1"BestDoesNotMeanItis1"BestDoesNotMeanItisveryimportanttorecognizethatSentenceCorrectionquestionsaskforthebestoptionofthosegiven,notthebestoptionintheuniverse.Indeed,oftenyouwillfeel-andrighdyso-thatalltheanswers,includingthecorrectone,"soundbad."CorrectGMATSentenceCorrectionanswerscansoundveryformalorawkward,soitisimportanttokeepinmindthatyourtaskistoevaluatethegivenanswerchoices,nottocreatetheidealsentence.Theidealsentenceoftenisnotanoption,plicatematters,incorrectanswerchoicesoftensoundright,Indeed,theGMATexploitsthefactthattheEnglishweheariscommonlyriddledwithgrammaticalmistakes.2、GMATSC常考知識(1Subject-VerbAgreement主謂一(2Parallelism平(3Pronouns代(4Modifiers(5VerbTenseMood&Voice時態、虛擬語氣和主被動(6Comparisons比(7Idioms.習語/固定搭3對于SC的一個基本原則和讀完題，畫出句子基本結構（以及很明顯的錯誤派，盡量分成2-3split2個一派，3個一派)。到選剩1個選項。的4GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三的4GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三3、簡潔有效（Concision）beginbylookingforerrorsinAfteryouhavegrammarerrors,lookformeaningFinally,ifyouhavestillnotsingledoutanswer,choosetheremainingchoicethatismostDonotaltertheauthor'sintentwhenyoumakeyour同5Meaning的三個常A．小詞位置的變換Ifawordchangesitspositionintheanswerchoices,youmustconsiderwhetherthechangehasanimpactonthemeaningofthesentence.Lookoutespeciallyforshortwords(suchasonlyandall)thatquantifynounsorotherwiserestrictB．詞的選擇C．Connectedwordsmakesense6、主謂不可Wrong:TheelectronnamedinRight:TheelectronWASNAMEDinRight:TheelectronWASNAMEDin句，是不能單獨成句的，缺少主句（mainclause）Wrong:BECAUSEthedogwasneverWrong:WHICHwillbeapprovedWrong:Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.這句話初看覺得OK，但仔細分析主謂，就會發現thedevelopmentwillbeabletotravelhundredsofmiles,發展怎么能跑幾百公里呢？！這就是主謂沒有一起makesense，犯了邏輯錯誤。應該是車Right:Oncedeveloped,ahydrogenCARbasedonexpectedperformanceparametersWillabletotravelhundredsofmileswithout8、怎么找到句子的1、介詞短語如：acatofthegirl中，cat是主語，ofthegirl慣用語的例外，如由some,nonemany,much,all這類詞修飾時，of后面的才是主語，如someofthestudents里，students才是主語；再如anumberofpictures也是，pictures才是主語。不過thenumberofpictures里，thenumber是主語。還有所有表示2（狀語從句充當bigadv.定語從句充當bigadj.主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句充當bignoun）如：When.theauditorslefttheexecutivewhohadbeeninterviewedwas/were3過去分詞和現在分詞（在句中起到修飾其他成分的作用，做定語或狀語時如：Limpingthehorseonceconsideredoneofthefavoriteswas/weretaken:注意逗號！Commasareanotherhelpful:注意逗號！Commasareanotherhelpfulsigntoidentifymodifierssincesometimesseparatemodifiersfromtherestofthe9主謂一致（GMAC出題的方法往往是把主語藏起來找到了主語，就很好判斷主謂一致了。前面的第點講了如何找主語，但當兩個單數主語被“”連接時，謂語動詞就要用復數了。但當兩個主語是由versesalongwithtogetherwithainadditiontoaswellastheaccompaniedbvincludingsaltand注意：Mathematics，aerobics和diabetes都是單數，雖然他們都以S關于either…or…和neither…nor…的主另外，如果eitherneither單獨修飾句中成分，即沒有or或nor關于集體名詞的主關于人的agencyarmyaudience,classcommitteecrowdorchestra關于物的baggagecitrusequipmentfleet,fruitPS:在gmat中，只要是在原有名詞加了s關于anyone，someone，everybody，some等這一類表示非特質的代的主Anyone,anybody,anythingNoone,nobody,Each,every(aspronouns)Someone,somebody,somethingEveryone,everybody,everythingWhatever,whoeverEither,neither(mayrequireaEither,neither(mayrequireapluralverbifpairedwith以下5個詞可以作單數也可以作復數，由of后面的名詞的單復數決Some,Any,None,All,SomeofthemoneyWASstolenfrommywallet.(moneyisSomeofthedocumentsWEREstolenfromthebank.(documentsis但noneof+nooneof+關于eachevery的主Right:EverydogHASRight:EverydogandcatHASpaws.Right:EachoftheseshirtsISpretty.TheyeachAREgreattennis關于表示數量的短語的主謂2、Thewordsmajority,minorityandpluralityareeithersingularorpluraldependingontheircontext.Ifyouwanttoindicatethemanyindividualpartsofthetotality,useapluralverb.IfyouwanttoindicatethetotalityitselfthenuseasingularverbThemajorityofthestudentsinthisclassAREhardIntheSenate,themajorityHAScoalescedintoaunifiedvoting關于現在分詞作主語和主語從句的主Right：HavinggoodfriendsISawonderfulthing.Right：WhatevertheywanttodoISfinewithme.關于主謂倒裝后的主謂Wrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyWrong:NearthosebuildingsSITalonelyhouse,inhabitedbyFlipit!：Alonelyhouse，inhabitedbysquatters,SITSnearthosebuildings.Right:NearthosebuildingsSITSalonelyhouse,inhabitedbysquatters.Wrong:ThereISayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstop.Flipit!：AyoungmanandanolderwomanAREthereatthebusstop.Right:ThereAREayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebus在主謂一致問題中，如果不確定的話把賭注壓在單數上吧，概率高10、平行常見Paralleland;or;but;both;both…and…;not…but…;notonly…butalso;ratherthan;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…XactasY, distinguishXfromY, XisthesameasY, AsX,SoY,estimateXtobeY,Xisgood,andsotooisY, XinsteadofY, X,suchasY, comparedtoX,Y…,Xisknowntobe thinkofXas considerX Xislessthan makeXdeclareX MistakeXFor WhetherXOr XdevelopsIntoY,XDiffersFrom平行！首先要邏輯平行！而這邏輯的平行主要體現1、平行的人或事物的性質相同或;regardXAsregardXAs平行不僅僅局限于出現了parallelmaker，在一個結構中要表達2個或2個以上的人或事物thesameway關于并列svovoo，也有“but+介詞短語,句子”或者“but+從句，關于從屬從屬連詞這種連詞是用以引導名詞性從句和狀語從句的.由從屬連詞所引導從屬連詞在名詞性從句中有:thatweatherAisAistoBwhatCisto另外，系動詞也是parallelmakerBe（所有形式）另外，系動詞也是parallelmakerBe（所有形式）appearbecome,feelgrowlookremainrepresentresembleseem,smell,sound,stay,taste,turn記住一個大原則：所有句子中要表達兩個或兩個以上事物或都需要平并列常見形式總結：（形式對稱、11Belikelytodo…andbeunabletodo…（be不能省略15定語從句并列必須承前使用相同的代詞：n.+inwhich..,inwhich…,andin16overestimatethatandunderestimateB）動作名詞不能對純名詞C）。整體名詞不能對個體概念nomoneyorstaffmembersD）。泛指不能對特指lesslendingandtheincreasedpressureE)前者是介詞結構,3.功能相and，如X,Y,Z,andK;當并列形式為：XandY們，最后這個and和前面的andproperty沒有關系！SC做題口訣在GMAT考試過程中特別喜歡考比較對象對1.平行規則（高階實體名詞和動詞性名詞實體名詞和動詞性名詞不能平行（邏輯平行范疇根名詞以及-ing形式的動名詞，如：change,development,pollution,eruption,growth,swimming,running,skiing…..簡單的動名詞和其他動作性名詞也不1）什么是簡單的動名詞：其實就是現在分詞！Wrong:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,raisingtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.分析：這里raising明顯不對，在短語“raisingtherebelflag正的名詞作用。一般的，就是在動名詞前面加量詞aanthe或Right:Therebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesdisputedregions,significantreductionsinoveralltrooplevels,THEraisingOFtherebelflagonholidays,ANDageneralpardon.如果這個動作本身就有名詞形式，就不要去創造一詞短語形Wrong:TherebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesfromdisputedregionsANDreleasingcertainpoliticalprisoners.disputedregionsANDTHEreleasingOFcertainpoliticalRight:TherebelsdemandedthewithdrawalofgovernmentforcesdisputedregionsANDTHERELEASEOFcertain動名詞要避免用“X’s+動名詞”形式可以用“物主代動名詞要避免用“X’s+動名詞”形式可以用“物主代詞動名詞”（有效性錯誤謂語動詞只能和謂語動詞平TheplantBOTHexceededoutputtargetsANDranmoresmoothlythan不定式和不定式平Wrong:Itiscriticaltosuspendactivities,tonotifyinvestorsANDsayRight:Itiscriticaltosuspendactivities,notifyinvestorsANDRight:Itiscriticaleithertosuspendactivitiesortonotifyboth…and…;not…but…;notonly…butalso…;from…to…;either…or…;neither…nor…;distinguishXfromY,AsX,Y,estimateXtobecomparedtoX,Y…,thinkofXasconsiderXY,makeXY,declareXY, MistakeXForY,WhetherXOrY,regardXAsY形容詞、現在分詞、過去分詞可以平行（分詞作定語時Amastodoncarcass,thawedonlyonceANDstillfresh,ison不定式和現在分詞在句尾的區PresentParticiple:Investorssoldthestockrapidly,CAUSINGpanic.Infinitive:InvestorssoldthestockrapidlyTOCAUSEpanic.從句從句只有和引導詞相同的從句從句只有和引導詞相同的從句才可以平行！除此之外，和何詞、短語、從句都不平行Wrong:Amastodoncarcass,thawedonlyonceANDwhichisstillfresh.isondisplay.Right:Amastodoncarcass,whichhasbeenthawedonlyonceANDisstillfresh,ison關于either…or…Either…or…在句子中位置的不同，導致平行的變化如下（OGSC……eitherfashionedfromthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorfashionedfromGandharangreyEither……fashionedeitherfromthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorfromGandharangreyschis.Either……fashionedfromeitherthespottedsandstoneofMathuraorGandharangreyschis.總結：平行的8大常見考11、比較結最重要的四個信號詞是：k，ik11、比較結最重要的四個信號詞是：k，ik，th，s！遇到這四個like（更高階的請看曼哈頓P248-Like后可以跟動名詞：likeLike不能用來舉例："thepreferredwaytointroduceexamplesiswithphrasesuchasratherthanwiththewordlikewhichsuggestsacomparision."Suchas在舉例的時候，可以分開，如：suchcropsascornandbeans Suchas在舉例的時候，可以分開，如：suchcropsascornandbeans Wrong:LIKEherbrotherDID,AvaacedtheRight:ASherbrotherDID,AvaacedtheRight：Likeherbrother,AvaacedthetestRight：Asherbrotherdid,Avaacedthetest.Right:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,thebusesarelateRight:JUSTASthetrainswerelateyesterday,SOTOOaretheylateWrong：Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother,isbroadand以上這個句子中，比較對象是“Frank’sbuild”和”hisbrother”，體格和人怎么能比Right:Frank'sbuild,LIKEhisbrother's,isbroadandRight:Frank'sbuild,LIKEthatofhisbrotherisbroadandRight:Frank,LIKEhisbrother,hasabroadandmuscularMycarisbiggerthanMycarisbiggerthanBrian's[car}.MytoesarelongerthanBrian'sMycarisbiggerthantheSmiths'[car}.MytoesarelongerthantheSmiths'Ingeneral,youshouldputintheomittedwordsorappropriateHelpingVerbs(suchasbe,do,andhave)onlyifyouneed'toremoveambiguity.Right:WhereasIdrink2quartsofmilkaday,myfrienddrinks3[quarts}.Right:IwalkfasterthanBrian[walks}.Right：Iwalkasfastnowas[Iwalked}whenIwas Right:IlikecheesemorethanIDOYvette.(=thanIlike 平常s1voatthesametimeass2有s2與o比較的歧義，所以為Right:VishaleatsmorecarrotsRight:Vishaleatsmorecarrotsthandonuts.(donutsmustbetheWordy:VishaleatsmorecarrotsthanHEDOESWrong:Withwintercoming,IwillhaveHIGHERenergybills.Wrong:IwillhaveHIGHERbillsOVERlastyear.Right:IwillhaveHIGHERbillsTHANlastAlwaysusethanwithacomparative12、動詞和比較（高階 do,have/has代替。不過，如果前后部分動作一樣但時態不一致Wordy:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherhasseenanBetter:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butmyfatherWrong:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfatherDID.Right:Ihaveneverseenanaardvark,butlastyearmyfathersawone. Wrong:Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyARE.Right:Ourcarsweredesignedtoinspireenvy,andtheyDO.面是一般現在時。由于they指代的是cars，根據邏輯句意知道，doare ,Right:Somepeopledonoteatsoup.butothersdo.(=doeatRight:Somepeopledonoteatsoupasothersdo.(=doeatUsebe,doandhaveinthiswayonlyifyoumeanthepositiveformofthe情態動 Wrong:Ourdivisionspentsignificant情態動 Wrong:OurdivisionspentsignificantfundsonHAVINGTObuildRight:OurdivisionHADTOspendsignificantfundsonbuilding Wrong:ThisplanensuresthatactionMUSTbeRight:ThisplanensuresthatactionWILLbe “beto”在GMAT中不能用，得用will或“beto”本來表示“某種義務或者將來會做…”，在GMAT里不來或義務。(PS:should不能表命令)如下列：Wrong:WeARETOreceiveanRight:WeWILLreceiveaninvitation.ORWeSHOULDreceivean倍數的說法見曼哈頓其他比較結 wrong：WehaveevenMOREefficientenginesthanRight:WehaveevenMOREenginesthatareefficientthanRight:WehaveenginesevenMOREefficientthan Right:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDStheamongRight:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDSitsamongRight:TheincidenceofthediseaseamongmenEXCEEDSthat RightsINADDITION RightsINADDITIONTOtaxesdeathisinevitable.（主語比較Right:INADDITIONTOMunstercheese，IlikeSwiss.（賓語比較13、代詞代詞指代錯誤在GMAT中經常發生，所以每一次在題目中看到代詞查，看其是否指代正確！步驟主謂時，都要問問自己，這個動詞的主語是什么;主語和動詞是否makesensetogether;是否做到了主謂一致錯誤一：先行詞必須Wrong：Theparkrangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoIT.Right：Therangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoTHEPARK.Theantecedenttowhichyouwanttorefermustactuallyexistintheandbefunctioningasa錯誤二：先行詞帶入代詞的句子或短語后，邏輯不對，沒有錯誤三：一個代詞有多個先錯誤三：一個代詞有多個先行詞的可能，導致cellulosefibers,whichTHEYallegegiveTHEMthestrengthofcastiron.Right:Researchersclaimtohavedevelopednew"nano-papers"incorporatingtiny錯誤四：先行詞和代詞單復數不特別注意代詞在句子主語的位置上，通常會被認為指代與其平行句子EG:Supernovasdestroytheirimmediateenvironmentsinvastexplosions,BUTsynthesizingheavychemicalelements,THEYprovidetheuniversewiththepossibilityofbiochemistry-basedlifeasweknowit.2.主格和賓格代詞不能指代所有格名Wrong:Theboardisinvestigatingseveralexecutives'compensationpackagesinordertodeterminehowmuchmayhavebeenimproperlyawardedtoBetter:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutiveinordertodeterminehowmuchTheymayhavebeenimproperlyawarded.Best:TheboardisinvestigatingthecompensationpackagesofseveralexecutivesinordertodeterminehowmuchTheexecutivesmayhavebeenimproperly用’s.總結：即代詞不能指代N’sX中的N,但可總結：即代詞不能指代N’sX中的N,但可以指代XofN中N3.which，that只能指代物，只有whowhom4.that和those指代的是一個newcopyof先行詞，而不是完ThemoneyspentbyherparentsislessthanthatspentbyherTheexecutivesofhercompanyaremoreexcellentthanthoseofcompetitors.在第一個例句中，that的出現，是為了防止重復使用“themoney“而不是指代“themoneyspentbyherparents”.這一點，it，they等代詞卻不同，他們都是在第二個例句中，those指代的是復數形式的先行詞的newcopies.表示newcopy的時候，Those和That也只能指代物，不能指代人指代newcopy，單數用that，Lackinginformationaboutenergyuse,peopletendtooverestimatetheamountenergyusedbyequipment.suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffandunderestimatethatusedbyunobtrusiveequipment,suchaswaterheaters.equipment,suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffandunderestimatethatequipment,suchaslights,thatarevisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateitequipment,suchaslights,thatisvisibleandmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateitvisibleequipment,suchaslights,thatmustbeturnedonandoffvisibleequipment,suchaslights,thatmustbeturnedonandoffunderestimateit就是指代：amountusedbyvisibleequipment. 是非完全指代，指代的是 copy但是在GMAT中，代詞與先行詞的單復數形式是一定要一致的，在newcopy中也Wrong:HercompanyisoutperformingTHOSEOFherRight:HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPANIESRight:HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPANIESOFher總結：代詞是指ititsthey,them,theirthat,those（he/his/him,she/her等）。其中，that和those只有在指代newcopy時才使用，所有的事物的代詞都用it,its,they,them,their（這幾個代詞都是完全指代，即不止指代核心名詞還指代其修飾語）this，that，those，New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSstrength.（these為Wrong:Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHESERight:Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHEM純粹做指示代詞時，that只能和名詞一起使用，不能OGSC55:Manyhousebuildersofferrent-to-buyprograms;thatenablesafamilywithinsufficientsavingsforaconventionaldownpaymenttomoveintonewhousingandapplypartoftherenttoapurchaseWhich在GMAT中不能指代句子，只能指代詞或短1.Which由于只能指代物，所以如果緊跟其前面的名詞或代詞是人的話，就不符合2.Which2.Which而that引導名詞性從句時，不充當任何成分意inthat的情況，inthat是連詞，且有特定意義：因為）AistoBwhatCisto14代詞（高階 Wrong:Atcurrentprices,Antarcticoilmaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellscanbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcernsaddressed.Right:Atcurrentprices,oilinAntarcticamaybeworthdrillingfor,ifwellsbedugTHEREandenvironmentalconcerns一種強調，therebe就不是多余的，如果句意是為了突出“XXXX干 反身代詞，詞，such的意思就是“liketheantecedent”ForAftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanySUCHcontractstodebateinthe“O”表示其中一個，是泛指，且“”前面一定有復數名詞。Afterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadtoeatAfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadtoeatAfterwalkingbythechocolatessomanytimes,RogerfinallyhadeatONE.ITwasdelicious,butHEcouldeatonlyhalfofDoit&Do“doso”可以指代一整個動作，包括動詞+動詞的賓語+Quinndidnoteatdinnerquickly,butherbrotherDID分析：例句中，“didso”指代整個“eatdinnerQuinnfailedtodothehomework,butherbrotherdid分析：這里的“it”指代的就是 Accordingtoarecentpoll,owningandlivinginafreestandinghouseonitsownlandisstillagoalofamajorityofyoungadults,asitwasofearliergenerations.分析：這里的“it”指代整個句子主語“owningandlivinginafreestandinghouseonitsownland”。“it”還可以指代主語從句以及作主語Ofcourse“doit”中的“do”不一定只能是“do”，可以變成其他動詞，但“doso”中的“do”不可以：Quinndidnoteatthesoup,butherbrotherATE另外,“doso”中的“so”可以省略，只用助動詞即QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquicklybutherbrotherDID.（相當于QuinnDIDNOTeatdinnerquicklybutherbrotherDID.（相當于主語較“It做不定式的形式主語，把真正的主語——不定式押后Awkward:TORESISTtemptationisfutile.Right:ITisfutileTORESISTtemptation.第一句沒有語法錯誤，但GMAC傾向于第二種表達，順口多了做that從句的形式主語，把that引導的主語從句押后，避免頭重腳Awkward:THATwescoredatallgaveusencouragement.Right:ITgaveusencouragementTHATwescoredatall.第一句也沒有語法錯誤，只是頭重腳輕，所以第二句更做不定式或that從句的形式賓語，把真正的賓語押Right:ShemadeITpossibleforusTOATTENDthe總的來說，就是當不定式或者that從句做主語或賓語時，it就要取而代之做形式語或形式賓語代詞如果遇到指代不明的情況時，除了重復本需指代的名詞外，更好的辦法是用this/that/thesethose/scthe+其他類似或同性質的概括性大類詞匯代替：Right:New"nano-papers"incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSstrength.Right:Aftertheland-useagreementsurfaced,thecommissiondecidedtosubjectanySUCHCONTRACTStodebateintheRight:Afterroastingthedeer,thehunterextinguishedthefirethensearchedforatreetohangTHEMEAT尋找代詞先行詞的2大基本原則和3大附加原原則一：代詞和先行詞數量上要一復數形式的代詞就選定復數形式的原則二：代詞和先行詞在性別指代上要一He/his指代男性，she/her指代女性，it/its屬于中性，them/their/they可代一切原則三：代詞如果在一個句子中重復出現，一般認為這個代詞指代的行詞都是同一個原則四：就近原則。（貌似打破了很多的就近，所以暫且不以此為判斷原則了）即代詞指代的先行詞一般傾向于指代最近的那個符合原則1和2Inthestationhouse，ITisconsidered…,inthecurrenteconomicclimateITmayfinallyexperiencesales分析：第一句中，因為house緊貼著代詞“it”（即使中間有逗號所以不是先行詞。第二句也是，因為climate緊貼著代詞“it”，所不可是大多數時候，是先有先行詞，后出現代詞，不過當一些比較短的短置時，也可以代詞在前，先行詞緊隨其后，不過記得得是短的短原則五：平行原則（前提是這個名詞滿足原則1&2！）另外，如果一個代詞充當從句的主語，那么它優先指代其主句的主語159.Whiledepressedpropertyvaluescanhurtsomelargeinvestors,theyarepotentiallydevastatingforhome-owners,whoseequity—inmanycasesrepresentingalife’ssavings—canoreven(A)theyarepotentiallydevastatingforhomeowners,(C)forhomeownerstheyarepotentiallydevastating,because(D)forhomeowners,itispotentiallydevastatinginthat(E)itcanpotentiallydevastatehomeowners,B選項指代錯誤，就是因為inthat引導的原因從句中，their是主語，應優先修飾主句的主語they，即depressedproperty總的來說，判斷先行詞，就是先用原則一&原則二選選先行詞，然后再利用原則三、四、五逐一排除原則3、4、5是并列的，不是依次的）注意：句子中一點點的指代不明是可注意：句子中一點點的指代不明是可以被容忍的。所以在排除選項的時候，一定不能以指代不明作為唯一排除選項的標準，要結合其他考點綜合考15、修飾語作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（1）Heisateacher.他是一名教師。（is與補足語一起說明主語的身2）remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.Thismatterrestsamystery.3）用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem,appearlook,Helookstired.Heseems(tobeverysad.4）感官系動詞主要有feel,smellsoundtaste,ThiskindofclothfeelsveryThisflowersmellsvery5）turn,fall,get,go,come,run.Hebecamemadafterthat.SheHebecamemadafterthat.Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.6）表示主語已終止動作，主要有proveturnout,表達"證實"，"變成"Therumorprovedfalse.Thesearchproveddifficult.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的計劃終于成功了。（turnout表終止HefellillHefelloffthe5）GMATGMAC的trick之一。謹慎！謹慎6）同位語（Nounmodifiers的其中一種Mr.Smith,ournewteacher,isverykindtoHetoldmethathisbrotherJohnisaworld-famousdoctor.Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgamesB.questionthought，belief，conclusion等少數抽象概念名詞。A．在that引導的定語從句中，that在其中充當一定成分，且①Thenews[thatyoutoldmeyesterday]wasreally②Weheardthenews[thatourteamhad①Iwillneverforgettheday[whenIjoinedthe②Wehavenoidea[whenshewas③Thisisthehouse[whereIlivedtwoyears④Heputforwardtothequestion[wherethemeetingwouldbe⑤Thisisthereason[whyshewillnotattendthe⑥Theteacherhadnoidea[whyJackwas12Wrong:JimbikedalonganWrong:Jimbikedalonganolddirtroadtogettohishouse,whichcutthroughthewoods.Right:Togettohishouse,Jimbikedalonganolddirtroad.,whichthroughtheWrong:Therewasnocommotionintheoffice,resignedtothebadnews.Right:Resignedtothebadnews,theofficeWorkersmadenocommotion.Wrong:Theproblemwasidentified,usingthelatesttechnology.Right:Usingthelatesttechnology,theengineeridentifiedthePS：上面這個句子using是做verbmodifier在句子結尾，不遵循touchrule。不過verbmodifier也需要主語和它一起makesense！注意：避免幾個長的修飾語排列著修飾同一個名詞，如兩個長修飾語都放在先行詞的前面或都放在后面，這樣就造成了awkward前一后緊挨先行詞放著，這是better的情況，best的情況是最好把句子改寫，使句子只剩下一個長修飾。有時候GMT只提供了這個better的選項，那這個選項就是正確的，如果提供了better和best的選項，那best就是正確的！你滴明白？！O(∩_∩)O哈哈~8）特別注意所有格makesensetogether,如下例所示：Wrong:Unskilledincomplexmath,Bill'sscoreontheexamwas個modifier的修飾對象是Bill’sscore，不合乎邏輯。正確如下：Right:Unskilledincomplexmath.Billdidnotscorewellonthe另外，不要忽略development等抽象名詞，他們同樣符合nounmodifiers的Wrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami'sdevelopment,aactivityinventedWrong:Onlyinthepastcenturyhasorigami'sdevelopment,aactivityinventedmillenniaago,intoatrueartformtakenRight:Origami-aceremonialactivityinventedmillenniaago-hasintoatrueartformonlyinthepast定語從句（Nounmodifiers的其中一種;Wrong:ThescientistsTHATmadethediscoverywereRight:ThescientistsWHOmadethediscoverywere在GMAT中，whose可以修飾物，很驚奇GMAT:thetownwhosewatersupplywasWhichWhom有時候可以搭配介詞：介詞+whom；介詞+whichWrong:ThesecurityguardWHOwemetwasRight:ThesecurityguardWHOMwemetwasThatwhomRight:ThemovieTHATwewatchedlastFridaywasRight:ThemoviewewatchedlastFridaywaswhy引導狀從、賓從和定從的You'dbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyYou`dbettermakeamarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyYou’dbetterknowwhereyouhavea.You’dbetterknowwhereyouhavea.容；和第一句不同的是，當where引導狀語從句時，意為“在/限定性定語（從句）與非限定性定語（從句限定性ThemansionPAINTEDREDisownedbythe非限定性ThismansionRECENTLYPAINTEDREDisownedbythe注意：一般而言，that修飾限定性定語從句，which修飾非限定性定語從句。但這個不定 Awkward:TOERRisRight:ITishumanTORight:ThecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingTORight:ThecontractorsdemolishedthebuildingTOKEEPitfromfallingdownaccidentally.Right:ThebuildingwasdemolishedTOKEEPITfromfallingdownWrong:ThebuildingwasdemolishedTOKEEPfallingdown分析：第一句中，“tokeep”的主語是句子的主語“thecontractors”，不定式的賓語“it”指代的是句子的賓語“thebuilding”；第二句中，“tokeep”的賓語“it”指代的是句子的主語，即使重復也不合邏輯：building不是keep的主語，而是賓語，這里直接在keepkeep后面，不能省略。但GMAC不喜歡不定式連著用，即todotowrong：quicktoright:torun不定式做賓語不能跟在介詞后（語感！語感10）VerbModifiers(顧名思義，修飾動詞的修飾語VerbModifiersNounModifiers的一個很大的區別在于:NounModifiers要遵循”TouchRule”,而VerbModifiers不用。makesense。怎么區別nounmodifiersverbNounmodifiers意為“什么什么樣的XX”；而verbmodifiers可以修飾動詞以及動詞的主語（verb可以修飾一個句子，做狀語，表結果（verbRight:Crimehasrecentlydecreasedinourneighborhood,leadingtoariseproperty主句的主語。（verbmodifiers）（nounWhich的修飾作Which只能引導定語從句作nounmodifiers，不能引導狀語從句作verb名詞，遵循touchrule。which指代主句賓語：s+verb+o,which0（svo,whichsWhich的跳躍修飾（that也一樣AofB，which”結構中，which根據語義決定，既可以修飾修飾AA符合語義，這whichAandB,AsandBs,whicharewhich指Bs?which指AsandBs？)AandBs,whichare(which指Bs？或which指AandBs？)AandBtogether，沒有歧義，這時which修飾AandBs。PresentParticiple:AtechniqueALLEVIATINGpainisgrowingpopular.RelativeClause:AtechniqueTHATALLEVIATESpainisgrowingpopular.Infinitive:AtechniqueTOALLEVIATEpainisgrowingpopular.Wrong:AplanCONQUERINGtheworldisinhisWrong:AplanTHATWILLCONQUERtheworldisinhisfiles.Right:AplanTOCONQUERtheworldisinhisfiles.有逗號是表明“非限定性修飾”16修飾詞（高階有逗號是表明“非限定性修飾”16修飾詞（高階 rule”當中 Right:Anicesheetcovers80percentOFTHESURFACEOFGREENLAND,anarearoughlythesizeofAlaska.Right:HehadawayOFDODGINGOPPONENTSthatimpressed（這里“that”不會產生先行詞指代不明，因為that的先行詞只能是事物 Awkward:AnewCEOwhowilltransformthecompanybyauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecardshasbeenhired.Right:AnewCEOhasbeenhiredwhowilltransformthecompanydecentralizingauthoritytovariousdivisionheadswhileincreasingtheiraccountabilitythroughtheuseofpublicscorecards.過去分詞在句尾，除非前面的詞是形容詞這種不能修飾的情況，否則都是限定性修飾前面名詞短語和核心詞（當然也可以跳躍修飾飾主語是不可以的。如“svowhich”結構中，which指代S Right:Our飾主語是不可以的。如“svowhich”結構中，which指代S Right:OursystemofPresidentialelectionsfavorsstates,suchasDelaware,thatbypopulationareover-representedintheElectoralCollege. 跟的modifier前肯定有parallelmaker。 在GMAT中，不允許雙重所有格“ofWrong:Theorca,arelativeofthebluewhale's,isfoundthroughouttheRight:Theorca,arelativeofthebluewhale.isfoundthroughoutthe 在GMAT中，復數所有格“-s’”也是盡量不要使用的，用of結SubgroupModifiers（部分修飾Right:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlydiscovered.注意：這里有謂語動詞“er”因為h引導的是定語從句，是一個句子。)Right:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFonlyrecentlyRight:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEonlyrecentlydiscovered.的someofthem是同位語Wrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,OFSOMEWEREonlyrecentlyWrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEOFWHICHWEREonlyrecentlyWrong:Thismodelexplainsallknownsubatomicparticles,SOMEWHICHonlyrecentlyPSsomemanyallnone都是代詞，一定要存在先行詞在前面，GMAC關WHICHonlyrecentlyPSsomemanyallnone都是代詞，一定要存在先行詞在前面，GMAC關于現在分詞作定語的時Right:ThemanWHOISCLEANINGthestepsismyRight:ThemanCLEANINGthestepsismy(A)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencyultimatelyculminatinginthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingto(B)Therateoflanguageextinctionisaccelerating,atendencythatwillultimatelyculminateinthesurvivalofjustafewlanguages,accordingtoPast:ISAWamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinthePresent:ISEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinFuture:IWILLSEEamanCLEANINGthesteps.(cleaningtakesplaceinWrong:ISEEthemanCLEANINGthestepsRight:ISEEthemanWHOCLEANEDthesteps.獨立主格（absolute獨立主格結構：名詞/代詞+修飾獨獨立主格結構：名詞/代詞+修飾獨立主格作用：獨立主格相當于一個verbmodifier,可以修飾整個句獨立主格的三種形n,n+修飾語Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld.Theseresultssuggestthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertainformationsaroundtheworld,resultsthatsuggestthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofYearsago.Right:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,SUGGESTINGthecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Wrong:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,ANDTHISsuggeststhecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.Wrong:Scientistshavefoundhighlevelsofiridiumincertaingeologicalformationsaroundtheworld,whichsuggeststhecataclysmicimpactofameteormillionsofyearsago.獨立主格獨立主格和同位語的同位語是nounmodifiers，修飾前面緊跟的名詞；獨立主格是verb17動詞時態同位語是nounmodifiers，修飾前面緊跟的名詞；獨立主格是verb17動詞時態Wrong:VeronicaHASTRAVELEDallovertheworldinRight:VeronicaTRAVELEDallovertheworldin的。Right:AntonioDROVEtothestoreandBOUGHTsomeiceRight:LauraLOCKEDthedeadboltbeforesheLEFTforRight:AntonioDROVEtothestore,andCristinaBOUGHTBy1945:theUnitedStatesHADBEENatwarforseverala)GMAT里也常有用過去進行時描述背景，用一般過去時突出要Right:SheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendsa)GMAT里也常有用過去進行時描述背景，用一般過去時突出要Right:SheWASPLAYINGwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterb)主從句都用一般過去時的話，主句的動作要在從句動作之后發Right:ShePLAYEDwithherfriendswhenthebabysitterExample：（run和ask都是將來時態省略了SheWILLPAYyouwhenyouASKher.(thetimeofwillpayisLATERthanthefuturetimeofhave★★★★★Youshouldusetheperfecttensesonlywhenyoucanjustifythemwiththerulesdescribedinthesesections.Ifanactionbeganinthepastandcontinuesintothepresent(oritseffectdoes),usethePresentPerfecttense.Ifoneactioninthepastprecedesanother,andyouneedtoclarifyoremphasizethetimesequence,thenusethePastPerfecttense.Otherwise,sticktothesimplertenses.18虛擬語 WEREharmless經常是由if，asif，asthoughIf…then….常見的五種句型(then經常會被省略掉)eg:ifsheeatspizza,thenshebecomes2.表示某種eg:ifsheeatspizza,thenshebecomes2.表示某種程度的不確定:ifpresent,thencanorIfsheeatspizza,thenshemaybecome3.確定-用于將來時態：ifpresentthenIfsheeatspizzatomorrow,thenshewillbecome4.不確定-將來時態：ifhypotheticalsubjunctive,Ifsheatepizzatomorrow,thenshewouldbecome5.從未發生-過去式：ifpastperfect,thenconditionalIfshehadeatenpizzayesterday,thenshewouldhavebecome19命令語氣(比較重要TheagencyREQUIREDthatGaryBEreadybeforeWePROPOSEthattheschoolboardBossyVerb+THAT+subject+CommandBossyVerb就是由命令口吻的動詞，如GMAT常見的5種關于命令語氣的錯WrongWePROPOSEtheschoolboardDISBAND(That從句，that不可省略WrongWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardDISBANDS.（沒有WrongWePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardISTODISBAND.（沒Wrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardWILLDISBAND.（無Wrong:WeWrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardWILLDISBAND.（無Wrong:WePROPOSETHATtheschoolboardSHOULD第五句，在美式英語為基礎的GMAT中是錯的，不能有should表示 demand,dictate,insist,mandate,propose,recommend,stipulate,advise,allow,forbid,persuade,(payparticularattentionto20、主動與被動語 21、習語打印曼哈頓P136-22、Oddsandsvo,打印曼哈頓P136-22、Oddsandsvo,andsvo,svo,andsvo,svo,svo,andFor,And,Nor,But,Or,Yet,Although,Be