L1transfer：語言遷移6.PsycholinguisticaspectsofinterlanguageWaysofL1transfer1.negativetransfer2.positivetransfer3.avoidance4.overusenegativetransferPositivetransferisaveryimportantpartoflearning.Georgeplayingfootball.ChineseinfluenceGeorgeplayedfootballallthetime.(target)positivetransferLanguagetransferthatfacilitatestheacquisitionoftarget-languageforms.FrenchlearnersofEnglisharemuchlesslikelytomakeerrorsofthiskind:ThemanwhomIspoketohimisamillionaire.

thanArabiclearners.L1transfercanresultinavoidance,whichissaidtooccurwhenspecifictargetlanguagefeaturesareunder-representedinlearnerproductionincomparisontonative-speakerproduction.avoidanceOveruse(過度使用)

Theoveruseofsomefeature(e.g.simplecoordinatestructures)wheresomeotherfeature(e.g.relativeclauses)ispreferredintarget-languageuse.Overusemayornotresultinerrors.e.g.ChinesespeakerstendtooverusetheexpressionofregretwhenapologizeinEnglish.Contrastiveanalysis

Asetofproceduresforcomparingandcontrastingthelinguisticsystemsoftwolanguagesinordertoidentifytheirstructuralsimilaritiesanddifferences.對比分析是把兩種語言進行對比，從而確定其中的相同點和不同點，對比分析最終的目的是為了預測母語對第二語言的學習所可能造成的影響。有語言之間的接觸，也就有語言的對比。這一派的觀點認為母語與目的語的能力彼此沖突，會妨礙母的語的能力。將兩種語言對比一下，就能預測可能出現的錯誤。Contrastiveanalysis(behaviouristview)Problematicpredictions:

Differencesdonotalwaysresultinlearningdifficulty.Speechact(言語行為)

Anactionperformedbytheuseofanutterance,inspeechorwriting,tocommunicate.在請求別人時，用錯了語調，會使效果適得其反。例如：學生對教授說：“Wouldn’titbeagoodideaifIpostponethedefence?”時，用了降調。此時，學生請求教授延長答辯時期，本應足夠的禮貌，可是降調的使用使得教授覺得學生不是在請求自己，而是在命令自己，結果適得其反。Restructuringcontinuum

重組連續體ThisreferstotheideathatinterlanguagedevelopmentconsistoflearnersgraduallyreplacingL1ruleswithtarget-languagerules.關于母語在二語習得中的作用，中介語（interlanguage)內部出現了兩種理論，分別是重組連續體理（Restructuring