經濟學專有名詞Aaccounting:會計accountingcost:會計成本accountingprofit:會計利潤adverseselection:逆向選擇allocation配置allocationofresources:資源配置allocativeefficiency:配置效率antitrustlegislation:反托拉斯法arcelasticity:弧彈性Arrow'simpossibilitytheorem:阿羅不可能定理Assumption:假設asymetricinformation:非對稱性信息average:平均averagecost:平均成本averagecostpricing:平均成本定價法averagefixedcost:平均固定成本averageproductofcapital:資本平均產量averageproductoflabour:勞動平均產量averagerevenue:平均收益averagetotalcost:平均總成本averagevariablecost:平均可變成本Bbarrierstoentry:進入壁壘baseyear:基年bilateralmonopoly:雙邊壟斷benefit:收益blackmarket:黑市blisspoint:極樂點boundarypoint:邊界點breakevenpoint:收支相抵點budget:預算budgetconstraint:預算約束budgetline:預算線budgetset預算集Ccapital:資本capitalstock:資本存量capitaloutputratio:資本產出比率capitalism:資本主義cardinalutilitytheory:基數效用論cartel:卡特爾ceterispuribusassumption:“其他條件不變”的假設ceterispuribusdemandcurve:其他因素不變的需求曲線Chamberlinmodel:張伯倫模型changeindemand:需求變化changeinquantitydemanded:需求量變化changeinquantitysupplied:供給量變化changeinsupply:供給變化choice:選擇closedset:閉集Coasetheorem:科斯定理Cobb—Douglasproductionfunction:柯布--道格拉斯生產函數cobwebmodel:蛛網模型collectivebargaining:集體協議工資collusion:合謀commandeconomy:指令經濟commodity:商品commoditycombination:商品組合commoditymarket:商品市場commodityspace:商品空間commonproperty:公用財產comparativestaticanalysis:比較靜態分析compensatedbudgetline:補償預算線compensateddemandfunction:補償需求函數compensationprinciples:補償原則compensatingvariationinincome:收入補償變量competition:競爭competitivemarket:競爭性市場complementgoods:互補品completeinformation:完全信息completeness:完備性conditionforefficiencyinexchange:交換的最優條件conditionforefficiencyinproduction:生產的最優條件concave:凹concavefunction:凹函數concavepreference:凹偏好consistence:一致性constantcostindustry:成本不變產業constantreturnstoscale:規模報酬不變constraints:約束consumer:消費者consumerbehavior:消費者行為consumerchoice:消費者選擇consumerequilibrium:消費者均衡consumeroptimization:消費者優化consumerpreference:消費者偏好consumersurplus:消費者剩余consumertheory:消費者理論consumption:消費consumptionbundle:消費束consumptioncombination:消費組合consumptionpossibilitycurve:消費可能曲線consumptionpossibilityfrontier:消費可能性前沿consumptionset:消費集consumptionspace:消費空間continuity:連續性continuousfunction:連續函數contractcurve:契約曲線convex:凸convexfunction:凸函數convexpreference:凸偏好convexset:凸集corporatlon:公司cost:成本costbenefitanalysis:成本收益分costfunction:成本函數costminimization:成本極小化Cournotequilihrium:古諾均衡Cournotmodel:古諾模型Cross—priceelasticity:交叉價格彈性Ddead—weightsloss:重負損失decreasingcostindustry:成本遞減產業decreasingreturnstoscale:規模報酬遞減deduction:演繹法demand:需求demandcurve:需求曲線demandelasticity:需求彈性demandfunction:需求函數demandprice:需求價格demandschedule:需求表depreciation:折舊derivative:導數derivedemand:派生需求differenceequation:差分方程differentialequation:微分方程differentiatedgood:差異商品differentiatedoligoply:差異寡頭diminishingmarginalsubstitution:邊際替代率遞減diminishingmarginalreturn:收益遞減diminishingmarginalutility:邊際效用遞減directapproach:直接法directtaxes:直接稅discounting:貼稅、折扣diseconomiesofscale:規模不經濟disequilibrium:非均衡distribution:分配divisionoflabour:勞動分工distributiontheoryofmarginalproductivity:邊際生產率分配論duoupoly:雙頭壟斷、雙寡duality:對偶durablegoods:耐用品dynamicanalysis:動態分析dynamicmodels:動態模型EEconomicagents:經濟行為者economiccost:經濟成本economicefficiency:經濟效率economicgoods:經濟物品economicman:經濟人economicmode:經濟模型economicprofit:經濟利潤economicregionofproduction:生產的經濟區域economicregulation:經濟調節economicrent:經濟租金exchange:交換economics:經濟學exchangeefficiency:交換效率economy:經濟exchangecontractcurve:交換契約曲線economyofscale:規模經濟Edgeworthboxdiagram:埃奇沃思圖exclusion:排斥性、排他性Edgeworthcontractcurve:埃奇沃思契約線Edgeworthmodel:埃奇沃思模型efficiency:效率，效益efficiencyparameter:效率參數elasticity:彈性elasticityofsubstitution:替代彈性endogenousvariable:內生變量endowment:稟賦endowmentofresources:資源稟賦Engelcurve:恩格爾曲線entrepreneur:企業家entrepreneurship:企業家才能entrybarriers:進入壁壘entry/exitdecision:進出決策envolopecurve:包絡線equilibrium:均衡equilibriumcondition:均衡條件equilibriumprice:均衡價格equilibriumquantity:均衡產量eqity:公平equivalentvariationinincome:收入等價變量excess—capacitytheorem:過度生產能力定理excesssupply:過度供給exchange:交換exchangecontractcurve:交換契約曲線exclusion:排斥性、排他性exclusionprinciple:排他性原則existence:存在性existenceofgeneralequilibrium:總體均衡的存在性exogenousvariables:外生變量expansionpaths:擴展徑expectation:期望expectedutility:期望效用expectedvalue:期望值expenditure:支出explicitcost:顯性成本externalbenefit:外部收益externalcost:外部成本externaleconomy:外部經濟externaldiseconomy:外部不經濟externalities:外部性FFactor:要素factordemand:要素需求factormarket:要素市場factorsofproduction:生產要素factorsubstitution:要素替代factorsupply:要素供給fallacyofcomposition:合成謬誤finalgoods:最終產品firm:企業firms’demandcurveforlabor:企業勞動需求曲線firmsupplycurve:企業供給曲線first-degreepricediscrimination:第一級價格歧視first—ordercondition:一階條件fixedcosts:固定成本fixedinput:固定投入fixedproportionsproductionfunction:固定比例的生產函數flow:流量fluctuation:波動forwhomtoproduce:為誰生產freeentry:自由進入freegoods:自由品，免費品freemobilityofresources:資源自由流動freerider:搭便車，免費搭車function:函數futurevalue:未來值Ggametheory:對策論、博弈論generalequilibrium:總體均衡generalgoods:一般商品Giffengoods:吉芬晶收入補償需求曲線Giffen'sParadox:吉芬之謎Ginicoefficient:吉尼系數goldenrule:黃金規則goods:貨物governmentfailure:政府失敗governmentregulation:政府調控grandutilitypossibilitycurve:總效用可能曲線grandutilitypossibilityfrontier:總效用可能前沿Hheterogeneousproduct:異質產品Hicks—kaldorwelfarecriterion:希克斯一卡爾多福利標準homogeneity:齊次性homogeneousdemandfunction:齊次需求函數homogeneousproduct:同質產品homogeneousproductionfunction:齊次生產函數horizontalsummation:水平和household:家庭howtoproduce:如何生產humancapital:人力資本hypothesis:假說Iidentity:恒等式imperfectcompetion:不完全競爭implicitcost:隱性成本income:收入incomecompensateddemandcurve:收入補償需求曲線incomeconstraint:收入約束incomeconsumptioncurve:收入消費曲線incomedistribution:收入分配incomeeffect:收入效應incomeelasticityofdemand:需求收入彈性increasingcostindustry:成本遞增產業increasingreturnstoscale:規模報酬遞增inefficiency:缺乏效率indexnumber:指數indifference:無差異indifferencecurve:無差異曲線indifferencemap:無差異族indifferencerelation:無差異關系indifferenceset:無差異集indirectapproach:間接法individualanalysis:個量分析individualdemandcurve:個人需求曲線individualdemandfunction:個人需求函數inducedvariable:引致變量induction:歸納法industry:產業industryequilibrium:產業均衡industrysupplycurve:產業供給曲線inelastic:缺乏彈性的inferiorgoods:劣品inflectionpoint:拐點information:信息informationcost:信息成本initialcondition:初始條件initialendowment:初始稟賦innovation:創新input:投入input—output:投入—產出institution:制度institutionaleconomics:制度經濟學insurance:保險intercept:截距interest:利息interestrate:利息率intermediategoods:中間產品internatizationofexternalities:外部性內部化invention:發明inversedemandfunction:逆需求函數investment:投資invisiblehand:看不見的手isocostline:等成本線，isoprofitcurve:等利潤曲線isoquantcurve:等產量曲線isoquantmap:等產量族Kkinded—demandcurve:彎折的需求曲線Llabour:勞動labourdemand:勞動需求laboursupply:勞動供給labourtheoryofvalue:勞動價值論labourunions:工會laissezfaire:自由放任Lagrangianfunction:拉格朗日函數Lagrangianmultiplier:拉格朗乘數，land:土地law:法則lawofdemandandsupply:供需法lawofdiminishingmarginalutility:邊際效用遞減法則lawofdiminishingmarginalrateofsubstitution:邊際替代率遞減法則lawofdiminishingmarginalrateoftechnicalsubstitution:邊際技術替代率lawofincreasingcost:成本遞增法則lawofoneprice:單一價格法則leader—followermodel:領導者--跟隨者模型least—costcombinationofinputs:最低成本的投入組合leisure:閑暇Leontiefproductionfunction:列昂節夫生產函數licenses:許可證lineardemandfunction:線性需求函數linearhomogeneity:線性齊次性linearhomogeneousproductionfunction:線性齊次生產函數longrun:長期longrunaveragecost:長期平均成本longrunequilibrium:長期均衡longrunindustrysupplycurve:長期產業供給曲線longrunmarginalcost:長期邊際成本longruntotalcost:長期總成本Lorenzcurve:洛倫茲曲線lossminimization:損失極小化1umpsumtax:一次性征稅luxury:奢侈品Mmacroeconomics:宏觀經濟學marginal:邊際的marginalbenefit:邊際收益marginalcost:邊際成本marginalcostpricing:邊際成本定價marginalcostoffactor:邊際要素成本marginalphysicalproductivity:實際實物生產率marginalproduct:邊際產量marginalproductofcapital:資本的邊際產量marginalproductof1abour:勞動的邊際產量marginalproductivity:邊際生產率marginalrateofsubstitution:邊替代率marginalrateoftransformation邊際轉換率marginalreturns:邊際回報marginalrevenue:邊際收益marginalrevenueproduct:邊際收益產品marginalrevolution:邊際革命marginalsocialbenefit:社會邊際收益marginalsocialcost:社會邊際成本marginalutility:邊際效用marginalvalueproducts:邊際價值產品market:市場marketclearance:市場結清，市場洗清marketdemand:市場需求marketeconomy:市場經濟marketequilibrium:市場均衡marketfailure:市場失敗marketmechanism:市場機制marketstructure:市場結構marketseparation:市場分割marketregulation:市場調節marketshare:市場份額markuppricing:加減定價法Marshalliandemandfunction:馬歇爾需求函數maximization:極大化microeconomics:微觀經濟學minimumwage:最低工資misallocationofresources:資源誤置mixedeconomy:混合經濟model:模型money:貨幣monopolisticcompetition:壟斷競爭monopolisticexploitation:壟斷剝削monopoly:壟斷，賣方壟斷monopolyequilibrium:壟斷均衡monopolypricing:壟斷定價monopolyregulation:壟斷調控monopolyrents:壟斷租金monopsony:買方壟斷NNashequilibrium:納什均衡Naturalmonopoly:自然壟斷Naturalresources:自然資源Necessarycondition:必要條件necessities:必需品netdemand:凈需求nonconvexpreference:非凸性偏好nonconvexity:非凸性nonexclusion:非排斥性nonlinearpricing:非線性定價nonrivalry:非對抗性nonpricecompetition:非價格競爭nonsatiation:非飽和性non--zero—sumgame:非零和對策normalgoods:正常品normalprofit:正常利潤normativeeconomics:規范經濟學Oobjectivefunction:目標函數oligopoly:寡頭壟斷oligopolymarket:寡頭市場oligopolymodel:寡頭模型opportunitycost:機會成本optimalchoice:最佳選擇optimalconsumptionbundle:消費束perfectelasticity:完全有彈性optimalresourceallocation:最佳資源配置optimalscale:最佳規模optimalsolution:最優解optimization:優化orderingofoptimization(social)preference:(社會)偏好排序ordinalutility:序數效用ordinarygoods:一般品output:產量、產出outputelasticity:產出彈性outputmaximization產出極大化Pparameter:參數Paretocriterion:帕累托標準Paretoefficiency:帕累托效率Paretoimprovement:帕累托改進Paretooptimality:帕累托優化Paretoset:帕累托集partialderivative:偏導數partialequilibrium:局部均衡patent:專利payoffmatrix:收益矩陣、支付矩陣perceiveddemandcurve:感覺到的需求曲線perfectcompetition:完全競爭perfectcomplement:完全互補品perfectmonopoly:完全壟斷perfectpricediscrimination:完全價格歧視perfectsubstitution:完全替代品perfectinelasticity:完全無彈性perfectlyelastic:完全有彈性perfectlyinelastic:完全無彈性plantsize:工廠規模pointelasticity:點彈性postHocFallacy:后此謬誤prediction:預測preference:偏好preferencerelation:偏好關系presentvalue:現值price:價格priceadjustmentmodel:價格調整模型priceceiling:最高限價priceconsumptioncurve:價格費曲線pricecontrol:價格管制pricedifference:價格差別pricediscrimination:價格歧視priceelasticityofdemand:需求價格彈性priceelasticityofsupply:供給價格彈性pricefloor:最低限價pricemaker:價格制定者pricerigidity:價格剛性priceseeker:價格搜求者pricetaker:價格接受者pricetax:從價稅privatebenefit:私人收益principal—agentissues:委托--代理問題privatecost:私人成本privategoods:私人用品privateproperty:私人財產producerequilibrium:生產者均衡producertheory:生產者理論product:產品producttransformationcurve:產品轉換曲線productdifferentiation:產品差異productgroup:產品集團production:生產productioncontractcurve:生產契約曲線productionefficiency:生產效率productionfunction:生產函數productionpossibilitycurve:生產可能性曲線productivity:生產率productivityofcapital:資本生產率productivityoflabor:勞動生產率profit:利潤profitfunction:利潤函數profitmaximization:利潤極大化propertyrights:產權propertyrightseconomics:產權經濟學proposition:定理proportionaldemandcurve:成比例的需求曲線publicbenefits:公共收益publicchoice:公共選擇publicgoods:公共商品purecompetition:純粹競爭rivalry:對抗性、競爭pureexchange:純交換puremonopoly:純粹壟斷Qquantity—adjustmentmodel:數量調整模型quantitytax:從量稅quasi—rent:準租金Rrateofproducttransformation:產品轉換率rationality:理性reactionfunction:反應函數regulation:調節，調控relativeprice相對價格rent:租金rentcontrol:規模報酬rentseeking:尋租rentseekingeconomics:尋租經濟學resource:資源resourceallocation:資源配置returns:報酬、回報returnstoscale:規模報酬revealedpreference:顯示性偏好revenue:收益revenuecurve:收益曲線revenuefunction:收益函數revenuemaximization:收益極大化ridgeline:脊線risk:風險Ssatiation:飽和，滿足saving:儲蓄scarcity:稀缺性lawofscarcity:稀缺法則second—degreepricediscrimination:二級價格歧視secondderivative:--階導數second—ordercondition:二階條件service:勞務set:集shadowprices:影子價格short—run:短期short—runcostcurve:短期成本曲線short—runequilibrium:短期均衡short—runsupplycurve:短期供給曲線shutdowndecision:關閉決策shortage短缺shutdownpoint:關閉點singlepricemonopoly:單一定價壟斷slope:斜率socialbenefit:社會收益socialcost:社會成本socialindifferencecurve:社會無差異曲線socialpreference:社會偏好socialsecurity:社會保障socialwelfarefunction:社會福利函數socialism:社會主義solution:解space:空間stability:穩定性stableequilibrium:穩定的