CulturalDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseProverbsanditsTranslationStrategiesQinQingSchoolofForeignLanguages4011201IntroductionResearchBackgroundProverbsaretheprecipitationandcrystallizationofthewisdomofanation'sproductionandlife,andarethecreamofanationallanguageandculture.Proverbscomefrompeople'slifepractice,reflectallaspectsofsocietyandlife,andplayapositiveroleinthedisseminationandexchangeofculture.Asoneofthedailycommunicationlanguages,proverbsplayanimportantroleinpeople'slife.Theynotonlyaddfuntopeople'slife,butalsoreflectsomecommonlifephenomenaandphilosophiesinlife.Inaddition,proverbsoftenappearinliteraryworksathomeandabroad,addingsomeinterestandculturalimplicationtoliteraryworks.Theformationanddevelopmentofproverbsareinfluencedbydifferentcultures,mainlyreflectedinthedifferencesbetweeneasternandWesternwaysoflifeandproduction,religiousbeliefs,naturalgeographyandculture,historicalallusionsandlifevalues.Therefore,intheprocessofproverbtranslation,thetranslatorneedstomakeacomprehensiveanalysisandResearchonthetranslationofEnglishandChineseproverbsfromtheperspectiveofculture.DifferenttranslationmethodshelptoexpresstheculturalconnotationofEnglishandChineseproverbsmoreclearlyandcompletely,whichisconducivetotheexchangeandmutualpromotionofeasternandWesterncultures.1.2ResearchSignificanceTranslationisnotonlytheconversionofwordsandsentencesonthesurfaceoflanguage,butalsoanylanguagecommunicationiscloselyrelatedtoculture.Withtheincreasinglyfrequentculturalexchanges,translationstudieshavegraduallyshiftedfromtheperspectiveofpurelanguagetotheperspectiveofculture.Translationisnotonlythetransformationbetweenlanguageandtext,butalsothephenomenonoftwoculturalexchanges.Itisacross-culturalcommunicationactivity.Proverb,asaspecialformoflanguageexpression,involvesnotonlythetransformationbetweenlanguages,butalsothetransformationbetweendifferentcultures.Evenintoday'ssociety,proverbshandeddownoverthousandsofyearsstillplayaveryimportantroleinshapingpeople'smoralbehaviorandsocialnorms.Therefore,theunderstandingandtranslationofproverbsisparticularlyimportant.UnderthedifferentculturalbackgroundsbetweentheEastandthewest,thetranslationmethodsofproverbsarealsodiversified.Accordingtoculturaldifferences,thekeyistochooseappropriatetranslationmethods,whichisaproblemthattranslatorsneedtothinkabout.ByanalyzingandstudyingthetranslationmethodsandStrategiesofproverbs,thispaperwillprovidesometheoreticalreferencesforthetranslationofproverbsinthefuture,andcanalsohelptranslatorsbettertranslateproverbs.

2LiteratureReview2.1OverviewofProverbsTherearecountlessentriesanddefinitionsaboutproverbs.InadditiontotheearlydefinitiongivenbytheDictionaryofProverbs,"aconciseandunforgettablestatementcontainingadvice,warningorprediction,oranalyticalobservation"(Torres-Martínez,2020).Proverbsarealsodefinedas"ashortandwell-knownwordthatissaidtobewise.EncartaWorldEnglishDictionary(1999)definesitas"ashortfamoussayingthatexpressesanobvioustruthandoftenprovidesadvice"(ChenMeicheng,2017).Accordingtotheabovedefinitionsprovidedbydifferentauthenticdictionaries,proverbscangenerallybesummarizedasfixed,conciseandhabitualexpressionscommonlyusedinordinarypeople'sdailylife.Itsfunctionistostatesomecommontruthsorexperiences,ortoprovidewiseadvicetoothers.2.2LinguisticFeaturesofProverbsHoneckR.P.,wroteabookcalledProverbsintheHeart:theCognitiveScienceofProverbWisdom(GouJie,2017).Inthebook,hementionedthatthehistoryofproverbuseisvague,becausewedon'tknowwhereandwhenthefirstproverbwasusedforthefirsttime.Atthesametime,hesummarizessevenreasonabledistinctionsaboutproverbs:(1)personal;(2)Formal;(3)Religious;(4)practicalityofliterature;(6)Culture;(7)Cognitive.Hebelievesthateveryone'sviewshaveauniqueandpositivecontributiontoourunderstandingofproverbs,buttheyhavedifferentunderstandingofourcognitionofproverbs.Becausepersonal,religious,literaryandpracticalviewshavefewscientificgoals.Thisistrueofformal,culturalandcognitiveperspectives,althoughtheydifferingoals,assumptions,methodsandtheoreticalproducts.Proverbscomefrompeople'sproductionpractice,sothelanguageiseasytounderstandandmorecolloquial.Itsstructureisrefined,itreadscatchy,hasadistinctrhythmandhasarhythmicbeauty.InChineseproverbs,thepronunciationisharmoniousandbeautiful,whichismainlyreflectedinrhythm.Manyproverbspayattentiontothelevelandrhymeoflanguage,especiallythealliterationortailrhyme.Forexample:“人抬人無價寶，人踩人路邊草。”“不要騎兩頭馬，不要喝兩家茶。”“挽弓當挽強，用劍當用長。”“人往屋里鉆，谷在田里竄。”TheaboveChineseproverbs,“寶”和“草”，“馬”和“茶”，“強”和“長”，“鉆”和“竄”areendingrhymes.“人抬人無價寶，人踩人路邊草。”“不要騎兩頭馬，不要喝兩家茶。”alsorhymesthroughtherepetitionofChinesecharacters.Andtheseproverbsareinthesentencepatternofantithesis.Theyhaveasenseofrhythmandareverysmooth.ZhangWenlan(2019)believethatEnglishproverbsusuallypayattentiontothesenseofrhythmandrhythm.Inordertoreadmoresmoothly,Englishproverbswillalsorhymeorendrhymeattheend,whichisgenerallymarkedbytherepetitionofvowelsorconsonants.Forexample:“Helpyoutosalt,helpyoutosorrow.”（給你添點鹽，給你添悲哀）“Whenthewindisinthewest,theweatherisbest.”（吹西風時天氣最好）Thefirstproverbrepeatstwo"help"atthebeginningofthesentencetomaketherhythmneat,andthereistherepetitionof"[S]"betweenthelasttwowords"salt"and"sorrow".Thewholesentencereadswithasenseofrhythm.Thesecondproverb"West"and"best"repeattherhyme,andtheendingofbothwordsis"[t]".FromtheaboveanalysisofthephoneticcharacteristicsofEnglishandChineseproverbs,itcanbeseenthatalthoughthepronunciationsystemsofEnglishandChinesearedifferent,bothproverbsemphasizethesenseofrhythmandrhythmicbeautyofsentences.Thisalsoprovidesguidanceforthetranslationofproverbs(Ismaili,2018).Intheprocessofproverbtranslation,translatorsshouldtrytheirbesttotranslateproverbsaccuratelyandpayattentiontothebeautyofrhythmatthesametime,soastotranslateproverbsmorerhythmicallyandrhythmically.Thecombinationofbeautifulpronunciationandrichmoralmakesproverbsmorevividandvivid.MasteringthephoneticcharacteristicsofproverbscanhelpusbetterlearnandappreciateproverbCulture.2.3EmbodimentofCross-culturalPerspectiveinProverbTranslationEnglishandChineseproverbsareformedanddevelopedindifferentculturalenvironmentsintheEastandthewest,andtheirconnotationisdeeplyinfluencedbysocialculture.ThedifferencesbetweeneasternandWesternculturesaffecttheexpressionandconnotationofproverbs.Atthesametime,throughproverbs,wecanexperiencethecharacteristicsandvaluesofeasternandwesternnationalcultures.Bryan(2017)believesthatreaderscanunderstandtheculturalcharacteristics,customs,thoughtsandvaluesofanationthroughproverbs.Azizollahandothers(2010)believesthatEnglishandChineseproverbscoverawiderangeofculturalconnotationsandinvolveallaspectsoflife.Itmainlyincludeslifestyle,naturalgeography,culturalphilosophy,moralnorms,institutionalculture,religiousbelief,culturalpsychologyandmodeofthinking.Byunderstandingtheculturalconnotationofproverbs,wecanprovideculturaltheoreticalbasisforproverbtranslation.Onthewhole,culturaldifferencesarereflectedinproverbs,whicharedividedintothefollowingaspects.(1)Reflectthewayofproductionandlife,forexample:“Gotobedwiththelambandrisewiththelark”（隨羊羔一起睡，同百靈一塊起），“AcoldMayandawindymakesafullbarnandafindy”（五月風涼爽，米谷堆滿倉）.(2)Reflectnaturalgeographyandculture.BritainislocatedintheBritishIslesinthenorthwestoftheEuropeancontinent,surroundedbythesea.DuringthereignofQueenElizabeth,thenavigationindustryreacheditspeak,sotheBritishnavigationindustryisverydeveloped.Forexample,"lifeiscomparedtoavoyage"(lifeislikesailingonthesea).TheBritishcomparelifetosailingonthesea,withupsanddowns."Gotothesea,ifyouwouldfishwell".(3)Reflectreligiousbeliefs.ThereligiousbeliefsofEnglishandChinesenationalitiesaredifferent,whichhavebeendeeplyrootedforalongtimeandhaveaprofoundimpactonculture.Churchesarerepresentativelandmarkbuildingsinthewest,whiletemplesarethemainbuildingsinChina.SomeEnglishproverbsarerelatedtochurches,suchas“YoucannotserveGodandMammon”（不能又敬上帝又敬財神），“GodiswhereHewas.”（上帝無處不在）.InChina'sproverbsrelatedtoreligion,ancientpeopleplacedtheirgoodwishesonBuddha,Guanyinandimmortals,andexaggeratedthepowerof"heaven"ofnaturalthings.Forexample:“生死有命，富貴在天”“道高一尺魔高一丈”“三個不開口，神仙難下手”“平時不努力，臨時抱佛腳”“當一天和尚撞一天鐘”。TheseChineseproverbsembodyChina'suniquereligiousandtheologicalculture.2.4StrategiesandSignificanceofProverbTranslationDomesticscholars'researchonproverbtranslationismainlydividedintothefollowingthreeaspects.Oneistostudyproverbtranslationbasedonculturaldifferences.Proverbsandcultureareinseparable.Somescholarsfocusonthetranslationofproverbsintheculturalcontext.Forexample,DuanHongmeiandDengFei(2021)talkedaboutthetranslationmethodsofliteraltranslationandfreetranslationintheprocessofTranslatingProverbsfromEnglishtoChinese.Undertheinfluenceofculturaldifferences,LiMinandDaimin(2017)putforwardthestrategiesofproverbtranslationtomakereadersfeeltheprofoundculturalcolorcontainedinproverbs.Thesecondistocombinewithrelevanttheories.Fromtheperspectiveofsocialsemiotics,somescholarsputforwardthetranslationmethodofsocialsemioticstoguidethetranslationofidioms.Somescholarsdiscussthetranslationofproverbsfromtheperspectiveofadaptationtheory.Forexample,RenJun(2020)embodiestheuniquelinguisticandculturalcharacteristicsofproverbtranslationfromtheperspectiveofadaptationtheory.Thethirdistoexplorethetranslationofproverbsfromthecharacteristicsofproverbsthemselves.Byanalyzingtherelationshipbetweenrhetoricandtranslation,ZhangCanandChenXi(2021)classifiesthefiguresofspeechcontainedinEnglishandChineseproverbs,anddiscussesthetranslationmethodsofEnglishandChineseproverbsfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric.TheymakeacomprehensiveanalysisofEnglishandChineseproverbs,andexpoundsindetailtheorigin,culturalmeaning,languagecharacteristicsandsocialfunctionsofChineseandEnglishproverbs,whichprovidesadetailedtheoreticalbasisforthestudyofEnglishandChineseproverbs.Inadditiontothestudyofproverbtranslation,manyscholarsarekeentocollectproverbsandcompilethemintobooks,whichprovidesgreatconvenienceforreaderstolearnandconsultproverbs.Foreignscholars'researchonproverbsismainlyaboutthehistoryandcultureofproverbs.Forexample,ZawanowskaandIlana(2018)believethateveryEnglishproverbhasadetailedhistoricaloriginandcorrespondinghistoricalallusions.Pouchelle(2020)haslongbeenengagedinthestudyofidioms.Heanalyzedtheroleofidiomsandputforwardnewopinionsonidioms.Inhisbookhowproverbsmean:semanticstudiesinEnglishproverbs,Nealnorrick,amodernproverbist,putsforwardawidelyaccepteddefinitionofproverbs,holdingthat"proverbshavealwaysbeendescribedasself-sufficient,refined,instructivetraditionalexpressionsandfixedverseforms".Atpresent,thestudyofproverbsabroadisnotveryextensive,butthroughsomeproverbdictionaries,readerscanunderstandtherichproverbCultureofEnglish-speakingcountries.Fromthecurrentresearchonproverbsbyscholarsathomeandabroad,wecanfindthatthetranslationresearchofproverbsisnotperfect,mainlyfocusingonthecharacteristicsandmethodsofproverbsthemselves.Fromtheperspectiveofculture,combinedwiththecharacteristicsofEnglishandChineseproverbsandthechoiceofproverbtranslationmethodsundertheinfluenceofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferences,thispaperfurtherexpoundstheimportanceofthetranslator'schoiceoftranslationstrategiesandmethodsintheprocessoftranslation.

3ApplicationofCross-culturalAwarenessinProverbTranslationIntheearlystageoftranslation,peopleonlyregardtranslationasatooloflanguageexchange.However,withtheincreasingfrequencyofcross-culturalcommunicationactivities,peoplerealizethattranslationisnotonlyatranslationatthelanguagelevel,butalsoatranslationattheculturallevel.Itisaprocessoftransformingonecultureintoanother.Inthisprocess,itisnecessarytogivefullplaytothetranslator'sinitiativeandcreativity.3.1Translator'sCross-culturalAwarenessCrossculturalawarenessisnotonlyexternalknowledge,butalsoaninternalabilityandquality.RobertG.Hanveygivesthefollowingexplanationoncross-culturalawareness.Hedividedcross-culturalawarenessintofourlevels:oneisthecognitionofthosesuperficialculturalphenomenaconsideredtobestrange;thesecondistorecognizetheremarkableculturalcharacteristicsthatarecontrarytothemothertonguecultureandareconsideredincredibleandlackofideas;thethirdistoobtainthecognitionofculturalcharacteristicsthroughrationalanalysis;fourth,perceivedifferentculturesfromtheperspectiveofdifferentcultureholders(Ba-Awaidhan,2020).Thefourthlevelisthehighestlevelofcross-culturalawareness,whichrequiresparticipantstohavetheabilityof"Empathy"and"culturalintegration".Theso-called"Empathy"istoputyourselfinotherpeople'sjoysandsorrowsandexperiences,andsubstituteyourselfintoeachother'sstateofmindinordertocauseemotionalresonance."Culturalintegration"istoobserveandthinkabouteachother'sculturalbackgroundonthebasisoffullyunderstandingculturaldifferences.Hanvey'sexplanationofcross-culturalawarenesscanbesummarizedasthetranslator'scross-culturalawarenessintranslationactivities,mainlyincludingtheunderstandingoftheculturaldifferencesbetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage.Inculturalexchangeactivities,translatorsneedtotransformthecultureoftheoriginallanguagecountryandthecultureofthetargetlanguagecountryaccordingtotheirownknowledgeandinternalabilityandquality.Andintheprocessoftransformation,weshouldputourselvesinaforeigncultureasfaraspossible,putourselvesinaforeignculturalbackground,observeandthinkaboutculture,ratherthanjustlimitedtoourownculture.Intranslationactivities,anexcellenttranslatorshouldfirstclearlyrecognizetheculturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwolanguages.Onthebasisofrealizingthesimilaritiesanddifferencesofculture,translatorsneedtochooseappropriatetranslationmethodstorecreatelanguageandculture.Forexample,theEnglishproverb"don'tkillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs",ifitisliterallytranslatedas"不要殺鵝取金蛋",althoughitisconsistentwiththeliteralmeaning,itisnotinlinewithChina'sculturalcustoms.BecauseinChina,peopleareusedtousing"殺雞取卵"toexpressthesamemeaning.Therefore,intheprocessofEnglishChinesetranslation,translatorsmustconsidertheculturalcharacteristicsbetweencountries,andavoidignoringtheculturalcharacteristicsofothernationsonlyaccordingtotheirownculturaltigers.Thequalityoftranslationdirectlyaffectsthequalityoftranslationandthedegreeofculturalexchange.3.2TheImportanceofCross-culturalAwarenessinProverbTranslationAsanexcellenttranslator,weshouldnotonlymastergoodlanguageskills,butalsohaveakeencross-culturalawarenesstoexchangetheculturalconnotationbetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage.3.2.1ProverbTranslationunderDifferentCulturalBackgroundsInChina,dogsandpigshavebeenregardedasderogatorywordssinceancienttimes.Forexample,“狗拿耗子多管閑事”，“狗改不了吃屎”，“豬狗不如”，“死豬不怕開水燙”.Theseproverbsareusuallyusedtobelittleandabuseeachother.Butinwesterncountries,peoplearefulloflovefordogsandpigs.Theythinktheyarelovelyanimals,suchas"youaretheluckydog"topraiseothers.Forexample,theEnglishproverb"betterbetheheadoftheadogthanthetailofalion",asanexcellenttranslator,whenyouseethisproverb,youshouldfirstthinkofthedifferencesbetweeneasternandWesternculturalbackgrounds.Itisbettertotranslateitinto“寧為雞頭，不為鳳尾”.Ifitistranslatedinto“寧為狗頭，不為獅尾”,althoughitisinlinewiththecultureofwesterncountries,itisnotinlinewiththeculturalcharacteristicsofournation.3.2.2ProverbTranslationunderDifferentCustomsAproverbsummedupaccordingtocustoms,suchas“五月五，吃粽子”，“冬至餃子夏至面”.Foodssuchas“粽子”“餃子”areuniquetoChina.PeopleinEnglishspeakingcountriesdonothavethesefoodsintheirlives.Therearedifferenttranslationsof"粽子".Somepeopletranslateitas"ricedumpings"andsomepeopletranslateitas"glutinousricedumpling".Annotationtranslationwillbemoreappropriate,anditwillbetranslatedas"zongzi",andannotate"apyramidshapeddumpsmadeofglutinousricewrappedinthebambooorreedleaves".ThistranslationmethodcannotonlypromoteChina'snationalculturalcharacteristics,butalsohelpreadersinEnglish-speakingcountriesbetterunderstandChina'sculture.3.2.3ProverbTranslationunderDifferentHistoricalBackgroundsandThinkingConfucianculturehasinfluencedChinafornearlyathousandyears.Today,peoplestillemphasizethat"harmonyisprecious"andestablishaharmonioussociety.Peopleadheretothewesternconceptoffreedomandindividual,andemphasizethespiritofcapitalism.Duetotheinfluenceofdifferentnationalculturalatmosphere,peopleofdifferentnationalitiesmayhavedifferentemotionalreactionsorsemanticassociationsforthesamesceneandthing.Thisisanotherobstaclethatneedstobecommunicatedandcrossedincross-culturalcommunicationandlanguagetranslation.ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishandChinesenationsisdifferent.Thecontentofproverbsisalwayscloselyrelatedtotheirownhistory.Eachnationhasitsownhistory,historicalfigures,historicalallusionsandhistoricallegends.Therefore,translatorsneedtounderstandeachother'shistoryandcultureintranslation.Forexample,theEnglishproverb"thekingandPope,thelionandthewolf"translatesinto"國王和教皇，獅子和豺狼".ThetranslatorneedstotakeintoaccountthedifferencesbetweeneasternandWesterncultures.The"King"inthisproverbimpliesthatJohn,thekingofmedievalEngland,exerciseddictatorshipathomeandfoughtabroadduringhisreign.HedeclaredwaronthePope,butfailedrepeatedly,andwasfinallyforcedtopaytributetothePope.Thismovehasarouseddissatisfactionamongthedomesticpeople,whohavecalledthem"獅子"and"豺狼".3.3TrendofCross-culturalAwarenessintheDevelopmentofProverbTranslationWiththecontinuousintegrationofeasternandWesterncross-culturalconsciousness,thephenomenonofculturalintegrationcanbeseeneverywhere.InChina,peopleliveChristmas,Valentine'sday,Halloweenandotherwesternfestivals.Inwesterncountries,everySpringFestival,agrandcelebrationceremonywillbeheldinplaceswithChinese.WesternershaveintegratedintoChina'sfestiveatmosphereandfelttheuniquecharmofChineseculture.Inaddition,ChinesefoodisalsowelcomedbyWesternersabroad,whilewesternfoodissoughtafterbyyoungpeopleathome.MoreandmorewesternerscometoChinatolearnprofoundcultureandenjoyit.Forexample,Chinesemartialarts,calligraphy,TaiChiandPekingoperahaveattractedalargenumberofWesterners.Chinesestudentshavealsogoneabroadtostudyaroundtheworld,learnforeignculture,andcontinuetospreadChinesecultureintheprocess.Itcanbeseenthatintheprocessofsocialdevelopment,thecross-culturalconsciousnessoftheEastandtheWestintegratesandaffectseachother.Theintegrationofeasternandwesternconsciousnessisalsoreflectedinthetranslationprocess.Withtheintegrationofculturalconsciousnessandthemulti-directionalexchangeanddisseminationofculturebetweeneasternandWesterncountries,theculturalgapbetweeneasternandWesterncountriesisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.SomelanguagewordsfromwesterncountrieshavegraduallybeenbroughtintoChina.Forexample,peopleoftensay"CocaCola","clone","TOEFL"and"Internet"areintroducedintoChinathroughdirecttransliterationandacceptedbythepublic.SomeChinesewordsarealsowidelyusedinwesterncountries,suchas"tofu"and"Wushu".InthedevelopmenttrendofthetranslationofEnglishandChineseproverbs,translatorsshouldnotbelimitedtotheirownculture,butalsoconsidertheculturalbackgroundofothernationalities.Excellenttranslatorsshouldmakerationaluseofcross-culturalawarenesstotranslatethemeffectively,soastomakeupforthedifferencesbetweendifferentcultures.

4StrategiesandMethodsofProverbTranslationfromaCross-culturalPerspectiveandCulturalStratificationTranslationisnotonlyasimpletranslationatthelanguagelevel,fromonelanguagetoanother,butalsoinvolvesadeeperlevelofculturaltranslation.4.1TranslationMethodsofProverbsunderSurfaceCultureSurfacecultureincludesthemostintuitivecontentbelongingtothecategoryofculture,suchasproductiontools,clothing,food,buildings,language,variousworksofartandotherculturalformsinmaterialform.Thetranslationofproverbsfromthesurfacecultureismainlyanalyzedfromthelanguagelevel4.1.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationcannotbeequatedwith"deadtranslation".Literaltranslationmainlymeansthatintheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorshouldtrytomaintainthelanguageformoftheoriginaltext,includingtheuseofwordsandsentencestructure,andbefaithfultothemeaningoftheoriginaltextAtthesametime,thelanguageshouldbefluentandeasytounderstand.Thecoreproblemofliteraltranslationishowtodealwithmeaningandformatthelanguagelevel.TranslateChineseproverbsintoEnglishproverbs.WhentheculturalimageinChineseproverbsisequivalenttotheculturalimageinEnglishproverbs,andtheproverbmeaningcanbeinferredfromtheliteralmeaning,theliteraltranslationmethodcanbeadoptedatthistime.Forexample,theChineseproverb"時間就是金錢"canbedirectlytranslatedinto"timeismoney",timeintotimeandmoneyintomoney.Intheprocessoftranslatingthissentence,thereisnoneedtoconsiderthedeep-seatedfactorsofculture,butthelanguagelevelconformstothegrammaticalrules.Asimilarproverbalsotranslates"婚姻是愛情的墳墓"into"marriageisthetombofthelove"."好的開始是成功的一半"istranslatedas"goodbeginningishalfsuccess"and"條條大路通羅馬"istranslatedinto“AllroadsleadtoRome”.TranslateEnglishProverbsintoChineseproverbs.Whentheculturalimagesarerelativelyequalandthereisnoimpliedculturalimplication,thesameliteraltranslationmethodcanbeadopted.Forexample,theEnglishproverb"bloodisthickerthanwater"canbetranslatedinto"血濃于水"byliteralunderstanding."Runningwaternevergetsstale"istranslatedinto"流水不腐"."Failureisthemotherofsuccess"istranslatedas"失敗是成功之母"."Moneyistherootofallevil"istranslatedas"金錢是萬惡之源"."Barkingdogseldombite"istranslatedas"會叫的狗不咬人"."Farwaterdoesn'tputoutthenearwater"istranslatedas"遠水解不了近火".4.1.2FreeTranslationFreetranslationrequiresthatthemainideaoftheoriginaltextbeexpressed.Themeaningshouldbeasclosetotheoriginallanguageaspossiblewithoutpayingattentiontodetails.Thetranslationcanbenaturalandsmooth,butwithoutlosingthecontentandstyleoftheoriginaltext.Someproverbscannotexpresstheiroriginalmeaningbyliteraltranslation.Atthistime,thetranslatorshouldadoptfreetranslation.TranslateChineseproverbsintoEnglishproverbs.Forexample,whentranslatingtheproverb"龍生龍，鳳生鳳，老鼠的兒子會打洞",evenifyoulookthroughtheEnglishproverbdictionary,youwillfindthatnoneofthesentencesaretranslatedcompletelyaccordingtotheliteraltranslationmethod,butmanyadoptthefreetranslationmethodtoexpressthemeaningofthesentence.Forexample,thethreeEnglishproverbs"anonionwillnotproducearose","Eaglesdonotbreeddogs","likecow,likecalf"allexpressthesamemeaning.TheChineseproverb"掛羊頭，賣狗肉"isacommonsaying.IfitisdirectlytranslatedintoEnglish,Englishreaderswillnotunderstanditsmeaning.Therefore,itshouldbetranslatedinto"afterprayingthewine,theysellusvinegar"byfreetranslation.ThisEnglishproverbismoreinlinewithWesternthinkingandculture.Throughthetranslationoftheseproverbs,wecandrawaconclusionthatwhenthereareculturaldifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestandaffectthetranslationofproverbs,thetranslatorcanadoptthefreetranslationmethod.TranslateEnglishProverbsintoChineseproverbs."Thereistruthinwine",ifonlyliterally,thisproverbmeans"酒里有真相".Thiskindoftranslationwillmakereadersconfusedanddoesnotaccordwithgrammaticallogic.Infact,thissentenceadoptsthefreetranslationmethodtoadjustthecompositionofthesentence,thatis,"酒后吐真言",translate"truth"into"真言",andthetranslationof"酒后吐真言"isclear,sothatthereadercanunderstandthemeaningoftheproverbataglance.Asimilartranslationis"Quietnessisbest",whichliterallymeans"安靜是最好的."Althoughtherearenomistakesinthistranslation,itstilllackssomeliterarygraceinthesense.Ifwetranslateitinto"無聲勝有聲",itnotonlyexpressesthemeaningoftheoriginalproverb,butalsoaddsatraceofliterarygracetomakereadersfeelhappy.If"dogdoesnoteatdog"istranslatedinto"狗不吃狗",readerswillhavequestions.However,ifitistranslatedinto"虎毒不食子",readerswillunderstandthatthis