加拿大1Pre-Columbianera2Europeancontact3NewFrance1534–17634thegovernmentofBritishandtheestablishmentoffederalstate5Recentdevelopment1Pre-Columbianera–

primitivestage

ThefirstinhabitantsarebelievedtohavecometoCanadafromAsiaabout12000yearsago.

SomelikelycrossedatemporarylandbridgethatjoinedSiberiaandAlaska.Thenameofthecountry,Canada,wasderivedfromtheHuron-Iroquois“Kanata”,meaningavillageorsettlement.

2Europeancontact

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contactandconflict

ThereareseveralreportsofcontactmadebeforeChristopherColumbusandtheageofdiscoverybetweenFirstNations,Inuitandthosefromothercontinents.TheearliestknowndocumentedEuropeanexplorationinCanadaaredescribedintheIcelandicSagas,whichrecounttheattemptedNorsecolonizationoftheAmericas

TheNorsewerethefirsttoarrivearoundtheyear1000.However,theNorseadventuresinCanadacametoanendwellbefore14thand15thcentury.

3NewFrance1534–1763

---ageofcolonization

QuebecCity

in1608ConflictsinNewFrancedefinitionItreferstotheFrenchempireinNorthAmericafrom1608to1763oneoftheoldestEuropeansettlementsinNorthAmericaChamplain'sfoundingofQuebecCity

in1608,bySamueldeChamplainMarkedthebeginningofNewFrance,andthusthetruebeginningofCanada.SamueldeChamplain

(1567or1580–December25,1635)

"TheFatherofNewFrance”beganexploringNorthAmericain1603thefirstEuropeantoexploreanddescribetheGreatLakes,andpublishedmapsofhisjourneysandaccountsofwhathelearnedfromthenativesandtheFrenchlivingamongtheNatives.formedrelationshipswithlocal

peopleIn1620,devotedhimselftotheadministrationofthecountry.establishedtradingcompaniesthatsentgoods,primarilyfur,toFrance,andoversawthegrowthofNewFranceintheSt.LawrenceRivervalleyuntilhisdeathin1635.

ConflictsinNewFranceNewFranceEnglishcoloniesAnunevencontest,inwhichtheFrenchinCanadaweregreatlyoutnumbered.Aresultofnumerouswarsbetweentheparentcountries,EnglishandFrance.ReasonforconflictsResulteddeeplyfromcompetitionforthewealthofthefurtradeintheNorthwest.(present-dayManitobaandbeyond)HistoricfactsThe17thcentury,Britain,FrancelaunchastruggleforCanada,theaukoccupiedsomesurroundingregionsaroundtheFrenchterritory,thusbesiegedthelatter.Bitbybit,thisconflictsbetweentwopowerscameintoawar-----SevenYears’War(1756-1763)SevenYears’War(1756-1763)wasamajormilitaryconflictthatlastedfrom1756to1763.ItinvolvedallofthemajorEuropeanpowersoftheperiod.TheresultsoftheSevenYears’WarUndertheTreatyofParis,whichendedthewarin1763,FranceofficiallycededNewFrancetoBritain.BritainissuedtheRoyalProclamationof1763,whichestablishedtheprovinceofQuebecoutoftheinhabitedportionofNewFrancelocatedinthelowerSt.LawrenceValley.In1774,theBritishpassedalaw(the

QuebecAct)thatguaranteedtheFrenchprotectionoftheirlanguageandreligion.TreatyofParisoftencalledthePeaceofParis,ortheTreatyof1763,wassignedon10February1763.bythekingdomsofGreatBritain,FranceandSpain,withPortugalinagreement.ItendedtheFrenchandIndianWar/SevenYears'War.ThetreatymarkedthebeginningofanextensiveperiodofBritishdominanceoutsideEurope.

4thegovernmentofBritish

and

theestablishmentoffederalstate

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ageofupanddown

ProcessDividedQuebecConstitutionActof1791StrugglinginCanada:3.1Colonialrebellion3.2Reformers’rebellion3.3Charlottetownmeeting3.4BritishNorthAmericaAct1DividedQuebec

Reason:AmericanRevolutionAmericancolonistswhoremainedloyaltotheBritishflednorthtoQuebecandScotiaThepupulationofthetwocoloniesgrewovernightdividedintotwocoloniesUpperCanada:uptheriverBoundary:OttawaRiverLowerCanada:alongthelowersectionofSt.Lawrence2ConstitutionActof1791

AnActformakingmoreeffectualProvisionfortheGovernmentoftheProvinceofQuebec,inNorthAmericaGaveeachofCanada’sprovincesalieutenant-governor,anexecutive,alegislativecouncil,andalegislativeassembly.Onlytheassemblywaselectedbythepeople.3StrugglinginCanada:3.1Colonialrebellion3.2Reformers’rebellion3.3Charlottetownmeeting3.4BritishNorthAmericaAct

3.1Colonialrebellion

Development:TheFrenchCanadiansstruggledtopreservetheircultureandtoadapttoanewsystemofgovernment.In1826,formedtheParti

Patriote,whichwasledbyLouis-JosephPapineau.ThePartiotes

drewupalistofdemandsforchange,whichwasrejectedbytheBritish.In1837,thePartiotes

triedtooverthrowthegovernmentbyforce.3.1Colonialrebellion

TherebellionwasveryquicklyputdownbyBritishtroops.Papineaufledthecountryand850

Partioteswerearrested;12werehanged.3.2Reformers’rebellionledbyWilliamLyonMackenziedemandedanAmericanformofgovernmentandseparationfromGreatBritain.quicklybeputdownbymilitiaandBritishsoldiers.

EffectsofReformers’rebellionBritainsentLordDurhamtoCanadatoinvestigatethetroublesinthetwoCanadas.HerecommendedthatUpperCanadaandLowerCanadabeunitedandthattheybegivenasystemofgovernmentthatwouldgivemorepowertotheelectedmembersoftheAssembly.“responsiblegovernment”Agovernmentsysteminwhichthegovernmentisresponsibletothepeople,andthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinetareresponsibletotheParliament.Cameintoeffectin1841withformationoftheProvinceofCanada.TheProvincehadtwosections:CanadaEastandCanadaWest.Eachhasthesamenumberofseatsinthegovernment.3.3Charlottetownmeeting

1、DelegatesGrits:ledbyBrownTories:edbyMacdonaldBleus:ledbyCartier2、Aims:

proposedfederalism:CanadaEastandWestwouldbecomeseparateprovinces,eitherinalooseunionbetweenthemorinafederationofallofBritishNorthAmerica.3、results:reachedanagreementonsupportingtheideaofunion;agreedtomeetagainatalarger,longermeetinginQuebec.3.4BritishNorthAmericaAct

PassedbytheBritishParliamentinOctober1864majorprovisions:1、federalismistobeimplementedinCanada;2、theBritishKingisalsothekingofCanadawithGovernorGeneralashisrepresentative;3、CanadianParliamenthastwohouses:thesenatewhosemembersarenominatedbytheBritishKing,theHouseofRepresentativeswhosemembersareelectedaccordingtothepopulationofeachprovince.ResultsoftheBritishNorthAmericaActOn1July,1867,theDominionofCanada,withfourprovinces—Quebec(formerlyCanadaEast),Ontario(formerlyCanadaWest),NewBrunswickandNovaScotia—cameintobeing.

Ottawawaschosenasthenationalcapital.MacdonaldwasappointedasthefirstPrimeMinisteroftheDominion,andanelectionwassetforAugust.EffectsofBritishNorthAmericaAct

AlthoughCanadacarriedoutfederalism,thepracticeoffederalisminCanadaisdifferentfromthatintheUnitedState.IntheUnitedStates,moreemphasisisputinthepowersofstates,whileinCanadathefederalgovernmentisgrantedpowersinawiderarea,evenincludingthepowernotclearlyspecifiedintheBritishNorthAmericaAct.However,theconfederationdidnotconferfullnationalindependence,forBritishretainedcontrolofforeignaffairsandcouldtheoreticallyvetoCanadianlegislation.Nevertheless,Canada’sstatusasadominionbecamethemodelforthefutureevolutionoftheBritishcommonwealthofnations.Recentdevelopment---

thepursuitofwell-being

5.1Macdonald’sgovern5.2WilfridLaurier’sgovern5.3WorldWarsandInterwarYears1915–19455.4ThePost-warEra1945–19605.5TheGoldRushof19875.1Macdonald’sgovern11January1815–6June1891thefirstPrimeMinisterofCanadaandthedominantfigureofCanadianConfederation.Macdonald'stenureinofficespanned18years,makinghimthesecondlongestservingPrimeMinisterofCanada.5.1Macdonald’sgovernBringtogetherdifferentcoloniesfromeasttowestinNorthAmericabotheconomicallyandpoliticallythroughtheconstructionoftheCanadianPacificRailway.theCanadianPacificRailwaywascompletedin1885,givingenormousimpetustotheWestwardmigration,politicalstabilityandeconomicprosperityinCanada.5.2WilfridLaurier’sgovern

(1841-1919)FirstFrench-speakingCanadianPrimeMinister.wellknownforhispoliciesofconciliation,expandingConfederation,andcompromisebetweenFrenchandEnglishCanada.predicted“The19thcenturybelongstotheUnitedStates,whilethe20thcenturybelongstoCanada.WilfridLaurier’sgovernOneofrenewedgrowthandprosperity.theWestwascultivatedtosuchanextentthattwonewprovinces,AlbertaandSaskatchewan,wereestablished,becomingmajorwheat-producing

provinces.facedwithaclusterofotherissues,issuesinvolvinghardchoicesbetweenmaintainingthetraditionalAnglo-CanadianfriendshipandkeepingtheindependenceandsovereigntyofCanada,betweenkeepingthesolidarityofdomesticethnicgroupsandmakingconcessiontoFrenchCanadians,andbetweenimprovingtheUS-Canadianrelationshipandsolvingrelevantborderandtariffdisputes.5.3WorldWarsandInterwarYears1915–1945

WorldWarsandInterwarYears1915–1945TheCanadianForcesandcivilianparticipationintheFirstWorldWarhelpedtofosterasenseofBritish-Canadiannationhood.ThereputationCanadiantroopsearned,alongwiththesuccessofCanadianflyingaceshelpedtogivethenationanewsenseofidentity.Asaresultofthewar,theGovernmentofCanadabecamemoreassertiveandlessdeferentialtoBritishauthority.In1931theStatuteofWestminstergaveCanadatheopportunityforalmostcompletelegislativeindependencefromtheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom.WWI(1914-1918)SecondWorldWar(1939-1945)Canada'sinvolvementintheSecondWorldWarbeganwhenCanadadeclaredwaronNaziGermanyonSeptember10,1939

Bytheendofthewar,Canadahad,temporarilyatleast,becomeasignificantmilitarypower.changedCanada’sfocusandorientationinforeignaffairsandCanadabecameclosertotheUnitedStatesinthefieldsofpolitics,economy,defenseandculture5.4ThePost-warEra1945–1960ProsperityreturnedtoCanadaduringtheSecondWorldWarandcontinuedintheproceedingyears.nationalpoliciesincreasinglyturnedtosocialwelfare.TheforeignpolicyofCanadaduringtheColdWarwascloselytiedtothatofthe

UnitedStates,whichwasdemonstratedbymembershipinNATO

5.5TheGoldRushof1987

Cause:goldwasdiscoveredontheKlondikeRiverinthefarwesternYukonTerritory.ThemostpublicizedGoldRushinhistory.theunpopulatedprairielandswerefurtherexploredandcultivated;ledtothediscoveryofothermineralsintheCanadianhistory.這個(gè)部分很突兀TheCallforNationalDignityandUnityNationalconsciousnessrose“AnotherNationalCrisis”TheCharlottetownAccordQuebecJeanChretien’sgovernNationalconsciousnessroseAredandwhitemaple-leafflag(inDec.1964)“OCanada”–NationalAnthem(OnJuly1,1980)In1982,BritishNorthAmericaActwasreplacedbyanewconstitutionforthegover