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·ESTmaterialspart1復習資

分科

別·文學英語:

需了解美國文化背景,語言漂亮

·普通英語:

以語法為主線,基礎詞匯·科技英語:

注重翻譯技巧,嚴謹,

忠于原文,

但不一定要

譯如:

文中的

→中

文中的

。2科技英語的重要性·國際間的科技情報和資料交流;·世界上科技雜志有六萬多種,

以上是英文刊物;·各國科技人員學習的需要;

·交流的需要;一半3本

容·

1

6

時·

10

時·

4

時4科

法科

語閱

方法也有所不同,科技英語閱讀要把準確

理解放

位,

提高

度。

語閱

讀能

才能

得,

讀多練是

提高

科技英語閱讀能力的最有效的方法。51

語的特點1.1

科技

語的

特點

1學

6

時1.3

科技英語中的一些

常用句

4

時61

.

1

的特

點三

科技英語修辭上的特點二、

科技英語句法上的特點7科

點為了了解科技英語的特點,我們先閱讀下面一段關于許用應力的課文。Despite

the

tests

described

in

Chapters

1l

and

12,

materialsmay

still

fail

in

service,sometimes

with

disastrous

results

(e.g.when

the

failure

occurs

in

aircraft.bridges,ships,

etc.).To

try

toavoid

such

disastrous

occurring,

the

designer

avoids

using

materialscontinuously

at

their

maximum

allowable

stress

.This

is

done

byUnfortunately,

increasing

the

strength

of

a

component

in

the

interests

of

safety

not

only

increases

the

initial

material

costs,but

also

the

operating

costs.For

example,the

stronger

and

heavier

the

structure

members

of

an

aircraft,

the

fewer

passengers

it

can

carry

and

the

more

fuel

it

consumers.Therefore

a

balance

has

to

bemaintained

between

safety,initial

cost

and

operating

costs.Thedesigner

is

constantly

striving

to

improve

the

former

whilst

reducing

the

latter.employing

a

factor

of

safety.8

Allowable

working

stress

is

taken

as

a

proportion

ofthe

yield

or

proof

stress;thatis,the

component

is

only

stressed

within

itselastic

range

when

in

service.

For

example,consider

the

screwed

fasteningshowninFig.1.1.

Whenthenut

istightenednormallythe

bolt

is

stretched

slightly

and,providing

it

is

stressed

within

itselastic

range,it

will

behave

like

a

very

powerful

spring

and

will

pull

thejoint

faces

together

very

firmly.9

The

stress

in

the

bolt

is

made

up

of

two

elements.Firstly,the

stress

imparted

by

the

initial

tightening

of

the

bolt;secondly,the

stress

imparted

by

the

load

on

the

fastening

in

service.The

sum

of

these

stress

must

not

be

allowed

to

approach,let

alone

exceed,the

yield

stress

for

the

material

of

it

will

cease

to

act

in

an

elastic

manner.

Thereforethedesignerproportionsthefastening(anothercomponents)soasthatthereisa

factor

ofsafety.Usuallythedesignerassumesanallowableworking

stress

of

only

half

the

yield

stress

for

the

material.10If

the

fastening

shown

in

Fig.1.1is

overstressed

by

applyingexcess

torque

to

the

nut(for

example,by

extending

the

length

ofthe

spanner

with

a

tube),the

bolt

will

be

stressed

beyond

its

elastic

range.Once

the

yield

stress

for

the

bolt

has

been

exceeded

itexhibits

plastic

properties

and

takes

a

permanent

set

that

is,itbecomes

permanentlylengthened,the"spring

back"is

seriouslyreduced

and

the

joint

faces

are

no

longer

held

firmly

together.Thus

for

critical

assemblies,the

designerwill

seekto

controlthe

stress

inthefasteningandassociatedcomponentsbyspecifyingthe

torque

to

be

applied

to

the

nut

as

it

is

tightened

by

the

use

of

a"torquespanner"set

to

a

specific

value11可

:1.

在文章結構方面,邏輯嚴謹,層次分明,復雜長句多;3.

在語法方面,非謂語動詞多,較多地使用被動語態;4.

另一個重要特點是采用圖表等非語言因素表達思想12★

多英語單詞有不少是多性詞,如:Above■介詞:

aboveall(things)形容詞:

forthe

above

reason■副詞:as(hasbeen)indicatedabove13Lig

詞:

in

the

light

of

由于,根據high

light(s)

強光,

精華

safety

light

安全指示燈名t■h副

light

come,light

go14一

、科

特點·

匯出

;·②詞

專一;·

;·

④廣泛

使

縮略語;·

綴出

率高15縮

語Abbreviation普通英語中的縮略語:

i.e.即,

etc.等,co.

公司;科技英語中縮略語多為單位名稱、設備名稱,儀器,方法,

藥劑等,

一般在上下文中有原型。如:英國電氣工程師學會

Institution

of

ElectricalEngineers

IEE美國科學情報研究所

Institute

for

ScientificInformation

ISI核磁共振

Nuclear

Magnetic

Resonance簡稱

NMR聚丙

PAM161.各種組織或機構的縮略詞APEC(AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation)亞太經濟合作組織IOC(InternationalOlympicCommittee)國際奧林匹克組織ISO(InternationalStandardOrganization)國際標準化組織of

Petroleum

Exporting

Countries)歐佩克,石油Organization)世界貿易組織OPEC(Organization

輸出國組織WTO(World

TradeSOS

村(SOSchildren'svillage)一種專門收養孤兒的慈善機構172各種系統的縮略詞BBS(bulletin

board

system)電子公告牌系統或(bulletin

board

service)電子公

告服務GPS(global

positioning

system)全球定位系統GSM(global

system

for

mobile

communications)全球移動通信系統CIMS(computerintegratedmanufacturingsystem)計算機集成制造系統

DOS(disc

operating

system)磁盤操作系統GMDSS(global

maritime

distress

and

safety

system)全球海上遇險與安全系統ITS(intelligenttransportation

system)智能

統NMD(National

Missile

Defense)國家導彈防御系統TMD(theatre

missile

defense)戰區導彈防御系統)NASDAQ(nationalassociationofsecuritiesdealersautomatedquotation)納斯

達克,(美)全國交易商自動報價系統協會183有關職務或學位的縮略詞CEO(chiefexecutiveofficer)首席執行官CFO(chieffinanceofficer)首席財務官CGO(chiefgovernmentofficer)首席溝通官CIO(chiefinformationofficer)首席信息官COO(chiefoperatingofficer)首席運營官CTO(chieftechnologyofficer)首席技術官CPA(certified

public

accountant)注冊會計師MBA(Master

of

Business

Administration)工商管理碩士

MPA(Master

of

Public

Administration)公共管理碩士194.金融方面的縮略詞ATM(automatedtellermachine)自動柜員機CBD(central

businessdistrict)中央商務

區GDP(grossdomesticproduct)國內生產總值GNP(grossnationalproduct)國民生產總值205.考試方面的縮略詞CET(college

English

test)大學英語等級考試GRE(graduaterecordexaminationinUSAandother

countries)美國等國

家研究生入學資格考試PETS(public

English

test

system)全國英語等級考試HSK(Hanyushuipingkaoshi;ChineseStandardTest)漢語水平考試216其他方面的縮略詞AIDS(acquired

immune

deficiency

syndrome)

獲得性免疫缺陷綜合癥,即艾滋

病AM(amplitudemodulation)調幅APC(aspirin,phenacetin

and

caffeine;compound

aspirin;heat-relieving

and

pain-killingmedicineconsistingofaspirin,phenacetinandcaffeine)復方阿司匹林API(air

pollution

index)

空氣污染指數CDMA(code

division

multiple

access)

碼分多址,一種最新的無線電發射和接受方式CD(compact

disc)激光唱盤CD-ROM(compact

disc-read

only

memory)只讀光盤CD-RW(compact

disc-rewritable)可擦寫光盤CIP(cataloguing

in

publication)

在版編目;預編目錄.在圖書出版前,由圖書館編目部門

根據出版商提供的校樣先行編目,編目后將著錄內容及標準格式交出版機構,將它印

于圖書的版權頁上DIY(doityourself)指自己動手裝電腦,縫制衣服,做賀卡DVD(digital

video

disc)數字激光視盤EMS(express

mail

service)郵政特快專遞EQ(emotionalquotient)情商IQ(intelligencequotient)智商ICU(intensive-careunit)

重癥病房IP(internetprotocol)網際協議IT(imformationtechnology)

信息技術OA(officeautomation)辦公自動化OEM(originalequipmentmanufacturer)原始設備制造商PC(personal

computer)

個人計算機PT(particulartransfer)

特別轉

讓SCI(science

citation

index)

科學引文索引SOHO(small

office

home

office)小型家居辦公室SOS(Save

Our

Souls;radio

signal

once

used

universally

toappeal

for

help

esp.by

a

ship

or

boat;urgent

request

for

helpfromsb.introuble)國際上曾通用的緊急呼救信號,也用于一般的求救或求助ST(special

treatment)

特別處理VIP(very

important

person)

要人VOD(video

on

demand)

播wwW(World

Wide

Web)萬維網24Semi-conductor平導體Semicircle半圓Microbiology微生物學Micro

chemistry微量化學Microelectronics微電子學Microfilm縮微膠卷Thermodynamic熱力學的Thermometer溫度計Autobiographic自傳的Auto

mat自動售貨機Automation自動化前

綴Semi-半,

部分的Auto-

自,

自身Micro-小,微Thermo-

熱后

綴-ance-ity-

ment-ness-sion-tion-th(序)-ure-able

-ible

-ant

-al-ic-ive-OuS26·①長

多;·②大量使用被

態;·③

;·④使用

非謂語

詞的頻

特別

點27復

多語法

析■符合漢語習慣(translation)■以短代長、化難為易Appliedresearch

carriesthe

findings

of

basicresearchto

a

point

where

they

can

be

exploited

to

meet

a

specific

need,while

the

development

stage

ofresearch

and

development

includesthe

stepsnecessary

to

bring

a

new

or

modified

product

orprocess

into

production.In

Europe,the

United

StatesandJapantheunified

concept

of

research

anddevelopment

has

been

an

integral

part

of

economicplanning,both

by

government

and

by

private

industry.28WorldWarI

producedadramatic

change.Attemptsatrapidexpansionofthearms

industry

inthebelligerentaswellas

in

mostofthe

neutralcountries

exposed

weaknesses

in

technology

as

wellas

in

organization

and

brought

an

immediateappreciationoftheneedformorescientific

support.The

DepartmentofScientificand

Industrial

Research

inthe

United

Kingdomwasfounded

in

1915,andthe

National

ResearchCouncil

inthe

UnitedStates

in1916.29·Thesebodiesweregiventhetaskofstimulating

and

coordinatingthescientificsupporttothewareffort,

andoneoftheirmost

important

long-termachievementswastoconvinceindustrialists,in

their

own

countries

and

in

others,thatadequate

and

properly

conducted

researchanddevelopmentwereessentialtosuccess.30被

多科技英語1/3以上用被動句,但譯成漢語不一定用被動語態例句:■p8:In

GermanyNaziideologytendedto

be

hostile

to

basic

scientificresearch,and

effortwas

concentrated

on

short-termwork.在德國,納粹的意識形態對基礎科學研究采取的是敵對態度,所以,研究主要是集中在短期項目上。Automobilesmaybemanufacturedwithcomputer-drivenrobotsorputtogetheralmosttotallybyhand.31★

語例句:l

oetnheorsgeyo

a

c

ater所有的輻射都具有波的特征,與水中移動的波的特征相似Non-mobile

robots,capable

of

learning

to

perform

aindustrial

task

and

then

of

being

left

to

perform

ittirelessly

,are

even

now

in

use

in,industrial

plants

all

overthe

world.非移動機器人,

因其有能力完成

定的工業任務,

而且可以不知疲倦地完成同樣的工作,

因此早已在世界各

。ws,htigsthoucteriermovchatef

waves

thahas

wavelikous

tdiantograanaAll32

非謂語動詞多■動名詞■分詞:現在分詞和過去分詞■不定式--inspiteofthe

inevitableconfusion

inthecontrolofactivitiesthatwere

noveltomost

oftheparticipants,therefollowedadecade

ofremarkabletechnicalprogress.--3rdparagraphfromthebottomon

Page

833非

份,moreexamples:·Outside

the

air,space,and

defense

fields

theamount

of

effort

in

different

industries

followsmuchthesame

pattern

indifferent

countries,afactmadenecessary

by

the

demands

ofinternationalcompetition.(3rd

paragraph,P9)34三

點·①時態運用有

限;·②修辭手法簡單;·③

-

使

遍,如:caused

by,asbecauseof,due

toowingto,foras

a

result

of,becauseonly,if

only

except

besides

unless表示

制表示假設表

序however,butneverthelessotherwisesupposesupposing

assuming

providedproviding表示原

因35八、關于“名詞+名詞”的問題九、很少用“‘s”表示所有

十、定語從句中與which、when連用的介詞位置、關于be

going

to表示未來的問題四

sh

o

u

l

d

法1

.

2

象五、關于動作主體的問題

六、命令句的用法七

、by,w

it

h的

法二、

will,can,may

的用法三、無人稱被動句的用法36十一、關于if子句的問題十二、從句的緊縮式十三、完成時的用法十四、as的用法特

象十五、suchthat,suchas

to的用法十六、關于抽象名詞的用法十七、動詞+后綴當形容詞十八、常用的前綴十九、多用正規動詞,少用“動詞+副詞”37·科技英語中很少用begoingto表示將來。

這架新飛機將在禮拜一首次航行。The

newaircraft

isgoingtoflyforthefirsttimeon

Monday.becoineto老

題一The

newaircraftwillflyforthefirsttimeon

Monday.38

、will,

can,may

法(1)表示純粹未

用will明年開始生產這種新機器。Productionofthe

newmachinewillcommence

nextyear.為配合這個計劃,

問題被縮減為更多的分類問題,這樣就可以清楚地進行說明。In

linewiththis

plan,the

problem

is

reducedtoamorecategoricalquestionthatcan

beclearlystated.(Engineering,p4)39二、will,can,may的用法(2)

表示能力用will,can,capable,和be

able

to這幾

機的

小時800英里

。Theseplaneswillfly

atcanflyarecapableofflyingareable

tofly800milesperhour.40

二、will,can,may的用法(3)

表示經常發生的事用willFrictionwillcausethebearingstobecomeheated.摩

使

變熱

。Thissolidwillvaporizewhenwe

heat

it.當

。41Metalwhichcools

rapidlyUnguardedbeltsor

chainsThetestingofnew

machinescausefracture.

.ments.tiegidlonaccaeeskutaca

、will,can,may

法(4)

表示有時發生的事用may,canmaycan42Example

of'may'in

our

material:·Development.Development

engineers

applythe

results

of

research

to

useful

purposes.Creativeapplicationofnew

knowledgemayresult

inaworking

modelofa

newelectricalcircuit,achemical

process,oran

industrialmachine.(P4,last3paragraphs)43

、will,

can,may

法(5)

表示

能夠用canWorkonthe

newenginecanstart

in

a

fewweeks.幾周

可以開

新型

機的工

。Wecaneasilycalculatethefriction

losses.我們

可以很

容易的

算出

。44approachedinseveralways.lubricatedwithgrease.

d

me

h

g

te

r

s.or

oil.aturewaterpehermeithini)asure(

火usedtoQuenche

、will,can,may

法(6)

用may,canproblem-speedbearingsThermo-couples45三

(司機)開動發動機。Thedriverstartstheengine.Theengine

isstarted.

把鋼板焊接在一起。Heweldedtheplatestogether.Theplatesareweldedtogether.

高爐熔化礦石。Thefurnacesmeltstheore.Theore

issmelted

inthefurnace.46

那人磨尖了它的工具。Themansharpened

histool.Histoolwassharpened.

(我們)必須潤滑軸承。Wemust

lubricate

bearings.Bearingsmust

be

lubricated.

車床能加工螺絲。A

lathecancut

screws.Screwscanbe

cut

on

a

lathe.三

法47三

(操作者)應當注意不要損壞了機器。Attentionshouldbe

paid

nottodamagethe

machine.

在某些國家,人們利用地球中心的熱。The

heat

inthecenteroftheearth

isbeingmade

use

of

in

some

countries.或

Useis

being

madeofthe

heat

inthecenteroftheearth

insome

countries.48四

、should的

法(1)

”這些

應當

。Thesemachinesshouldbe

handledwithgreatcare.任何時

。Safety

precautions

should

be

obsered

at

alltime.

r

o

t

t

should

be

plottedona

graph.perimen圖表上。ex在he繪f果esults實

結e將Th應49四

should

法(2)

況ore

than

0.5%ofcarbon.Carboncontent

insteelshould

not

be

morethan0.5%.最

大內

4

0

/

1

0

0

0

。Themaximuminternal

diametershould

be40thousandthsofan

inch.eelshould

notcontain

m的

過0.5%

。st里The鋼50四

should

法(3)

表示

“期待”冷卻過

個小時

。Theprocessofcoolingshouldcontinue

forseveral

hours.這座大

在明年

。This

buildingshould

becompletedbytheend

ofnextyear.51五

題·①動作主體是人時,句末不用by

短語

;·

②動作主體

時,

用by短

;·③動

人,但

影響

子的意

思時,應加by

。52Explosioniscaused

bythe

rapidcombinationofthefuelswiththeoxygen

inthe

air.●沒有

夠的水

。Agriculturecannotbedevelopedwithout爆炸是由石油燃料與空氣中的氧

而引起的。動

體動作主體是人,不

bysufficient

water.動作主體不是人,用by53動

體·一個

操作

可以同時控制三臺機器

。Threemachinescan

be

controlledbyasingle

operator.強調

作Allresponsibilityfortheaccident

must

be

acceptedbythedesigner.設

故的

。主

體,用by54t

i

l

l

b

before.icatedefore.d

be

lheatehoubegunorhear

sbeeaThWAllowLetTake祈使

句動詞開頭六

、命

法·表

令Should命令

句e.g.55命

句·

Letmeby!

去!·Letitalone!

別管

!·Let

him

be!

!將輪胎

里的氣放掉

!Let

the

air

out

of

the

type!把瓶

里的水

倒出來

。Let

thewater

out

of

thebottle.常英語科技英語56每

十分

度!Takethetemperatureeverytenminutes.■

設x

。LetXequalthe

numberofrevolutions

perminute.■

記下

。Takethewaterlevel.■讓

。Al

k

eer

t

urr

n

minutes

andCalculatetheamountofexpansionwhichwilltakeplace.eteafrleopomceoaentew計

算出將

生的

。57Fillatest-tubehalf

fullof

waterandheatit

nearlyto

boiling

point.Supportthe

tubeonastandandallowittocool.Takethetemperature

every

minute.Stir

carefullywith

aglassrod.Recordthereadingyou

obtain,and

plot

themonagraphof

temperatureagainsttime.Repeatthiswithatubehalf-fullof

crystals.

Allow

the

solidtomelt.

Heatthe

liquidto

100oC,fixthetubeonthestand

and

allow

it

to

cool.Record

the

results

as

beforeandplotthem.58■

用耐

可以減

。Heatlossescan

be

reducedbyThe

heat

loss

reductioncan

beH

f

k

duced

by

lining

加襯里thefurnacewithfirebricks.res.ecbricairesft

losseeans

oeam·

by

by

means

of■

with

with

the

help

of七

by,with

法用

材料用某一工具firebricks.achievedby59The

necessary

heatforthecarbon-steamandcarbon-carbondioxidereactions

iscommonlygeneratedbyburning

partofthecarbon

inthegasifier.碳和蒸

汽以及

所需的

常靠

爐中

供.Thedrive

unitsare

normallyequippedwithshearpinsforoverload

protection.傳動

通常

銷,

防止

。60By

means

of

面不

。Heat

lossescan

be

reduced

by

meansofliningthefurhacewithfirebricks.Heat

lossescan

be

reduced

bymeans

offirebricks.By和

with61There

by

=by

means

of

this由此·That

part

ofthe

steam

nearest

to

the

walls

iscooled

and

condenses

as

a

film

of

water.Thevolume

of

steam

in

the

cylinder

is

there

byconsiderably

reduced.62八、關

+

題·

=a

pipe

made

of

iron=products

made

of

oil·②表示典

分=steelwhichcontainsmanganese·

=an

engine

worked

by

steam④

表示工作對象=adeviceforcompressingair63·

途=a

motor

for

driving

machines=a

brake

operated

by

foot·⑦表示

屬=

molecules

ofwater·⑧表示

于·⑨表示形狀astarwheel=awheelshaped

likeastar=thecostconcerningproduction·

式64adsorptionmechanismsatellitecommunicationtechniques衛

65ashcontentmineralmatterrateconstantnitrogendioxideexperimentresultsdiamondinsert

菱形插頭surfacepropertyair

pressuremoisturecontent看看下

面的名

合是

什么

型九

、很

s”表

有·

s一

般表

體的

有,

:科

語中用

+of+

詞”

+

”66有

為方

式等

命名,

需特別注意歐姆定

Ohm's

law牛頓定律

New-ton'sLaw波爾曼技術

Bollman'stechnique華氏溫度計

a

Fahrenheit

thermometer本生燈

aBunhrenheit

burner施特芬-波茲曼定律

theStofan-BoltzmanLaw尤利-湯普森反應theJoule-Thompsoneffect67十

、定

句中

與which、

whom連

置This

is

thebookwhichyou

mentioned

about

yesterday.This

is

the

book

about

which

you

mentioned

yesterday.介

前681.物體

熱。Whenanobject

is

placed

inthesun,it

becomeshot.Anobject

becomes

hot

when

it

is

placed

intheA

nb.ject

becomeshot

whenplacedin

the

sun.ouns當主句與從句是同

一主語時,

!

!!用“連詞

+過去分詞

,介詞+抽象名詞,或

連詞

+形容詞。十

、從

式692.安全

火。Safetymatcheslightonly

whentheyarestricken.Safetymatcheslight

only

whenstricken

.3.

當光線聚集在

,會

熱。

Whenlight

is

converged

at

a

point,itwouldproducelargequantityofheat.70在壓

力。compact

compactionConsiderable

lateral

pressure

isexertedby

theconcrete

during

compaction.5.after

itis

separatedafter

separation介詞

+

例:4.Considerable

lateral

pressure

is

exerted

by

theconcrete

while

it

is

being

compacted.71小結:可

式的

:When,while,once,if,as,after,during

等連詞+形

詞,

例:6.

Whennecessarylf

possibleOnce

……While

……必

時有可能的話一旦當

.

.

時72consumption,separation,emission,communication,growth,transmission,

installation1.

V.→

n.consume,separate,

emit,produce,apply,communicate,grow,transmit,install

.十

、抽象名

詞的用法抽象名詞的來源

動詞

形容詞production,application,抽象名詞的來源

動詞

形容詞2.a.→

n.responsibleresponsibilityaccurateaccuracyefficient

efficiency742.送電時廣泛使用變壓器。Transformersarewidely

used

inthe

transmission

ofelectrical

power.3.

原子裂變能放出

中子。Nuclearfission

results

inthe

emission

ofneutrons.Thedailyconsumptionofwatervaries

with

the1.一年四季的日常用水量不同。

transmit→

transmission

emit

emission consume

Consumption

season.754.廠家負責安

。Theinstallation

ofthe

newequipment

isthe

responsibilityofthemanufactures.

install

specify5.

所有有關的資料均應在規格中詳細說明。Alltherelevant

informationshould

be

detailed

inthe

specification.

installation

specification→76用抽象名詞或動名詞代替動詞6.用這種方法試驗機器需要消耗電力。test

testing

lfmachinesare

tested

by

thismethod,therewill

besome

lossofpower.discharge

dischargeThecontentsofthetankare

discharged

byaDie

of

thecontents

of

the

tank

isperformedbya

pump.chargump.spThe

testing

of

machinesby

thismethod

entails.some

loss

of

power。7.用

能抽

取油

油。It

is

necessarytoexaminetheaccuracyof

these

results

9.

有關

適的

。Information

is

needed

astowhich

type

offuelis

mostsuitable.

Information

is

neededastothe

mostsuitable

type

offuel

用抽象

句8.有

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