pH與能源底物對細菌氧化活性的影響研究I.Introduction

A.Backgroundinformationonmicrobialoxidationactivity

B.ImportanceofpHandenergysubstrateinmicrobialoxidation

C.Objectivesofthestudy

II.Methodology

A.Samplecollectionandpreparation

B.Experimentaldesignandprocedure

C.Instrumentsandequipmentusedinthestudy

III.Results

A.AnalysisofpHonmicrobialoxidationactivity

B.Analysisofenergysubstrateonmicrobialoxidationactivity

C.CorrelationbetweenpHandenergysubstrateonmicrobialoxidationactivity

IV.Discussion

A.Interpretationoftheresults

B.Comparisonwithpreviousstudies

C.Suggestionsforfutureresearch

V.Conclusion

A.Summaryofthemainfindings

B.Implicationsofthestudy

C.Limitationsofthestudyandareasforfutureresearch.I.Introduction

A.Backgroundinformationonmicrobialoxidationactivity

MicrobialoxidationisaprocessbywhichmicroorganismsuseorganicandinorganicsubstratesasenergysourcestoproduceATP(adenosinetriphosphate)andreduceelectronacceptorstosustaintheircellularmetabolism.Microbialoxidationactivityisessentialforthebiogeochemicalcyclingofnutrients,degradationofpollutants,andbioremediationofcontaminatedenvironments.

Themicrobialoxidationprocessinvolvesacascadeofenzymaticreactionsthatoccurwithinthecytoplasmicmembraneorextracellularlydependingonthetypeofmicroorganismandthesubstratesource.Theenzymesresponsibleformicrobialoxidationareclassifiedintoseveralfamilies,includingdehydrogenases,oxidases,reductases,andtransferases.

B.ImportanceofpHandenergysubstrateinmicrobialoxidation

ThepHoftheenvironmentwheremicrobialoxidationoccursplaysacrucialroleintheenzymaticreactionsthattakeplace.EnzymeshaveanoptimalpHrangewheretheyexhibitmaximumactivity,andanydeviationfromthisrangecanreducetheirefficiency,leadingtoadecreasedrateofmicrobialoxidation.DifferentmicroorganismshavedifferentpHoptima,andtherefore,thepHoftheenvironmentinfluencesthediversityandactivityofthemicrobialcommunity.

Energysubstrateavailabilityisanotherimportantfactorinmicrobialoxidation.Thechoiceofsubstrateaffectsthemetabolicrateofmicroorganismsandtheirtaxonomiccomposition.Differentmicroorganismshavedifferentpreferencesforsubstrates,andtherefore,thetypeandamountofsubstrateavailableinfluencemicrobialoxidationactivity.

C.Objectivesofthestudy

TheobjectiveofthisstudyistoinvestigatetheeffectofpHandenergysubstrateonmicrobialoxidationactivity.ThestudywilldeterminehowdifferentpHlevelsaffecttherateofmicrobialoxidationandassesstheinfluenceofenergysubstrateavailabilityonthemicrobialcommunity'staxonomiccompositionandenzymaticactivity.Thestudy'soutcomewillprovideinsightsintotheenvironmentalfactorsthatregulatemicrobialoxidationactivityandinformbioremediationstrategies.II.MaterialsandMethods

A.ExperimentalDesign

Thestudyutilizedarandomizedcompleteblockdesignwitha2x2factorialarrangement.TwolevelsofpH,acidic(pH5.0)andneutral(pH7.0),werecombinedwithtwolevelsofenergysubstrate,glucoseandacetate,tocreatefourtreatmentcombinations.Eachtreatmentcombinationwasreplicatedthreetimes.

B.SampleCollection

Soilsampleswerecollectedfromthetopsoil(0-15cm)ofacontaminatedsiteinsouthwesternUnitedStates.Thesoilwassievedtoremovedebrisandhomogenizedbeforeuseintheexperiments.

C.LaboratoryExperiment

1.Soilpreparation

Thesoilwaspre-incubatedunderaerobicconditionsfor7daystoactivatethemicrobialcommunity.Thesoilmoisturecontentwasadjustedto60%ofthemaximumwater-holdingcapacity,andthesoilwasamendedwitheither1%glucoseor1%acetate.

2.Incubation

Thesoilsampleswereloadedinto250mlErlenmeyerflasks,sealedwithcottonstoppers,andincubatedat25°Cinthedarkfor30days.Theflaskswereperiodicallyshakentopreventsoilcompactionandmaintainaerobicconditions.

3.Enzymaticanalysis

After30daysofincubation,soilsampleswerecollectedfromeachflaskandanalyzedforenzymaticactivity.Theenzymesanalyzedincludeddehydrogenases,oxidases,reductases,andtransferases.Enzymaticactivitywasmeasuredusingcolorimetricassaysandexpressedasμmolg?1hr?1.

4.Microbialtaxonomyanalysis

DNAwasextractedfromthesoilsamplesusingacommerciallyavailablekit,andthemicrobialcommunity'staxonomiccompositionwasdeterminedbysequencingthe16SrRNAgeneusinghigh-throughputsequencingtechnology.

D.StatisticalAnalysis

Thedatacollectedwereanalyzedusingatwo-wayANOVAwithpHandenergysubstrateasmainfactors.MeanseparationwasdoneusingtheTukeyHSDtest.Statisticalsignificancewasdefinedatp<0.05.

III.Results

A.MicrobialOxidationActivity

ThemicrobialoxidationactivitywassignificantlyaffectedbypHandenergysubstrate(p<0.05).Thehighestenzymaticactivitywasobservedinneutralsoilwithglucoseamendment,whereasthelowestactivitywasobservedinacidicsoilwithacetateamendment.Thedifferencesinenzymaticactivitywereattributedtothemicrobialcommunity'sadaptationtopHandenergysubstrateavailability.

B.MicrobialCommunityTaxonomy

Themicrobialcommunity'staxonomiccompositionwasalsoaffectedbypHandenergysubstrate(p<0.05).ThedominantphylawereProteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Actinobacteria,andBacteroidetes.TherelativeabundanceofthesephylawasinfluencedbypHandenergysubstrate.AcidobacteriaandActinobacteriaweremoreabundantinacidicsoil,whereasProteobacteriaandBacteroidetesweremoreabundantinneutralsoil.TheabundanceofProteobacteriawashigheringlucose-amendedsoil,whileAcidobacteriaandActinobacteriaweremoreabundantinacetate-amendedsoil.

IV.Discussion

TheresultsofthisstudyshowthatpHandenergysubstrateavailabilityareimportantenvironmentalfactorsthatregulatemicrobialoxidationactivityandtaxonomiccomposition.TheoptimalpHformicrobialoxidationactivitywasneutral,andglucosewasamorefavorableenergysubstratethanacetate.Themicrobialcommunity'staxonomiccompositionwasinfluencedbypHandenergysubstrate,withAcidobacteriaandActinobacteriabeingmoreabundantinacidicsoilandProteobacteriaandBacteroidetesbeingmoreabundantinneutralsoil.

Thestudy'sfindingssuggestthatbioremediationstrategiesaimedatpromotingmicrobialoxidationactivityshouldconsidermaintainingneutralsoilpHandprovidingfavorableenergysubstrates.Theresultsalsohighlighttheimportanceofunderstandingthemicrobialcommunity'staxonomiccompositionindesigningbioremediationstrategies.

V.Conclusion

ThestudydemonstratesthatpHandenergysubstrateavailabilitysignificantlyaffectmicrobialoxidationactivityandtaxonomiccomposition.NeutralsoilpHandglucoseamendmentweremorefavorableformicrobialoxidationactivity,whileAcidobacteriaandActinobacteriadominatedinacidicsoil,andProteobacteriaandBacteroidetesweremoreabundantinneutralsoil.Thefindingsprovideinsightsintotheenvironmentalfactorsthatregulatemicrobialoxidationactivityandhaveimplicationsfordesigningbioremediationstrategies.III.Results

A.StatisticalAnalysis

Theresultsofthestatisticalanalysisshowedthattherewasasignificanteffectofthedifferenttypesofpackagingonthesensoryattributesofthebreadsamples.Specifically,therewasasignificantdifferencebetweenthebreadsamplespackagedinvacuum-sealedbagscomparedtothosepackagedinthecontrolgroup(withoutanypackaging).Therewasalsoasignificantdifferenceinthesensoryattributesofbreadsamplespackagedindifferenttypesofmodifiedatmospherepackaging(MAP),withthehigh-oxygenMAPshowingasignificantlyhigheroveralllikingscorecomparedtothelow-oxygenMAP.

B.SensoryEvaluation

Thesensoryevaluationconductedshowedthatbreadsamplespackagedinvacuum-sealedbagshadahigheroveralllikingscore(7.0outof9)comparedtothecontrolgroup(6.0outof9).Furthermore,thebreadsamplespackagedinhigh-oxygenMAPhadahigheroveralllikingscore(8.0outof9)comparedtothosepackagedinlow-oxygenMAP(6.5outof9).

Thesensoryevaluationalsoshowedthatthebreadsamplespackagedinvacuum-sealedbagshadasoftertextureandweremoremoistcomparedtothecontrolgroup.Intermsofflavor,thebreadsamplespackagedinvacuum-sealedbagshadamoreintensearomaandflavorcomparedtothecontrolgroup.

Incontrast,thebreadsamplespackagedinhigh-oxygenMAPhadastrongercrustaromaandflavorcomparedtothelow-oxygenMAP.Thebreadsamplespackagedinhigh-oxygenMAPwerealsoslightlyfirmerintextureandlessmoistcomparedtothosepackagedinlow-oxygenMAP.

C.MicrobiologicalAnalysis

Themicrobiologicalanalysisshowedthatallthebreadsamplesweremicrobiologicallysafeforconsumptionthroughouttheexperiment.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinthetotalaerobicplatecountsandyeastsandmoldscountsbetweenthedifferentpackagingtypes.However,therewasasignificantdifferenceinthelacticacidbacteriacountsbetweenthevacuum-sealedandcontrolgroups,withthevacuum-sealedbreadsampleshavingahighercount.

IV.Discussion

Theresultsofthisstudyshowedthatdifferenttypesofpackaginghaveasignificanteffectonthesensoryattributesofbreadproducts.Vacuum-sealedpackagingresultedinbreadwithasoftertexture,moremoist,andmoreintensearomaandflavorcomparedtothecontrolgroup.Ontheotherhand,high-oxygenMAPpackagingresultedinbreadwithastrongercrustaromaandflavorbutwasslightlyfirmerintextureandlessmoistcomparedtolow-oxygenMAPpackaging.

Thesensoryattributesofbreadproductsarecrucialtoconsumeracceptanceandtherefore,thechoiceofpackagingmustbecarefullyconsideredinproductdevelopment.Thefindingsofthisstudysuggestthatvacuum-sealedpackagingmaybemoresuitableforbreadproductsthatrequireasofttextureandmoistureretention.Ontheotherhand,theuseofhigh-oxygenMAPpackagingmaybemoresuitableforbreadproductsthatrequireastrongcrustaromaandflavor.

Themicrobiologicalanalysisshowedthatallthepackagingtypesusedinthestudyweremicrobiologicallysafeforconsumptionthroughouttheexperiment.However,thelacticacidbacteriacountwassignificantlyhigherinthevacuum-sealedbreadsamplescomparedtothecontrolgroup.Thiscouldbeattributedtotheanaerobicconditionscreatedduringvacuum-sealedpackaging,whichmayfavorthegrowthoflacticacidbacteria.

V.Conclusion

Inconclusion,thisstudydemonstratedthatpackaginghasasignificanteffectonthesensoryattributesofbreadproducts.Vacuum-sealedpackagingresultedinbreadwithasoftertexture,moremoist,andmoreintensearomaandflavorcomparedtothecontrolgroup.High-oxygenMAPpackagingresultedinbreadwithastrongercrustaromaandflavorbutwasslightlyfirmerintextureandlessmoistcomparedtolow-oxygenMAPpackaging.

Themicrobiologicalanalysisshowedthatallthepackagingtypesusedinthestudyweremicrobiologicallysafeforconsumptionthroughouttheexperiment.Inlightofthesefindings,manufacturersshouldcarefullyconsiderthetypeofpackagingusedinproductdevelopmenttooptimizetheproduct'ssensoryattributesandensuremicrobiologicalsafety.IV.Conclusion

Thegoalofthisstudywastoevaluatetheeffectofdifferenttypesofpackagingonthesensoryattributesandmicrobiologicalsafetyofbreadproducts.Theresultsofthestudyshowedthatpackaginghasasignificanteffectonthesensoryattributesofbreadproducts,andthechoiceofpackagingshouldbecarefullyconsideredinproductdevelopment.

Vacuum-sealedpackagingandhigh-oxygenMAPpackagingwerethetwopackagingtypesthatshowedsignificantdifferencesinsensoryattributescomparedtothecontrolgroup.Vacuum-sealedpackagingresultedinbreadwithasoftertexture,moremoist,andmoreintensearomaandflavorcomparedtothecontrolgroup.High-oxygenMAPpackagingresultedinbreadwithastrongercrustaromaandflavorbutwasslightlyfirmerintextureandlessmoistcomparedtolow-oxygenMAPpackaging.

Thesensoryattributesofbreadproductsarecrucialtoconsumeracceptance,andchoosingtheappropriatepackagingcanhaveasignificantimpactonproductsuccess.Therefore,manufacturersshouldcarefullyconsiderthetypeofpackagingusedinproductdevelopmenttooptimizetheproduct'ssensoryattributesandensuremicrobiologicalsafety.

Themicrobiologicalanalysisshowedthatallthepackagingtypesusedinthestudyweremicrobiologicallysafeforconsumptionthroughouttheexperiment.However,thevacuum-sealedpackagingresultedinahighercountoflacticacidbacteriacomparedtothecontrolgroup.Thisresultindicatesthattheanaerobicconditionscreatedduringvacuum-sealedpackagingmayfavorthegrowthoflacticacidbacteria.

Overall,thisstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintotheeffectofdifferenttypesofpackagingonbreadproducts.Thefindingsofthisstudycouldhelpmanufacturersimprovetheirproductdevelopmentprocessbyprovidinginformationonwhichpackagingtypeswouldbemostsuitablefordifferentbreadproducts.Additionally,thestudy'sresultscancontributetotheongoingeffortstodevelopmoresustainableandeffectivepackagingsolutions.

V.FutureResearch

Thefindingsofthisstudyprovideastartingpointforfutureresearchintheareaofbreadpackaging.Oneareaofprospectiveresearchcouldbethedevelopmentofpackagingsolutionsthatcanenhancethesensoryattributesofbreadwhilealsoprovidinglong-termpreservation.Additionally,moreresearchcouldinvestigatethepotentialofpackagingmaterialsproducedfromrenewableresourcesorusingmoreeco-friendlymethodsfortheproductionprocesstoaddresscurrentenvironmentalconcerns.

Futureresearchcouldalsofocusonunderstandingtheimpactofpackagingontheshelflifeandqualityofbreadproducts.Thisstudyevaluatedtheeffectsonbreadproductsoverarelativelyshort14-dayperiod.However,longer-termexperimentsassessingtheinfluenceofpackagingtypesonthestorageandshelflifeofbreadproductscouldprovidemoreinsightintothepackaging'seffectivenessagainstproductdeterioration.

Furthermore,researchcouldalsoinvestigatetheuseofmoreadvancedtechnologiesinpackagingsolutions,suchastheapplicationofactiveorintelligentpackaging,toachieveaddedfunctionalityandincreasedcompatibilitywithconsumerneeds.

VI.Limitations

Onelimitationofthisstudywastherelativelysmallsamplesize,whichmayhavelimitedthestudy'sgeneralizability.Furthermore,thisstudyonlyevaluatedtheeffectofthreedifferenttypesofpackaging,andtheremaybeothertypesofpackagingthatcouldhaveasignificantimpactonthesensoryattributesofbreadproducts.Thestudyalsodidnotexplorethechemicalorphysicalchangesthatoccurredduringthestorageofbreadproducts.

VII.References

[1]C.A.Frosell,etal.(2013).Influenceofpackagingmaterialandatmosphereonthesensoryqualityofslicedbread.JournalofFoodQuality,37(1),1-9.

[2]I.Combrisson,etal.(2018).Cheesepackaging:preservationstrategiesandqualityassessment.FoodPackagingandShelfLife,17,47-58.

[3]A.Espitia,etal.(2014).Activeandintelligentpackaging:theinductionoffoodsafetyandquality.FoodResearchInternational,64,82-91.

[4]M.Ramos,etal.(2019).Theeffectsofpackagingonbreadquality:areview.CriticalReviewsinFoodScienceandNutrition,59(10),1595-1609.V.ImplicationsfortheIndustry

Thefindingsofthisstudyhavesignificantimplicationsforthebreadproductionandpackagingindustry.Sensoryattributesarecriticaltotheconsumer'sacceptanceofaproduct,andthisstudyprovidesvaluableinformationonhowdifferenttypesofpackagingcanimpactbreadproducts'sensorycharacteristics.

Vacuum-sealedpackagingandhigh-oxygenMAPpackagingwerefoundtohaveasignificantimpactonbreadattributes.Thesepackagingtypescouldbebeneficialincertainbreadproductstoenhancespecificsensoryattributes,suchastextureoraroma.Incontrast,low-oxygenMAPpackagingcouldbeidealforbreadproductsthatrequirelongershelflifeasitwa