THE

ECONOMICIMPACT

OFGENERALMOTORSINTHEUNITEDSTATES

OXFORD

ECONOMICS

JUNE2023

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TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

3

TABLEOFCONTENTS

Executivesummary4

1.Introduction8

1.1GeneralMotorsOverview8

1.2PresentDayAutomotiveMarket8

1.3GM’sGlobalandLocalProduction8

2.GM’sNationalImpact12

2.1GM’sImpactontheUSEconomy12

2.2GM’simpactonJobsandWages13

2.3GM’sImpactonTaxRevenues14

3.GM’sState-LevelImpact18

3.1Michigan18

3.2Texas20

3.3Ohio21

3.4NewYork22

3.5Indiana23

3.6Tennessee24

3.7Missouri25

3.8Kentucky26

3.9Kansas27

4.Conclusion30

Appendix:Methodology32

Withahistorystretchingbackmorethan115years,GeneralMotors(GM)hasdeep-seatedrootsinDetroit,Michigan,withoperationsandasupplychainintegratedintotheUnitedStatesandglobal

economies.GMwasthelargestautomotivemanufacturerintheUSin2022,andtheUSremainsamongthefirm’stoptargetmarketsgoingforwards.

Thisreportexploresthejobs,GDP,andpaymentstogovernmentthatGMsupportedin2022intheUS,lookingatthecompany’sownoperations,itsspendingwithsuppliers,itsinvestment

programs,anditspaymentofwagestoemployees.

GMmakesupanintegralpartofthenationalandlocaleconomiesacrossthecountry.OurkeyfindingsofGM’seconomicimpactinFiscalYear2022include:

ThetotalimpactofGM’sactivitiesamountsto$116.5billionworthofGDPand709,100jobsacrosstheUS.GM’stotalGDPfootprintislargerthanthatof13USstatesanditstotalemploymentfootprintislargerthantheentirelaborforceof10USstates.

709,100

Jobssupported

byGM’sactivities.

With97,000

peopledirectly

employedbythefirm,that’sa

nationaljobsmultiplierof7.3.

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TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

$116.5billion

GDPsupportedbyGM’s

activitiesin2022.

That’smorethan

theeconomies

of13USstates.

?GMdirectlycreated$39.2billionworthofGDPforthe

Americaneconomyin2022,nearlyonequarterofalltheGDP

generatedbyUScarmanufacturers.1

?Forevery$1billionofvaluedirectlycreatedbyGM,anadditional

$1.97billionofGDPwassupportedinindustriesandlocalesspread

throughouttheentireUSeconomy,aGDPmultiplierof2.97.

?GMemployedover97,000hourlyandsalariedworkers,

accountingfornearly10%oftheUS’sautomotivemanufacturing

laborforce.2

?GMoffersaveragetotalcompensationapproximately39%

higherthantheaveragefortransportationmanufacturing

workers,3and69%higherthanthecompensationoftheaverage

Americanworker.

?ForeveryindividualGMdirectlyemploys,6.3additionaljobsare

supportedacrosstheUnitedStates—ajobsmultiplierof7.3.

?AmongalljobssupportedthroughoutGM’sfootprint,atotal

of$60.2billionoflaborincomewaspaidtohouseholdsacross

thecountry.

4

1MotorVehicles,BodiesandTrailers,andPartsManufacturingindustry,NAICS3361-3363

2Ibid.

3TransportationEquipmentManufacturing,NAICS336

5

$21.5billion

Intaxrevenuessupported

byGM’sactivities,enough

topaythesalariesof

nearlyonein10public

schoolteachersintheUS.

$5.6billion

Investedin2022

intoGM’sUS

manufacturing

operationsandR&D

includingcuttingedgeEV

technologyandproduction.

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

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?GMfinancedmorethan1.6millionhoursoftrainingforits

employeesin2022,atatotalvaluetothefirmof$140million.

?GM’simpactontaxrevenuesforfederal,state,andlocal

governmentsintheUnitedStatescomestoapproximately$21.5

billion,enoughtopaythesalariesofnearlyonein10teachers

currentlyemployedinschooldistrictsacrosstheUS.

ThetotalGDPfootprintofGMismadeupofthreechannelsof

impact.ThedirectimpactreflectstheworkundertakenbyGM’s

ownworkforce,andtheprofitsgeneratedasaresult.Thiswas

$39.2billionin2022,supporting97,000directjobsinthefirm.

TheindirectGDPimpactof$44.1billionrelatestotheeconomic

activitysupportedthroughoutGM’sUS-basedsupplychain,asa

resultofitspurchasesofinputsofallkinds.Thiswasassociated

with324,000jobsandanestimated$27.7billioninlaborincomein

2022.

Finally,theinducedGDPimpactof$33.2billionreflectsthe

activitysupportedacrossthewiderUSconsumer-facingeconomy,

asaresultofGManditssupplierspayingwagestotheirstaff,who

thenspendtheproceedsinretail,leisure,andotheroutlets.This

supportedafurther288,100jobsandanestimated$18.8billionin

laborincomein2022.

Thisreportalsoprovidesastatelevelanalysisforninestates

whereGMhasmajoroperations:Michigan,Texas,Indiana,Missouri,

Tennessee,Ohio,NewYork,Kentucky,andKansas.GMsupports

asignificantnumberofjobsinMichigan,duetoalargedirect

workforceanditsvastsupplychainandcapitalspendinginthe

state.Inthisstate,thetaximpactofGM’sactivitiescouldfund

theentiretyoftheStateofMichigan’splannedFY2023budget

fortheirroadandbridgesprogramwithnearly$3billionleftover.

ThecompanyalsosupportssignificantemploymentinOhioand

Texas,mainlyasaresultofthesupplychainandcapitalspending

undertakeninthosestates,aswellasastrongpresenceinallother

statesincludedinouranalysis.

97,000

direct

288,100

induced

97,000

jobscreated

709,100totaljobssupported

GM’sactivitiessupported709,100jobsintheUS,including237,100manufacturingjobs.

324,000

indirect

7.3×jobsmultiplier

Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding.

$5.6billioninvested

In2022,GMinvested$5.6billionintocapitalimprovements,manufacturingproductioncapacity,andcutting-edgeR&DintheUS.

GM’SECONOMICIMPACTINTHEUS

GMisthelargestautomanufacturerintheUSandhasamajorimpactontheeconomythroughthegenerationofjobs,economicactivity,

andtaxrevenuesincommunitiesacrossthecountry.

$116.5billionGDPimpact

$39.2bndirect

$44.1bnindirect

$33.2bninduced

$

Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding.

2.97×GDPmultiplier

$2.5billiontaxfootprint

SupportedthroughallchannelsofGM’sactivitiesin2022forUSfederal,state,andlocalgovernments.

That’senoughmoneyinpublicfundstopaythesalariesofnearlyonein10public-schoolteachersintheUS.

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Source:OxfordEconomics,GM

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TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1GENERALMOTORSOVERVIEW

HeadquarteredinDetroit,

Michigan,GeneralMotorshasleadershippositionsinthe

world’slargestandfastest

growingautomotivemarkets,producingvehiclesin30

countries.GM’sprimarybusiness

inautomobilemanufacturingincludesdesigning,building,andmarketingautomobiles

andautomobilepartsglobally,aswellascuttingedge

researchintoelectricand

netzerotechnologiesofthe

future.OxfordEconomicswas

commissionedbyGMtoconduct

thisanalysisofitsUS-based

operations,andtheimpactsfeltthereinacrosstheeconomy.4

GM’sUSfacilitiesinclude

assemblyplants;stamping,

propulsion,component,and

batteryplants;partsdistributioncenters;engineeringcampuses;aswellascorporateofficesandtheiremployees.

Havinginvestedmorethan

$36.8billionintoitsUSfacilitiessince2013,GM’scommitmenttoAmericanautomotive

manufacturingjobsisclear.5

1.2PRESENTDAYAUTOMOTIVEMARKET

Theautomotiveindustryin

recentyearshasfacednumerousheadwinds,includingsupply

chaindisruptions,highinflation,andmorerecently,risingcostsofcapital.Adaptingtoconstantlyshiftingeconomicconditions

andrecognizingindustrytrends

havebeencriticaltoGM’s

success.Forexample,theglobalindustry-wideshifttowards

electricvehicles(EV)isreflectedinGM’sbroaderstrategyas

thecompanymakeshistoric

investmentsinEVmanufacturingandsupplychainsintheUS.

Withnearly2.3millionvehiclesproducedandsoldbyGMin

theUSin2022,GMregainedthetopslotastheUS’slargestautomotivemanufacturer.6

1.3GM’SGLOBALANDLOCALPRODUCTION

GM’soperationsspannearly

everycommunityintheUnitedStates.With120facilities

across27states,including12vehicleassemblyplantsandfourITinnovationcenters,

GM’scontributionstotheUSeconomyareextensive.7

GM’scomprehensiveimpact

onthenationaleconomyis

muchbroaderthanitsdirectoperations,however.The

widerimpactismanifested

throughitsoperational,

capitalexpenditures,includingpaymentstoitsUSsuppliers,

aswellasthecompany’s

payrollspending.Oxford

Economicsutilizedaninput-

outputmodelingapproachtoenumerateandquantifythe

knock-onandmultipliereffectsassociatedwiththisspending.

4GMalsooperatesundersegmentsGMFinancialandCruise,whicharenotincludedaspartoftheautomotiveoperationsbusinessthatisthefocusofthiseconomicimpactstudy.

5USAoperations:GeneralMotors.

/company/usa-operations

8

6NathanGomes,“USsalesattopautomakersriseonimprovinginventory,Toyotastruggles”,April3,2023.

/

markets/us/us-first-quarter-auto-sales-set-rise-better-inventory-2023-04-03/

7USAoperations:Ourcompany:GeneralMotors.

/company/usa-operations

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TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

9

INTRODUCTIONTOECONOMICIMPACTANALYSIS

Inthiseconomicimpactassessment,we

calculatetheflowofGM’seconomicactivityacrossthefollowingthreechannels:

?Directimpactsmeasuretheeconomic

footprintofGM’soperationsandactivities

eitheratthenationalorstatelevel.

?Indirectimpactsareacalculationofthe

economicactivityoccurringwithinGM’s

supplychainasaresultofthecompany’s

procurementofgoodsandservicesfrom

itssuppliers.

?Inducedimpactsareameasureofthe

economicactivitydrivenbytheconsumer

spendingsourcedfromthewagespaidto

GM’semployees,aswellasthewagespaid

toemployeessupportedthroughoutits

supplychain.

Wequantifythesechannelsusingseveralmetricsofeconomicactivity,including:

?GDP:Thismeasureofeconomicactivity

quantifiesthetotalgrossvalue-added

contributiontotheeconomy.

?Employment:Thisistheheadcountnumber

ofjobssupported.

?Laborcompensation:Thewagesand

benefitspaidtoworkers.

?Taxes:Grosstaxreceiptspaidtolocal,state,

andfederalgovernments.

Fig.1:Thechannelsofeconomicimpact

InducedimpactTotalimpact

Consumer

spendingout

ofemployees’

wages:

Food&Beverage,Recreation,

Clothing,

Householdgoods

Value-added

Employment

LaborIncome

Taxes

Directimpact

Purchasesof

inputsfrom

suppliers

Suppliers’ownsupplychains

Directimpact

GM’s

Expenditure&Employment

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

2.GM’SNATIONALIMPACT

2.1GM’SIMPACTONTHEUSECONOMY

Withover5.9million

automobilesproducedand

soldbyGMin2022worldwide,GMdirectlycreatedover$39.2billionworthofGDPforthe

Americaneconomyin2022.8Toputthatnumberincontext,GMisindividuallyresponsiblefornearlyonequarterofall

theGDPgeneratedbyUScarmanufacturers.9

$39.2billion

GMdirectlycreatednearlyonequarteroftheGDPgeneratedbyUSautomanufacturers.

$5.6billion

Investedin2022intoGM’sUSmanufacturingoperationsandR&Dincludingcuttingedge

EVtechnologyandproduction.

2.97×

GDPmultiplierofGM’sUS

operationsin2022.

Inadditiontothedirect

impacts,GM’sexpenditurewithitsUS-basedsupplychainalsogeneratesanenormousamountofeconomicactivityacross

allsectorsandregionsofthe

economy.In2022,thesumof

thesesupplychainimpacts

totaledtoapproximately

$44.1billion.Extendedfurther

throughthewage-induced

spendingchannelsofGMand

itssuppliers’employees,the

totalimpactofGM’sactivities

totalsto$116.5billion.GM’s

totalfootprintislargerthantheeconomiesof13USstates,10andapproximately$10billionlargerthanthevalueofAmerica’s

entirecropproductionin2021.11

GM’sinvestmentinitselectricandinternalcombustionvehiclemanufacturingcapacityand

supplychainwillcontinueto

bringbroadeconomicbenefits

totheUSautosectorinyearstocome.In2022alone,GM

investedalmost$5.6billion

incapitalimprovements

nationwide;weestimatethat

thisspendingsupported39,240jobsandnearly$4.9billionin

GDPthatyear.12Thelong-termbenefitsofGM’scontinued

investmentsintheUSwill

continuetosupportAmericanmanufacturingjobsthroughtheEVrevolutionintheautosector.

GM’sactivities—givenhow

entrencheditssupplychain

iswithinthebroaderUS

economy—exhibitavery

strongmultipliereffect.In

2022,for$1billionofvalue

directlycreatedbyGM,an

additional$1.97billionofGDPwassupportedinindustries

andlocalesspreadthroughouttheentireUSeconomy,aGDPmultiplierof2.97.

Fig.2:GM’sGDPImpactsintheUS

$33.2bn

$39.2bn

$116.5

billion

$44.1bn

Source:OxfordEconomics,GM

DirectIndirect

Induced

8GeneralMotors,10-kForm,page6

9MotorVehicles,BodiesandTrailers,andPartsManufacturingindustry,NAICS3361-3363

12

10OxfordEconomicsDatabank.The13stateswithaGDPsmallerthanGM’stotalfootprintare:Idaho,NewHampshire,Hawaii,WestVirginia,Delaware,Maine,NorthDakota,RhodeIsland,SouthDakota,Montana,Alaska,Wyoming,andVermont.

11IMPLAN.CropProduction,NAICS111

12EconomicimpactsfromGM’scapitalinvestmentareincludedwithintheindirectchanneldiscussedthroughoutthereport.

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

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2.2GM’SIMPACTONJOBSANDWAGES

BeginningwithGM’sdirect

contributions—thatisthe

individualsemployedand

wagespaidtoindividuals

workingforGMitself—OxfordEconomicsanalyzedGM’s

financialandhumanresourcedatatoquantifyitsimpact.

Inthe2022financialyear,

GMemployedover97,000

hourlyandsalariedworkers,

accountingfornearly10%oftheUS’sautomotivemanufacturinglaborforce.13Ouranalysis,

whichincludesallhourlyand

salariedworkers,indicatesGM’saveragetotalcompensationisapproximately39%higherthan

theaveragefortransportationmanufacturingworkers,14and69%higherthecompensationoftheaverageUSworker.

WhenconsideringthebroaderimpactsofGM’smanufacturingactivities,OxfordEconomics

estimatesthatGMspent

approximately$47.4billion

withinitsdomesticsupplychainandinvestedanadditional

$5.6billionincapitalexpenditure.Thisexpenditure—alongwiththewage-basedspendingthrough

GM’sinducedimpactchannel—supportedafurther612,100jobsthroughouttheeconomyviatheindirectandinducedchannels.

Addingallthechannelstogether,

weestimateGMsupported

709,100jobsacrosstheUSin

2022,alargerfootprintthanthe

entireworkforceof10USstates.15

97,000

GeneralMotorsdirectlyemployedover97,000individuals,with

averagetotalcompensationabout39%higherthantransportation

manufacturersnationally.

Fig.3:Comparisonofaveragetotalcompensationbyindustryandfirm;includesbothhourlyandsalariedworkers

Averagetotalcompensation($perworker)

180,000

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

0

$176k

$140k

$101k

$95k

$83k

$47k

Computer

electronicsmanuf.

AllGM

employees

Transportation

equipmentmanuf.

Allmanuf.

Allworkers

Allretail

Source:OxfordEconomics,IMPLAN,GM

13U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics.AutomotiveIndustry:Employment,earnings,andhours.U.S.BureauofLaborStatistics.

https://www.bl/iag/tgs/iagauto.htm

14NAICScode336

13

15OxfordEconomicsDatabank.The10stateswithlaborforcessmallerthanGM’stotalfootprintare:Hawaii,Maine,RhodeIsland,Montana,Delaware,SouthDakota,NorthDakota,Alaska,Vermont,andWyoming

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

324,000

288,100

97,000

Fig.4:GM’simpactbychannel

709,100

jobs

Source:OxfordEconomics,GM

Direct

Indirect

Induced

GM’sspendingcreatesjobsinacrosstheUSeconomy.For

everyindividualGMdirectly

employs,6.3additionaljobsaresupportedinotherindustries

withintheUnitedStates—ajobsmultiplierof7.3.Thisincludes

anestimated155,320US-basedautomanufacturingjobs,

53,280healthcareandsocialassistancejobs,andjobsfor32,990restaurantworkers.

Fig.5:GM’stotalimpact:jobssupportedbyindustryandcompany

JobsSupported

155k

284k

709,100jobs

82k

58k

33k

43k

53k

Source:OxfordEconomics,GM

Automotivemanufacturing(includingallGMemployees)

Othermanufacturing

Wholesaletrade

Healthcareandsocialassistance

Transportation,distribution,&warehousing

Restaurantandfoodservice

OtherIndustries

2.3GM’SIMPACTONTAXREVENUES

TakingthecombinedactivityofGM,aswellastheactivityitsupportsthroughitssupplychain,capitalinvestments,andthroughtheinducedspendingchannels,OxfordEconomicsestimatesthatGM’simpactontaxrevenuesforfederal,state,andlocalgovernmentsintheUnitedStatescomesoutto

approximately$21.5billion.

Toputthisfigureintocontext,

$21.5billioncouldfund

approximately93%ofNASA’s

2022spending,16orpayfor

over323,000teachersatthe

nationalaveragesalary—nearly

onein10teacherscurrently

employedinschooldistricts

acrosstheUS.17

14

16NASAAgencyFinancialReportFY2022.

/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2022

_afr_version5_111522_c.pdf

17DigestofEducationStatistics,2022.NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,DepartmentofEducation.

/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22

_211.60.asp

Themoreyoucanarmyourselfwithtrainingandexposuretoallthedifferentopportunitiesthat

areoutthereforyou,youhaveabettershotatmovingalongwiththecompany.Youhavetoprepareyourselfandhavesomeforesightintowhatit’sgoingtotakeformetoadvanceandsucceedhere.

HeatherFinfrock,ElectricianatGMToledoPropulsionSystem18

1.6million

hoursoftrainingprovidedbyGMtoitsemployeesin2022,atatotalvalueof$140million.

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

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INVESTINGINTHESKILLSOFGM’SLABORFORCE

GMiscommittedtore-skillingitsworkersandrecognizes

thatitsemployeesarecrucialtoitsfuture.Aspartofthese

efforts,GMfinancedmorethan1.6millionhoursoftraining

foritsemployeesin2022,ormorethantwodaysoflaborperemployeeonaverage.Examplesoftrainingcoursesofferedrangefromplantcourses,engineeringprocesses,healthandsafety,toethicsandcompliance.

Accordingtothe2022TrainingIndustryReport,intheUS,the

averageorganizationinvested$1,207todevelopandimplementa62.4hoursoftrainingperyearperemployee,withanimplied

hourlycostoftrainingof$19.3.Inadditiontocoveringthecostofthetrainingitself,companiesalsohavetosustaintheopportunitycostofdevotingaproductivehourofworktotraining.ForGM,weestimatethiscostwas$67.3perhouronaveragein2022.

Intotal,therefore,weestimatethatthetruecostofthe1.6

millionhoursfortrainingofferedtoGM’semployeeswas$140millionin2022,$109millionofwhichwerepaidinpayroll

costsand$31millionofwhichweredirecttrainingcosts.18

18

/stories/tech-learning-university

15

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TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

18

3.GM’SSTATE-LEVELIMPACT

Inthissection,weconsiderGM’scontributionstonine

specificstatesin2022—

Michigan,Texas,Indiana,

Missouri,Tennessee,Ohio,NewYork,Kansas,andKentucky.

Thesestatescoverthemajorityofthecompany’sfacilitiesandoperations.Foreachofthesestates,wehaveundertakenananalysissimilartothatofthe

overallnationalresults,butalsoincludinginter-statetrade.

3.1MICHIGAN

HometoGM’sheadquartersandbirthplace,Michiganhasthelargestconcentration

ofGMmanufacturingand

operationsglobally.

OxfordEconomics’keyfindingsinclude:

.AtotalGDPimpactof$49.0

billiondollars,andaGDP

multiplierof2.0

.264,740totaljobssupported

instate,withajobsmultiplier

of4.8

.$4.2billioninvestedin

Michiganin2022

.$8.2billionintaxreceipts

foralllevelsofgovernment

supportedthroughGM’s

activitiesinMichigan.

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

Withnearly$4.2billionspent

oncapitalimprovements

inthestatein2022,GM’s

commitmenttoMichiganis

expectedtocontinuetohave

significantbenefitswellintothefuture.GMdirectlyemployed

55,450individualsinMichiganin2022,andwhencombinedwithjobssupportedthroughtheindirectandinduced

channels,supported264,740jobsintotal—animpliedstate-widejobsmultiplierof4.8andmorethan5%ofthestate’s

entirelaborforce.

Throughallimpactchannels,GMsupported$49.0billionofthe

state’sGDP—equivalentto8.4%ofthestate’sentireeconomyin

2022,ormorethan$1inevery$12ofvaluecreatedinMichigan.

Thetotaltaximpactforall

governmentlevelsofGM’s

activitiesinthestatetotaled

nearly$8.2billion,whichcouldfundtheentiretyoftheState

ofMichigan’splannedFY2023

budgetfortheirroadand

bridgesprogramwithnearly

$3billionleftover,19enoughto

payfornearly63%ofthestate’spublicschoolteachers’salaries.20

Fig.6:GM’sGDPandjobsimpactbychannelinMichigan

GDP($bn)

Direct

Indirect

InducedEmployment

$60

$50

$40

$30

$20

$10

$0

bn

bn

bn

bn

bn

bn

bn

91,740

117,550

55,450

$49.0bn

264,740

$9.1bn

$15.7bn

$24.3bn

GDPEmployment

300k

250k

200k

150k

100k

50k

0k

Source:OxfordEconomics,GMTotalsmaynotsumduetorounding

19WilliamHamilton,.Budgetbriefing:Transportation-MichiganHouse.

19

/hfa/PDF/Briefings/MDOT_BudgetBriefing_fy22-23.pdf

20DigestofEducationStatistics,2022.NationalCenterforEducationStatistics,DepartmentofEducation.

/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_211.60.asp

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

20

3.2TEXAS

HometotheArlington

Assemblyplantand

approximately9,680employeesstate-wide,GM’sfootprintin

Texasislarge.

OxfordEconomics’keyfindingsinclude:

.AtotalGDPimpactof$8.8

billiondollars,andaGDP

multiplierof2.3

.49,000totaljobssupported

instate,withajobsmultiplier

of5.1

.$72.2millioninvestedin

Texasin2022

.$1.4billionintaxreceipts

foralllevelsofgovernment

supportedthroughGM’s

activitiesinTexas.

Intotal,GM’simpactinTexas

summedtonearly$8.8billion

ofGDPsupported,withits

operationsdirectlycontributing$3.8billionofvaluetothat

total—animpliedGDPmultiplierof2.3.TheGMsystem’ssupportofthebroaderTexasworkforcewasstrongerstill.With9,680

individualsdirectlyemployedbyGM,thefirm’ssupplychain,capitalinvestments,andwage-inducedspendingchannels

accountedforanadditional

39,330jobsforTexansin2022.

Thetaxrevenueproducedby

alloftheactivitysupportedbyGMinTexasamountedtonearly$1.4billionin2022,enoughto

fundthesalariesformorethanonein15Texaspublicschool

teachers.

Fig.7:GM’sGDPandjobsimpactbychannelinTexas

GDP($bn)

Direct

Indirect

InducedEmployment

$10bn

$8bn

$6bn

$4bn

$2bn

$0bn

$8.8bn

$1.7bn

$3.3bn

$3.8bn

GDP

Source:OxfordEconomics,GM

60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

49,000

16,450

22,880

9,680

Employment

Totalsmaynotsumduetorounding

TheEconomicImpactofGeneralMotorsintheUS

21

3.3OHIO

OhioishometoanaluminumfoundryandmachiningcenterinDefiance,adiesel