinsightintoart

D.consistencywasachievedwithoutconsciouseffort

20.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_____.

A.TheAchievementsofAfricanArt

B.EmotioninAfricanSculpture

C.UnityinAfricanArt

D.TheMysteryofTraditionalArt

【答案與解析】

16.D由第一段“theshapesandvolumeswithinthesculpturewere

coordinatedsosuccessfullythattheviewerwasaffectedemotionally”可知，

雕塑形狀與體積的統(tǒng)一十分完美，使人們產(chǎn)生了情感共鳴。

17.A根據(jù)“suchanintegratedfeelingwasonlytheinspirationalelement

fortheartist”可知，藝術(shù)靈感來(lái)源于強(qiáng)烈而統(tǒng)一的情感體驗(yàn)。

18.B由第三段中“Hestartedhisapprenticeshipwithamasterwhena

child,andhelearnedthetribalstylesandtheuseoftoolsandthenatureof

woodssothoroughly…Hecarvedautomaticallyandinstinctively”可知，B項(xiàng)

并不是導(dǎo)致motoraction的原因。

19.D最后一段對(duì)這種神秘之處的解釋是“talent,ortheabilitycertain

peoplehave,withoutconsciouseffort,tofollowtheruleswhich…”。

20.D文章討論了非洲雕塑中的unity，并指出其形成于雕刻師雕刻

過程中無(wú)意識(shí)的努力。

Ⅱ.Correctthemistakesinthefollowingsentences.(10%)

1.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,newthinkingaboutsymbolismandthe

unconsciousweregreatlyinspiredbythewritingsofSigmundFreudandCarl

Jung.

【答案】were→was

【解析】句子的主語(yǔ)為thinking，因此be動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。

2.Ifhebeganearlier,hemighthavesucceededinfinishingthe

extremelycomplexprojectbeforethedeadline.

【答案】began→hadbegun

【解析】if從句與過去事實(shí)相反，因此應(yīng)該用haddone形式。

3.Theboardreviewedthecoursesofferedbythecollegefoundthatthe

qualityofacademicprogramswasgenerallygoodbutsomewhatuneven.

【答案】reviewed→reviewing

【解析】“reviewingthecoursesofferedbythecollege”為board的定

語(yǔ)，review與board之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用reviewing。

4.Accordingtothecritics,theMTVawardsceremonywastasteless,

accordingtotheaudience,itwasbetterthanever.

【答案】better→worse

【解析】由“tasteless”可知MTV頒獎(jiǎng)典禮很無(wú)趣，因此應(yīng)將better改

為worse。

5.Eachyear,aboutfiftythousandbooksarepublishedinGreatBritain;

thatissomanyasinthefour-times-largerUnitedStates.

【答案】so→as

【解析】表達(dá)“和……一樣多”應(yīng)該用“asmanyas”。

6.Thestrikecannotbesettleduntilthegrowersagreetoimprovehealth-

carebenefitsandtheworkerhousing.

【答案】andthe中的the去掉

【解析】這句話中“workerhousing”不是特指，因此應(yīng)該去掉定冠詞

the。

7.One’sreachingfirstplateaudoesnotguaranteethatyouwillcomplete

theclimbtothesummit.

【答案】firstplateau→thefirstplateau

【解析】序數(shù)詞前面需要加定冠詞the。

8.Nomatterhowcarefulmedicationisprescribed,italwayshasthe

potentialofcausingserioussideeffects.

【答案】careful→carefully

【解析】由于修飾動(dòng)詞prescribed，因此要用副詞形式carefully。

9.BrianhaslearnedmoreaboutcurrentcinemafromA.O.Scott’s

reviewsthananyothercritic.

【答案】thanany→thanfromany

【解析】than前后為平行結(jié)構(gòu)，因此都需要有介詞from。

10.Theflierdeliveredtoourdoorsaid,“Theeffectofcellphoneuseon

braincellscannotbedetermineduntilfartherresearchisconducted.”

【答案】farther→further

【解析】這里指“進(jìn)一步的研究”，因此應(yīng)用表示程度上更進(jìn)一步

的“further”。

Ⅲ.EnglishComposition(40%)

Readthefollowingarticleandwritea400-wordessayinEnglishbased

onitsideas,withemphasisonculturaldialogue,culturalidentityandcultural

misreading.MarkswillbegiveninconsiderationofContent,Organization,

GrammarandAppropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionwillresultin

lossofmarks.

隨俗

（原載《羊城晚報(bào)》2000年12月25日、2001年1月8日）

英國(guó)的交通靠左行，英國(guó)人接吻也習(xí)慣左頰先上。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)

期間，美國(guó)軍隊(duì)開到英國(guó)本土。美軍小伙子與英國(guó)姑娘接吻時(shí)卻習(xí)慣右

頰先上。為了避免撞鼻子，美軍司令部下令士兵要入鄉(xiāng)隨俗，接吻時(shí)左

頰先上?？墒牵脖亲邮录匀话l(fā)生，原來(lái)英國(guó)婦女團(tuán)體也叫姑娘們?cè)?/p>

接吻時(shí)改為美國(guó)式的右頰先上，以示友好。這樁趣事在柏楊先生的一篇

隨筆里有記載。

然而，隨俗不一定非要入鄉(xiāng)。其實(shí)，大多數(shù)情況下我們還是見人隨

俗。比如在中國(guó)的飛機(jī)場(chǎng)迎接西方客人，如果來(lái)的是異性，而接機(jī)者了

解西方習(xí)俗，就會(huì)很自然地上前禮節(jié)性地?fù)肀б幌聦?duì)方，并且友好地貼

貼臉。中國(guó)這個(gè)“鄉(xiāng)”里異性之間不輕易有身體接觸的“俗”在這時(shí)已經(jīng)被

忽略了。我在異邦也有過見人隨俗的經(jīng)歷。記得在離開劍橋回國(guó)前夕，

我的導(dǎo)師請(qǐng)我吃飯，飯后沿著劍河散步。他忽然停下來(lái)，在河邊的柳樹

上折了一根嫩枝，默默地交到我手里。這位熟悉中國(guó)古典詩(shī)詞，曾為

《玉臺(tái)新詠》英譯本寫過評(píng)論文章的英國(guó)詩(shī)人，按照中國(guó)古代文人贈(zèng)柳

送別的習(xí)俗，為我送行呢。那是1990年春天的一個(gè)黃昏，劍河邊的垂柳

正綻出點(diǎn)點(diǎn)鵝黃……

大體來(lái)看，入鄉(xiāng)隨俗或見人隨俗反映了人們對(duì)異質(zhì)文化的了解和尊

重。但是有時(shí)隨俗也有別的目的。圣誕節(jié)的產(chǎn)生和變化就是一個(gè)很好的

例子。

人們總以為圣誕節(jié)真的是耶穌的誕辰，其實(shí)不然。就連耶穌是哪一

年出生的也沒有準(zhǔn)確的答案。大約相當(dāng)于公元6世紀(jì)的時(shí)候，一位名叫

第奧尼修斯·埃茲吉亞沃斯(DionysiusExiguous)的古羅馬修士提出以耶穌

誕生的那一年為紀(jì)元1年的基督教歷法代替當(dāng)時(shí)使用的由羅馬皇帝戴克

里先(Diocletian,243?—316?)制定的歷法。他根據(jù)《圣經(jīng)·路加福音》所

載，判定耶穌在30歲上開始傳道，而為耶穌施洗禮的約翰在耶穌之前就

開始傳道，據(jù)記載時(shí)間是在奧古斯都大帝的女婿提比略皇帝(Diberius)在

位第15年，相當(dāng)于公元29年。所謂公元1年就是第奧尼修斯·埃茲吉亞沃

斯按這些資料大約推斷出來(lái)的，其實(shí)非常不準(zhǔn)確。后來(lái)有學(xué)者根據(jù)《圣

經(jīng)·馬太福音》的記載，即耶穌大概在希律大帝(HerodⅠtheGreat)逝世

的時(shí)候出生，考證出希律大帝是在公元前4年逝世，耶穌應(yīng)該在此之前

不久出生，可能是公元前5、6或者7年。這樣一來(lái)也就是說(shuō)我們目前使

用的公歷的第一年并非耶穌出生的年份。

至于耶穌是在哪一天出生的，也沒有確實(shí)的記載，所謂圣誕節(jié)則是

在公元440年才由教會(huì)隨俗而定。12月25日這一天是當(dāng)年的冬至。原先

不信上帝的人們一向把這一天視為節(jié)日，有各種慶祝活動(dòng)。英國(guó)甚至在

1752年改用格里高里歷法之前一直以12月25日為新年第一天。所謂圣誕

裝飾則來(lái)自古羅馬人每年12月過農(nóng)神節(jié)(Saturn)時(shí)裝飾廟宇的習(xí)俗。圣

誕老人則是民間傳說(shuō)中的兒童保護(hù)神，與基督教教義無(wú)關(guān)。出于宣傳基

督教的目的，教會(huì)把一個(gè)本來(lái)是世俗的節(jié)日改變?yōu)樽诮痰墓?jié)日。

此后，這個(gè)節(jié)日的宗教色彩逐漸濃厚。圣誕節(jié)要擺圣誕樹就與基督

教圣徒的事跡有關(guān)了。傳說(shuō)在公元8世紀(jì)有一位圣徒波尼非斯(St.

Boniface)在德國(guó)傳教，遇見一群不信上帝的人以男童作為祭品供奉一棵

老橡樹，波尼非斯救下了小男孩，砍倒橡樹，說(shuō)服了這幫異教徒皈依上

帝，并指示他們以樅樹為基督圣嬰的象征。這件事情剛好發(fā)生在12月，

于是圣誕節(jié)的裝飾中又多了圣誕樹。

當(dāng)圣誕節(jié)作為宗教節(jié)日逐漸成為習(xí)俗的同時(shí)，人們又用自己的溫情

去隨這個(gè)俗，使圣誕節(jié)變得世俗化。這一天被看作是闔家團(tuán)圓的日子。

小孩子們盼望著一覺醒來(lái)床頭會(huì)有塞了禮物的襪子。1846年英國(guó)出現(xiàn)第

一張商業(yè)性的圣誕卡，上面畫著一家人圍在一起，興高采烈地喝酒。此

后，圣誕節(jié)前互送賀卡成為時(shí)尚。

商人也把圣誕節(jié)看作一個(gè)賺錢的好時(shí)機(jī)，之前一、兩個(gè)月就廣為宣

傳，圣誕大減價(jià)和圣誕購(gòu)物熱潮隨之興起?，F(xiàn)在連東方國(guó)家的商人也隨

這個(gè)俗，為圣誕節(jié)忙乎起來(lái)，其心思恐怕只在商機(jī)。

隨俗的背后有許多奧妙呢!

【參考范文】

Communicationisanimportantmeansofexpressingoneselfbecauseit

existsindifferentways.Differentkindofexpressionsdependsontheculture

onebelongsto.Thewayofcommunicatingwillnotbethesameasother

countriesanditisimportanttoknowsomevaluesofotherculturesandsoof

otherwaysofcommunicating.

Apersonwhocomesfromacertaincountrydoesnotnecessarilygetthe

sameideasabouttime,death,identity,asanotheronefromadifferent

countrybecauseeachpersonhasitsownidentity.Culturalidentityisthe

identityofagrouporculture,orofanindividualasfarasoneisinfluenced

byone’sbelongingtoagrouporculture.First,anationalidentityisdefined

bythename,citizenship,anda“personal”identityiscustoms,opinionsabout

issuesorpersonalexperienceinlife.Sometimes,identitycanbemodifiedor

influencedbydifferentfactors,suchaslivingenvironment.

Onecangethisownopinionsaboutsomething,butonecanstillbe

“influenced”byhisfamilysurroundingorthesocietywherehelives

(especiallysomenationsthatparentsandevensocietyteachhimpatriotismor

nationalismwhenheisachild).Thisinfluencecanreplacehisprevious

visionoflifeandchangehiswayofexpressinghimself.Onecanalsoadapt

thisinfluenceinhisownwayanditcanberesultedinadifferentwayof

communicating.

Inspiteofacertaininfluencecomingfromaclosesurrounding,

everyonecandevelophisownidentitythroughopinionsandexperience.

Evenwithinaclosegroupofpeople,eachpersongetsdifferent.Suchcross-

culturalcommunicationsometimescanbedifficult.Theyareoriginatedfrom

misunderstanding,discriminationormerelyunfamiliarwithotherculture.

Theinfluencesofsuchmisunderstandingsareusuallynegative.Forexample,

ournegotiationwithforeignpartnersmaybehinderedbythelackofrelevant

knowledgeoftheirculture.

Insomecountries,somelocalcustomsandbehaviorsaremostly

regulatedbythereligionofthecountry,whichisverysensitivetomost

people.Forinstance,insomeIslamiccountries,governmentsprohibit

drinkingalcoholfortouristsoraskwomentouriststowearsomespecific

dresses.AndinsomeAsiancountries,whenvisitingatemple,touristsarenot

allowedtowearshortsorslippers,whicharesymbolsofdisrespect.

Cross-culturalcommunicationisinevitableandofvitalimportance.In

culturaldialogues,peopleneedtofullyrespectthecultureofothercountries

andmakeeffortstoavoidmisunderstanding.

【解析】

題目中給出了一段材料，要求從文化對(duì)話、文化認(rèn)同和文化誤讀方

面寫一篇400字的文章。

范文第一段首先提出不同國(guó)家的交流方式不同。第二段對(duì)文化認(rèn)同

進(jìn)行了討論。第三段和第四段提出一個(gè)人對(duì)外界的認(rèn)識(shí)由自身與外界環(huán)

境共同決定。第五段提出了一些國(guó)家的獨(dú)特風(fēng)俗。最后一段作者總結(jié)

到，跨文化交流十分重要，人們要充分尊重外國(guó)文化，避免文化誤讀。

Ⅳ.Translation

A.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Writeyourtranslation

ontheANSWERSHEET.(20%)

Thedifficultiesofknowingthecontemporaryarewellknown.

Knowledge,itisoftenclaimed,canonlybegainedandenjoyedaboutwhatis

insomesenseoveranddonewith.Theclaimtoknowthecontemporaryis

thereforeoftenseenasakindofconceptualviolence,afixingofthefluidand

formlessenergiesoftheurgently(huttenuously)presentnowintoa

knowableandspeakableform,byfundamentalandirrevocableactsofcritical

choosing.Thisformulationrestsupontheinherentdivisionbetween

experienceandknowledge,abeliefthat,whenweexperiencelife,wecan

onlypartiallyunderstandit,andthenwetrytounderstandlife,weareno

longerreallyexperiencingit.Accordingtothismodel,knowledgeisalways

doomedtoarrivetoolateonthesceneofexperience.

【參考譯文】

眾所周知，認(rèn)識(shí)同時(shí)代的事物是困難的。人們常說(shuō)，知識(shí)在某種意

義上只有事后才能獲得和擁有。因此，認(rèn)識(shí)同時(shí)代的主張經(jīng)常被視為一

種概念上的暴力——它通過根本的、無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)的批判性選擇，將迫切

（但卻模糊的）現(xiàn)在所具有的流動(dòng)、無(wú)形的能量固定。使之具有一種可

知可談的形式。這一構(gòu)成依賴于一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)與認(rèn)識(shí)之間的內(nèi)在分裂，即這

一信念：當(dāng)我們處于生活之中時(shí)，我們智能部分地認(rèn)識(shí)它；當(dāng)我們?cè)噲D

認(rèn)識(shí)生活時(shí)，我們其實(shí)已經(jīng)不再處于那段生活的經(jīng)歷之中了。根據(jù)這一

模式，認(rèn)識(shí)注定過遲地出現(xiàn)在經(jīng)驗(yàn)當(dāng)場(chǎng)。

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.Writeyourtranslation

ontheANSWERSHEET.(20%)

中國(guó)古代有個(gè)寓言，叫做“愚公移山”。說(shuō)的是古代有一位老人，住

在華北，名叫北山愚公。他的家門南面有兩座大山擋住他家的出路，一

座叫做太行山，一座叫做王屋山。愚公下決心率領(lǐng)他的兒子們要用鋤頭

挖去這兩座大山。有個(gè)老頭子名叫智叟的看了發(fā)笑，說(shuō)是你們這樣干未

免太愚蠢了，你們父子數(shù)人要挖掉這樣兩座大山是完全不可能的。愚公

回答說(shuō)：我死了以后有我的兒子，兒子死了，又有孫子，子子孫孫是沒

有窮盡的。這兩座山雖然很高，卻是不會(huì)再增高了，挖一點(diǎn)就會(huì)少一

點(diǎn)，為什么挖不平呢?愚公批駁了智叟的錯(cuò)誤思想，毫不動(dòng)搖，每天挖

山不止。

【參考譯文】

ThereisanancientChinesefablecalled“TheFoolishOldManWho

RemovedtheMountains”.IttellsofanoldmanwholivedinnorthernChina

long,longagoandwasknownastheFoolishOldManofNorthMountain.

Hishousefacedsouthandbeyondhisdoorwaystoodthetwogreatpeaks,

TaihangandWangwu,obstructingtheway.Hecalledhissons,andhoein

handtheybegantodigupthesemountainswithgreatdetermination.Another

greybeard,knownastheWiseOldMan,sawthemandsaidderisively,“How

sillyofyoutodothis!Itisquiteimpossibleforyoufewtodigupthosetwo

hugemountains.”TheFoolishOldManreplied,“WhenIdie,mysonswill

carryon;whentheydie,therewillbemygrandsons,andthentheirsonsand

grandsons,andsoontoinfinity.Highastheyare,themountainscannotgrow

anyhigherandwitheverybitwedig,theywillbethatmuchlower.Why

can’tweclearthemaway?”HavingrefutedtheWiseOldMan’swrongview,

hewentondiggingeveryday,unshakeninhisconviction.

Ⅴ.LiteraturePart

A.Choosethecorrectanswerfromeachofthefollowing.(10%)

1.ThemostfamousoftheEnglishCrusaderswastheNormanking,

_____.

A.RichardLion-Heart

B.KingJohn

CKingArthur

D.AlfredtheGreat

【答案】A

【解析】理查一世（1157~1199），英格蘭金雀花王朝第二任國(guó)王，

即著名的稱為獅心王理查（RichardLion-Heart）；他絕大部分時(shí)間都用

于對(duì)外征戰(zhàn)，將英國(guó)看作籌集對(duì)外軍事行動(dòng)費(fèi)用的來(lái)源；他接受教皇的

邀請(qǐng)，參與了第三次十字軍遠(yuǎn)征（theCrusade）。

2.Shakespearelivedintheperiodof_____.

AtheMiddleAges

B.theVictorianage

C.theElizabethanage

D.theIndustrialRevolution

【答案】C

【解析】伊麗莎白一世統(tǒng)治時(shí)期（1558~1603），英國(guó)文學(xué)，特別是

戲劇繁榮發(fā)展，達(dá)到高峰，涌現(xiàn)出了一大批杰出的文學(xué)大師，比如莎士

比亞（1564~1616）是其中的代表人物。

3.WhichofthefollowingisnotaNewEnglandstate?

A.Connecticut.

B.NewYorkState.

C.NewHampshire.

D.Vermont.

【答案】B

【解析】新英格蘭地區(qū)包括六個(gè)州：Maine緬因州、NewHampshire

新罕布什爾州、Vermont佛蒙特州、RhodeIsland羅得島州、Connecticut

康涅狄格州與Massachusetts馬薩諸塞州。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.WhichofthefollowingishomeofthegreatAmericangods:Ford,

GeneralMotorsandChrysler?

A.Chicago,Illinois.

B.Chicago,Michigan.

C.Detroit,Illinois.

D.Detroit,Michigan.

【答案】D

【解析】Detroit底特律，位于美國(guó)東北部，是密歇根州最大的城

市，建于1815年；它是世界傳統(tǒng)汽車中心汽車業(yè)，又名“汽車之城”；這

里是美國(guó)三大汽車公司：福特，通用以及克萊斯勒的總部所在地。

5.Whichofthefollowingwasnotatruedescriptionofsouthernblacks’

situationaftertheCivilWar?

A.Theywereprovidedseparatebutequalfacilitiesandservices.

BTheyweresecond-classcitizens.

C.TheywereterrorizedbytheKuKluxKlan.

D.Theirfreedomwasrestrictedby“blackcodes”.

【答案】A

【解析】美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后，黑人名義上獲得了平等，但事實(shí)上地位依然

很低，權(quán)利也得不到保障；他們還受到三K黨的暴力威脅；從19世紀(jì)70

年代開始，美國(guó)南部各州制定了《黑人法典》，對(duì)黑人實(shí)行種族隔離或

種族歧視。選項(xiàng)A與事實(shí)不符，為正確答案。

B.Answerthefollowingquestion.(10%)

HowdidtheblackssufferinAmericanhistory?Whatisthecurrent

situation?

【答案】

(1)Asanationofimmigrants,theUnitedStatescontainsvariousraces

andethnic