Unit4SleepandDreamsPre-readingInterpretationoftheQuotationsPre-readingDiscussionsStageofSleepandInsomniaInterpretationoftheQuotationsSleepisbetterthanmedicine.--ProverbGoodhealthreliesmoreonagoodnight’ssleepthanonmedicine.InterpretationoftheQuotationsAdreamisawishyourheartmakes,whenyou’refastasleep.--DisneyWorldadvertisementAdreamreflectswhatyoureallyfeelinyoursubconsciousworld.InterpretationoftheQuotationsAlightsupper,agoodnight’ssleep,andafinemorninghaveoftenmadeaheroofthesamemanwho,byindigestion,arestlessnight,andarainymorning,wouldhaveprovedacoward.--LordChesterfieldWhenonerefrainsfromhavingabigsupper,enjoysagoodnight’ssleep,andwakesuptoabeautifulmorning,he/shewillfeellikeahero.Butifthesamepersoneatstoomuchintheevening,notsleepingwellthroughoutthenight,andwakesuptoarainymorning,he/shemaysufferfromalackofconfidence.StagesofSleepInmammalsandbirds,sleepisdividedintotwobroadtypes:RapidEyeMovement(REM)andNon-RapidEyeMovement(NREMornon-REM)sleep.Eachtypehasadistinctsetofassociatedphysiological,neurological,andpsychologicalfeatures.TheAmericanAcademyofSleepMedicine(AASM)furtherdividesNREMintothreestages:N1,N2,andN3,thelastofwhichisalsocalleddelta,orslow-wave,sleep(SWS).Sleepcyclesthroughthenight,withdeepsleepearlyonandmoreREMtowardmorning.SleepproceedsincyclesofREMandNREM,theordernormallybeingN1→N2→N3→N2→REM.Thereisagreateramountofdeepsleep(stageN3)earlyinthenight,whiletheproportionofREMsleepincreaseslaterinthenightandjustbeforenaturalawakening.Insomnia

Insomniaisasymptomofanyofseveralsleepdisorders,characterizedbypersistentdifficultyfallingasleeporstayingasleepdespitetheopportunity.Insomniaisasymptom,notastand-alonediagnosisoradisease.Bydefinition,insomniais"difficultyinitiatingormaintainingsleep,orboth"anditmaybeduetoinadequatequalityorquantityofsleep.Itistypicallyfollowedbyfunctionalimpairmentwhileawake.Bothorganicandnon-organicinsomniawithoutothercauseconstituteasleepdisorder,primaryinsomnia.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesDepartmentofHealthandHumanServicesintheyear2023,approximately64millionAmericansregularlysufferfrominsomniaeachyear.Insomniais1.4timesmorecommoninwomenthaninmen.Reading1

WhydopeoplealwaysfeellogyonMonday?Inwhatwaysdoesexercisehelptoreducestress?Whatistheappropriatetimeforthescheduleexercise?Isithealthyforadietertohavelightbefore-bedsnackifhefeelhungryatnight?What’rethesideeffectsofusingsleepingpills?Whatdamagecanadrinkoflate-eveningalcoholdotoagoodnight’srest?Whyisitsuggestedthatwe’dbetterturnthelightsoffinthemiddleofthenight?LanguageExplanationPara.2“Bykeepingtoaregularscheduleasmuchaspossible,yourbodyclockwon’thavetoworksohardtoresetitself.”Ifyoutryyourbesttokeeptoaregularscheduleevenonweekends,itwon’tbesouncomfortabletoswitchyourbodyclocktonormalonMonday.Para.3onthenightshiftshift:aperiodoftimeworkedbyagroupofworkerswhostartworkasanothergroupfinishes班；輪班；輪班工作時間e.g.toworkaneight-hourshift按每班八小時輪班工作workinginshifts輪班工作simulate:tobemadetolooklikesth.else模仿；冒充e.g.agasheaterthatsimulatesacoalfire模仿煤爐旳煤氣暖爐Para.4Endorphin:guessfromthecontentafterdash.“Byrelaxingmusclesandstimulatingthereleaseofendorphins–chemicalsthatactasnaturalpainrelievers–exerciseworksasanantidotetostress.”

Exerciseshelpstoovercomestress,becauseitcanrelaxmusclesandincreasethereleaseofendorphins,whicharechemicalsthatarenaturalagentstoreduceorgetridofpain.stimulate:vi.keepapersonawakePara.5“Therearenomagicsleepfoods,butamealschedule,justlikeasteadysleepschedule,helpskeepyourbodyclockrunningsmoothly.”Therearenospecialfoodstohelpyousleep,butyoucanhavearegulartimetableforyourmeals,justlikearegularsleeptimetable.Aregulartimetableforyourmealshelpskeepyourbodyclockrunningsmoothly.Para.6developatolerance:(guessthemeaningfrom“afterawhilepillslosetheireffectivenessandyouneedlargerdosesorstrongerdrugs.”)tolerance:Ifsomeoneorsomethinghasatolerancetoasubstance,theyareexposedtoitsooftenthatitdoesnothaveverymucheffectonthem.

Thewholesentence:

Yourbodycanalsobecomeusedtothepills,andafterawhiletheyarenolongereffectiveandyouneedlargerdosesorstrongerdrugs.Para.7FDA:FoodandDrugAdministration;theUSgovernmentdepartmentthatisresponsibleformakingsurethatfoodanddrugsaresafetobesold（美國）食品及藥物管理局Para.9wearoff:tograduallydisappearorstopPara.9“Alcoholsupppressesrestorativedreamsleep,causesnumerousshortawakeningsand,onceitssedativeeffectshavewornoff,mayleaveyouwideawakebutunrefreshedtowardmorning.”Alcoholreducesrefreshingdreamsleep,causesnumerousshortawakeningsand,onceitscalmingeffectshavedisappeared,mayleaveyouwideawakebutunrefreshedtowardmorning.Para.11“Theresearchersusedbrightlightcomparableinintensitytonaturalsunlightjustafterdawn”Theresearchersusedbrightlightwhichisasstrongasnaturalsunlightjustafterdawn.aggravate:tomakeanillnessorabadorunpleasantsituationworsee.g.Pollutioncanaggravateasthma.污染會使氣喘加重。

Para.12Driftinginandoutofsleep:

drift:togofromonesituationorstatetoanotherwithoutrealizingitWhole:notsleepingdeeplyenoughplague:tocausepainortroubletosb./sth.overaperiodoftimee.g.本賽季這支隊一直為隊員受傷所困擾。Theteamhasbeenplaguedbyinjurythisseason.Reading2Therearemanyotherhypothesesaboutthefunctionofdreams,including:Duringthenighttheremaybemanyexternalstimulibombardingthesenses,butthemindinterpretsthestimulusandmakesitapartofadreaminordertoensurecontinuedsleep.Themindwill,however,awakenanindividualiftheyareindangeroriftrainedtorespondtocertainsounds,suchasababycrying.Dreamsallowtherepressedpartsofthemindtobesatisfiedthroughfantasywhilekeepingtheconsciousmindfromthoughtsthatwouldsuddenlycauseonetoawakenfromshock.Freudsuggestedthatbaddreamsletthebrainlearntogaincontroloveremotionsresultingfromdistressingexperiences.Jungsuggestedthatdreamsmaycompensateforone-sidedattitudesheldinwakingconsciousness.Ferencziproposedthatthedream,whentold,maycommunicatesomethingthatisnotbeingsaidoutright.Dreamsregulatemood.Hartmannsaysdreamsmayfunctionlikepsychotherapy,by"makingconnectionsinasafeplace"andallowingthedreamertointegratethoughtsthatmaybedissociatedduringwakinglife.MorerecentresearchbypsychologistJoeGriffin,followingatwelveyearreviewofdatafromallmajorsleeplaboratories,ledtotheformulationoftheexpectationfulfilmenttheoryofdreaming,whichsuggeststhatdreamingmetaphoricallycompletespatternsofemotionalexpectationintheautonomicnervoussystemandlowersstresslevelsinmammalsRecallingDreamsTherecallofdreamsisextremelyunreliable,thoughitisaskillthatcanbetrained.Dreamscanusuallyberecalledifapersonisawakenedwhiledreaming.Womentendtohavemorefrequentdreamrecallthanmen.Dreamsthataredifficulttorecallmaybecharacterizedbyrelativelylittleaffect,andfactorssuchassalience,arousal,andinterferenceplayaroleindreamrecall.Often,adreammayberecalleduponviewingorhearingarandomtriggerorstimulus.Adreamjournalcanbeusedtoassistdreamrecall,forpsychotherapyorentertainmentpurposes.Forsomepeople,vagueimagesorsensationsfromthepreviousnight'sdreamsaresometimesspontaneouslyexperiencedinfallingasleep.Howevertheyareusuallytooslightandfleetingtoallowdreamrecall.UnderstandingMakesomeexamplesofthedreamsprovokedbyexternalinfluences.Whyisitthoughtthatthedreamermaybescanningthescenedepictedinhisdream?Whydoestheauthorsaythat“acertainamountofdreamingseemstobeahumanrequirement”?Arepeoplesharecommonsintheirclaimstodreaming?Candreamreallypredictfuture?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardsFreud’stheory?LanguageExplanationPara.1“Dreamshavealwaysheldauniversalfascination.”Dreamshavealwaysbeenconsideredasaverystrongattraction.Para.2suffocation:(guessfrom“breathingdifficulties”)Ifitissuffocating,itisveryhotandthereislittlefreshair.vivid:ofmemories,adescription,etc.producingveryclearpicturesinyourmindPara.4bornadj.e.g.bebornofpoorparents;bebornin/intoarichfamily;bebornlucky;beborntosucceed;bebornfortheprofession;abornactordeprivesb.ofsth.:topreventsb.fromhavingordoingsth.,especiallysth.importante.g.他們遭到監禁并被剝奪了基本權利。Theywereimprisonedanddeprivedoftheirbasicrights.你為何連這種簡樸旳娛樂也不讓自己享有一下呢？Whyshouldyoudepriveyourselfofsuchsimplepleasures?

Para.6“Superstitionandmagicalpracticesthriveonthesupposedpowerofdreamstoforetellthefuture.”thriveon:besuccessfulorstrongatsth.,especiallysth.thatotherpeoplewouldnotlike以某事為樂，因某事而有成（尤指別人不喜歡旳事物）e.g.Hethrivesonhardwork.supposed:usedtoshowthatyouthinkthataclaim,statementorwayofdescribingsb./sth.isnottrueorcorrect,althoughitisgenerallybelievedtobe誤覺得旳；誤信旳；所謂旳e.g.Whendidthissupposedaccidenthappen?這場合謂旳事故發生在什么時候？Whole:Superstitionandmagicalpracticesaresuccessfulandbelievedbypeoplebecauseofthesupposedpowerofdreamstoforetellthefuture.keepanopenmindon:tobewillingtolistentooracceptnewideasorsuggestionsFindthesynonymsinthisparagraphsupposed-allegedforetell-predictPara.7higheranimals:theanimalshavinghigherintelligence.Para.8“Werevertinourdreamstothemodesofthoughtcharacteristicofearlychildhood.”Whendreaming,wereverttothemodesofthoughtwhichistypicalforearlychildhood.Reading3InterpretationofDreamswrittenbyFreud

TheInterpretationofDreamsisabookbypsychoanalystSigmundFreud.ThefirsteditionwasfirstpublishedinGermaninNovember1899asDieTraumdeutung(thoughpost-datedas1900bythepublisher).ThepublicationinauguratedthetheoryofFreudiandreamanalysis,whichactivityFreudfamouslydescribedas"theroyalroadtotheunderstandingofunconsciousmentalprocesses".AtthebeginningofChapterOne,Freuddescribeshisworkthus:Inthefollowingpages,Ishalldemonstratethatthereisapsychologicaltechniquewhichmakesitpossibletointerpretdreams,andthatontheapplicationofthistechnique,everydreamwillrevealitselfasapsychologicalstructure,fullofsignificance,andonewhichmaybeassignedtoaspecificplaceinthepsychicactivitiesofthewakingstate.Further,Ishallendeavourtoelucidatetheprocesseswhichunderliethestrangenessandobscurityofdreams,andtodeducefromtheseprocessesthenatureofthepsychicforceswhoseconflictorco-operationisresponsibleforourdreams.

ThebookintroducesFreud'stheoryoftheunconsciouswithrespecttodreaminterpretation.Dreams,inFreud'sview,wereallformsof"wish-fulfillment"—attemptsbytheunconscioustoresolveaconflictofsomesort,whethersomethingrecentorsomethingfromtherecessesofthepast.Imagesindreamsareoftennotwhattheyappeartobe,accordingtoFreud,andneeddeeperinterpretationiftheyaretoinformonthestructuresoftheunconscious.SigmundFreud(1856-1939)SigmundFreud,physiologist,medicaldoctor,psychologistandfatherofpsychoanalysis,isgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthemostinfluentialandauthoritativethinkersofthe20thcentury.WorkingintiallyinclosecollaborationwithJosephBreuer,Freudelaboratedthetheorythatthemindisacomplexenergy-system.Freud’sinnovativetreatmentofhumanactions,dreams,andindeedofculturalartifactsasinvariablypossessingimplicitsymbolicsignificancehashadmassiveimplicationsforawidevarietyoffields,includinganthropology,semiotics,andartisticcreativityandappreciationinaddictiontopsychology.However,Freud’smostimportantandfrequentlyreiteratedclaim,thatwithpsychoanalysishehadinventedanewscienceofthemind,remainsthesubjectofmuchcriticaldebateandcontroversy.Activation-synthesistheoryThelatestneuropsychologicaltheoryofdreams,whichisindirectoppositionwithFreudianconcepts,wasdevelopedbytwoHarvardUnversityscientists–Dr.AllanHobsonandDr.RobertMcCarley.AccordingtotheirActivation-SynthesisModel,dreamingiscausedphysiologicallybya“dreamstategenerator,”whichislocatedinthebrainstem.Activation-synthesistheoryItis“on”duringrapideyemovement(REM)sleep,whileallsensoryinputandmotoroutputareblocked,andtheneuronsinthecerebralcortexareactivatedbyrandomimpulsesthatgeneratesensoryinformationwithinthenervoussystem.UnderstandingAccordingtoFreud,whydowedreamforwish-fulfillment?Makesomeexamplesthatwedisguisethehiddenwisheswithsymbols.AccordingtoFreud,whatisthetaskoftherapist?DomanyofthetherapistsagreewithFreud?What’sthedifferencesbetweenHobson’srevisedtheoryandFreud’stheory?StructureThewordsthatdemonstratetherelationshipsofthreetheories:Para.5“disagreeingcompletelywithFreud”Para.7“agreeingpartlywithFreud”Pleaseconcludetheviewpointofeachschool:Freud’sviewpoint(Para.2-4)

Wedreamforwishfulfillment.Wedisguisethesewisheswithsymbols.Thetherapist’staskisinterpretingthesesymbolsandhelpingtheclientdiscoverhisorherfearfulandunconsciousdesires,needs,andfeelings.AlanHobsonandRobert’sviewpoint(Para.5-6)

dreamingisonlyrandomandmeaninglessactivityofnervecellsinthebrain,nounconsciouswishesordesires.Cartwright’sviewpoint(Para.7-8)

Dreamsareextensionsofwakinglife,includingthoughtsandconcerns,especiallyemotionalones.LanguageExplanation

Para.2Dreamscontainexperiencesofprecedingdaysaswellasmemoriesofearlychildhood.Dreamscontainexperiencesofrecentdaysaswellasthetimeinthepast.Para.4Symbolic:containingsymbols,orbeingusedasasymbole.g.鴿子是和平旳象征。Thedoveissymbolicofpeace.Para.5Nothingmorethan…:onlyNothinglessthan…:usedtoemphasizehowgreatorextremesthis簡直是；極其；不亞于e.g.Itwasnothinglessthanadisaster.這簡直就是一場劫難。Para.7Sparse:onlypresentinsmallamountsornumbersandoftenspreadoveralargearea稀少旳；稀疏旳；零落旳e.g.Theinformationavailableonthesubjectissparse.這個題目資料匱乏。thesparsepopulationoftheislands那些島上零星旳人口Reading4Whatdoesthesymbolsinthedreamsdependon?Doyoualwaysappearthesameinyourdreams?Whatdoanimalsrepresent?Whatcanmoodinyourdreamstellaboutyourwakinglife?Whyisitmoreimportanttodecipheracolourwhichisparticularlystrikinginyourdream?What’sthefunctionofdreamjustbeforetheawakening?Pleasetalkaboutthemainideasofsomeoftheparagraphs:Para.2:Youmayhavedifferentrepresentationsinyourdreams.Para.3:Whethertheanimalsinyourdreamshavepositiveornegativemeaningsdependsonhowyoufeelabouttheseanimals.Para.4:Itisgoodtoknowthemoodofyourdreams.Para.5:Anothertipinunderstandingyourdreamsisanalyzingwhatfeelingsandemotionsyouhadduringthem.Para.6:Thecolourindreamsdiffersfrompeopletopeoplewhichmaygiveyousomeextrainformation.LanguageExplanationPara.1Code:asystemofwords,letters,numbersorsymbolsthatrepresentamessageorrecordinformationsecretlyorinashorterformPara.2Allusion:somethingthatissaidorwrittenthatreferstoormentionsanotherpersonorsubjectinanindirectwaye.g.他旳申明被視為暗指近來與毒品有關