英語四級閱讀練習及答案PassageOne:Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpended,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist,theother,appliedscientist.Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofthenaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticeproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheothers,however,forthegroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe“problems”forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let’stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloysthatperformsatisfactorilyincarcannotbeusedinajet-propelled(噴氣推進式)plane,Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheel(渦輪)inaturbojet(渦輪噴氣發動機)mustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershavetoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.Divingscientistsintotwogroups-pureandapplied-isonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientistsspecializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnobranchisentirelyindependentoftheothers.Manynewspecialties-geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample-haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormorescience.1.Theappliedscientist

A)

doesoriginalresearchtothebasiclawsofnature

B)

appliedtheresultofresearchtopracticalproblemsC)

providesthebasicknowledgeforthepurescientistD)

isnotinterestedinpracticalproblems2.Theexamplegiveninthethirdparagraphillustrateshow

A)

purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscienceB)

theappliedscientistdiscoverthebasiclawsofnatureC)

appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD)

appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist

3.Finerandfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin

A)

thelossoftheneedforspecialistsB)

greaterinterdependenceofeachscienceC)

greaterdependenceofeachscienceD)

theneedforonlyoneclassificationifscientists4.Geophysicsandbiochemistryare

.A)

examplesofnewspecialtiesresultingfromcombingsciencesB)

totallydependentsciencesC)

amongtheoldestsciencesknowntomanD)

bothB)andC)5.“Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,”(para1)meansthat

A)

scientistscanseefurtheroutintospaceB)

sciencehasdeveloped

morefieldofhumanendeavorC)

thehorizonchangessizefromyeartoyearD)

scientistshavemadeamachineforenlargingthehorizon

PassageTwo:Friendsplayanimportantpartinourlives,andalthoughwemaytakethefriendshipforgranted,weoftendon’tclearlyunderstandhowwemakefriends.Whilewegetonwellwithonlyanumberofpeople,weareusuallyfriendswithonlyaveryfew.Forexample,theaverageamongstudentsisabout6perperson.Inallthecasesoffriendlyrelationship,twopeoplelikeoneanotherandenjoybeingtogether,butbeyondthat,thedegreeofintimacybetweenthemandthereasonsfortheirsharedinterestvaryenormously.Aswegettoknowpeoplewetakeintoaccountthingslikeages,race,economiccondition,socialposition,andintelligence.Althoughthesefactorsarenotofprimeimportance,itismoredifficulttogetonwithpeoplewhenthereisamarkeddifferenceinageandbackground.

Somefriendlyrelationshipscanbekeptonargumentanddiscussion,butitisusuallyforclosefriendstohavesimilarideasandbeliefs,tohaveattitudeandinterestsincommon—theyoftentalkabout“beingonthesamewavelength”.Itgenerallytakestimetoreachthispoint.Andthemoreintimatelyinvolvedpeoplebecome,themoretheyrelyononeanother.Peoplewanttodofriendsfavorsandhatetobreakanpromise.Equally,friendshavetolearntoputupwithannoyinghabitsandtotolerantdifferencesofopinion.Incontrastwithmarriage,therearenofriendshipceremoniestostrengthentheassociationbetweentwopeople.Butthesupportingandunderstandingofeachotherthatresultsfromsharedexperiencesandemotionsdoesseemtocreateapowerfulbond,whichcanovercomedifferencesinbackgroundandbreakdownofage,classandrace.6.Accordingtotheauthor,

.

A)

allthosewhogetonwellwitheachotherarefriendsB)

friendsarecloserthanpeoplewhojustgetonwellwitheachotherC)

everyoneunderstandclearlyhowtomakefriendsD)

everystudentshas6friends7.Whenwemakefriends,weconsidersuchthingsasage,raceandbackgroundbecause

A)

itisnoteasytohaveafriendlyrelationshipwithpeoplewhenthereisamarkeddifferenceinageandbackgroundB)

thedegreedoffriendshipbetweenpeopleandthereasonfortheirsharedinterestscanvarygreatlyC)

friendsneedtoknowallthesethingsD)

thesearethemostimportantfactorstomakefriends8.Inparagraph2,“beingonthesamewavelength”means

.A)

usingthesamefrequencywhiletalkingB)

keepingthesamefriendlyrelationshipasotherpeopledoC)

havingsimilarideas,beliefs,attitudesandinterestsD)

havingthesamebackground9.Whichofthefollowingisnotimpliedordirectlystatedinthepassage?A)

EvenfriendsmayhavedifferencesofopinionsB)

FriendsneverarguewitheachotherC)

Itgenerallytakestimeforpeopletobecomeclosefriends.D)

Someone’shabitsmayannoyhisfriends.10.Tostrengthenfriendlyrelationship,people

A)

mustholdfriendshipceremoniesB)

havetoeliminatedifferencesinbackgroundC)

shouldmakefriendswiththosewhoareofthesameageandthesameraceD)

shouldsupportandunderstandeachotherthroughsharedexperiencesandemotions

PassageThree:

Themovementtowardcentralizationofauthorityinstatedepartmentsofeducationhasinsomecasescreatedfrictionwithcommunities,whichregardthismodernpolicyasusurpation(篡奪,奪取)oftheirrights.Constitutionally,therecanbenodoubtthatthestatehasarighttoprescribe(指示)tothelocaldistrictsinanydegreewhichitwill.Legislatures(立法機構)havebeengivenpowerbyStateConstitutionswhichmakethemthemostimportantpolicy-makingagentforeducationinastate.Legislaturesestablishtheframework(機構)foreducation;theymakedirectappropriationsforeducation;theycreateeducationalinstitutions;andtheydeterminewhetherofnotcertaineducationalprogramsaretobeauthorized,expanded,decreased,oreliminated(廢除).

TheLegislatureusuallyauthorizesaStateeducationdepartmenttoadministeritspolicies.Itmay,however,provideforastateboardofeducationtoadviseitregardingpolicyandtoadministertheeducationalprogram.Thecentralagencymaydefinetheextentofthelocaldistrictandmaydetermineindetailwhatshallbedonewithinthisdistrict.Whilethisistheconstitutionalrightofthestate,thepracticalfactisthatthelocaldistrictconductsitsschoolsinverylargemeasureaccordingtoitsowndesires,andlocalofficersoftentalkuponstatesupervisionasindefensibleinterference11.Aboutthecentralizationofauthorityinstatedepartmentofeducation,somecommunitiesfeelthat

.A)

theirrightsareimprovedB)

theirrightsareignoredC)

theirrightsareviolatedD)

theirrightsareprotected12.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingrightsareNOTbelongtothestate?A)

Therighttoadministerentranceexamination.B)

Therighttoexpandordecreaseeducationalprograms.C)

TherighttobudgetschoolprogramsD)

Therighttocreatededucationalinstitutions.13.WhatdoestheLegislatureusuallydoinadministeringPolicies?A)

Itadministerspoliciesbyitself.B)

ItauthorizesaStateeducationdepartmentadministeritspolicies.C)

ItisauthorizedbyaStateeducationdepartmenttoadministeritspolicies.D)

Itauthorizesastateboardofeducationtoadministertheeducationalprogram.14.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutactualeducationalsituation?A)

ThelocaldistricthasalotofcontroloveritsschoolsB)

ThecentralagencymayextendtheextentofthelocaldistrictsC)

Statesupervisionisnotalwayswelcometolocaldistricts.D)

LocalofficersforbidStatesupervisioniftheythinkitisakindofinterference15.whichofthefollowingtitlescanbestsummarizethearticle?A)

TheLegislatureAdministersitsPoliciesB)

TheCentralizationofAuthorityinStateDepartmentofEducationC)

TheRoleoftheStateinEducationD)

TheRightsoftheLocalDistricts

PassageFour:

Somepeoplebelievedthatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thoseinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherecentincidentoftragedyinvolvingmurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybymi-nornationalcontests.

Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleangerafterthehockey(曲棍球)dinal,Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,theloserobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandtheiropponents’victorywasunfair.ThepresidentoftheFederation(聯合會)saidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisorder.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwonbyasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerploppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUShadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationofOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressive(行為過度)patriotism(愛國心).16.TheauthorthinksthatinrecentyearsOlympicgameshave

.A)

showedlittleinternationalfriendshipB)

greatlyencouragedinternationalbrotherhoodC)

createdgoodwillbetweenthenationsD)createdonlymisunderstandingandhatred17.Whatdidthemanagermeanbysaying“Thisisn’thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished”?A)

ThisisnotastandardhockeymatchB)

TheFederationwouldnotexistanylongerafterthismatchwasoverC)

HisteamwouldnotenterthegameinthreeyearsD)TheunfairdecisionsruinedbothhockeyandtheFederation.18.Thebasketballmatchshowedthat

A)

theRussianteamshouldnothavetakenadvantageofthelastthreeseconds.B)

aggressivepatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident.C)

TheappealjurywastooineffectiveinmakingadecisionD)

theAmericanteamshouldhavetakenthefirstplace.19.Theauthorgives2examplesinthe2ndandthe3rdparagraphsisinordertoshowthat

A)

contestsoftenendindisorderB)

nocontestisfairinOlympicGamesC)

competitiondiscouragesinternationalfriendshipD)

unfairdecisionsarecommoninsports20.Whichstatementbestsummarizesthispassage?A)

AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualsB)

TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.C)

Anyteamthathasdisrespectfulbehaviorshouldbesuspended.D)

Differentteamsoftenhavedisputeswhenfightingforthefirstplace.

PassageFive:

Urbanlifehasalwaysinvolvedabalancingofopportunitiesandrewardsagainstdangersandstress;itsmotivatingforceis,inthebroadestsense,money.Opportunitiestomakemoneymeancompetitionandcompetitionisstressful;itisoftenatitsmostintenseinthelargestcities,whereopportunitiesaregreatest.Thepresenceofhugenumbersofpeopleinevitablyinvolvesmoreconflict,moretraveling,theoverloadingofpublicservicesandexposuretothosedeviantsandcriminalswhoaredrawntotherichpickingsofgreatcities.Crimehasalwaysflourishedintherelativeanonymityofurbanlife,buttoday’seaseofmovementmakesitscontrolmoredifficultthanever;thereismuchevidencethatitsextenthasadirectrelationshiptothesizeofcommunities.Citydwellersmaybecometrappedintheirhomesbythetearofcrimearoundthem.Asadefenceagainstthesedevelopments,citydwellerstendtousevariousstrategiestotryandreducethepressuresuponthemselves:contactswithotherpeoplearegenerallymadebriefandimpersonal;doorsarekeptlocked;telephonenumbersmaybeex-directory;journeysoutsidethehomeareusuallyhurried,ratherthanasourceofpleasureofpleasure.Thereareotherareotherstrategies,too,whicharepositivelyharmfultotheindividual,forexample,reducingawarenessthroughdrugsoralcohol.Furthermore,allthesedefensiveformsofbehaviorareharmfultosocietyingeneral;theycausewidespreadlonelinessanddestroythecommunity’sconcernforitsmembers.Lackofinformalsocialcontactandindifferencetothemisfortunesofothers,iftheyarenotpersonallyknowntooneself,areamongstthemajorcausesofurbancrime.Innerareasofcitiestendtobeabandonedbythemoresuccessfulandlefttothosewhohavedonebadlyinthecompetitivestruggleorwhobelongtominoritygroups;thesepeoplearethengeographicallytrappedbecausesomucheconomicactivityhasmigratedtothesuburbsandbeyond.Present-dayarchitectureandplanninghaveenormouslyworsenedthehumanproblemsofurbanlife.Oldestablishedneighborhoodshavebeenruthlesslysweptaway,bybothpublicandprivateorganizations,usuallytobereplacedbyhuge,ugly,impersonalstructures,Peoplehavebeenforcedtoleavetheirfamiliarhomes,usuallytoberehousedintowerblockswhicharedrab(單調乏味),inconvenient,andfailtoprovideanysettingforhumaninteractionorsupport.Thisdestructionofestablishedsocialstructuresistheworstpossibleapproachtothedifficultiesoflivinginatownorcity.Instead,everyeffortshouldbemadetoconservethehumanscaleoftheenvironment,andtoretainfamiliarlandmarks.

21.Accordingtotheauthor,livinginacitycausesstressbecausetherearesomanypeoplewhoare

.

A)Inneedofhelp

B)naturallyaggressive

C)likelytocommitcrime

D)anxioustosucceed22.Theauthorthinksthatcrimeisincreasingcitiesbecause

.

A)criminalsaredifficulttotraceinlargepopulations

B)peopledonotcommunicatewiththeirneighbors

C)peoplefeelanonymousthere

D)thetrappingsofsuccessareattractivetocriminals23.Accordingtothearticle,whatistheworstproblemfacingpeoplelivingincities?

A)Crime.

B)Findingsomewheretolive.

C)Socialisolation.

D)Drugsandalcoholism.24.Themajorityofpeoplewholiveininnercitiesdosobecausethey

.

A)havebeenforcedbycircumstancestodoso

B)haveturnedagainstsociety

C)dislikehavingtotravelfartowork

D)don’tliketheideaoflivinginthesuburbs25.Architecturalchangeshaveaffectedcitylifeby

.

A)forcingpeopletoliveontopofeachother

B)makingpeoplemovetothesuburbs

C)givingtheindividualasayinplanning

D)dispersinglong-establishedcommunities

PassageSix:

Peopledonottravelforpleasureontheroadsandtrainsleadingintocitiesonweekdaymornings;theyarecommuting.CommutersrepresenttheexactoppositeofRobertLouisStevenson’sviewoftravelingthat“Formypart,Itravelnottogoanywhere,buttogo.Itravelfortravel’ssake.”Commuterstravelbecausetheyhaveto;thedestinationistheonlythingthatmatters.Commutingismodern.Upuntilthe1950’smostworkerslivedintheshadowoftheirworkplaceandwithinearshotofitswhistleorhooter;peoplewalkedorcycledtowork,evengoinghomefortheirlunch.Ascitiesgrowandasthepressureoncitycenterpropertyincreases,soevermorepeoplehavehadtomovefurtherawayfromtheirplaceofwork.Thesuburbsgrowandthisresultsintheawfulrushhours,manyofwhichtailbacktothesuburbsthemselves,Toeasethecommutercongestioncitygovernmentsbuildnewroads,especiallyringroads,butthesegeneratemoretraffic,addingtothetrafficjamsandbadhealth.SanFranciscointroducedBART(theBayAreaRapidTransit)totakethepressureoffitsroads,butafteraninitialpositiveresponsetheschemewasovertakenbythesheermagnitudeofcommutergrowth.Trainsandsubwaysystemsarelittlebetter.InTokyo“pushers”areemployedtosqueezecommutersintocarriages,inLondonandNewYorktheundergroundsystemsarenearcapacityandunpleasanttoride.InParispettycrimeontheMetro(地鐵)iswidespread.InSowetothetrainsaresocrowdedthatcommutershangontheoutsideofthe“backonly”trains.Theassociatedhealthhazardsarerivaledbythosecausedbytrafficaccidentsandthestress-relateddiseasescreatedbythetensioninallformsofcommuting.Thebiggerthecity,thelargerthedailycommutingpublicandthelongerthedistancestraveled.Manycommutersseeneithertheirhousenortheirchildrenindaylightforalmostsixmonthsoftheyear.InalargecitylikeLondontheaveragedailytimespentcommutingtoandfromworkisalmosttwohours.Asaworkingdayiseighthoursorless,thismeansthattheaveragecommuterreally“works”inexcessofasixdayweek.Citieswhichtrytoalleviatethelotofthecommuterarethosewhicharemostworthlivingin,butitisahardanduphilltasktodoanythingconstructive.Special“KissandRide”metrostationssurroundWashington,butareaslittleusedasthe“Ride-On”buses.PeopleappeartopreferthetrafficjamsontheBeltway.Althoughmostpeopledisliketheunpleasant“deadtime”ofcommuting,somepeopleturnittotheiradvantage.J.M.KeyneswrotehisGeneralTheoryenroutefromLondontoCambridge,andthereareclassesinFrench,businessstudies,bridgeandchess(amongothertopics)oncommutertrainsintotheLondonmain-linestations.Otherpeople,especiallythosewhocanaffordthecomfortoffirst-classtickets,catchupontheirreading,dothepreparationfortheday’swork,usetheircomputersorthetraintelephones,orlistentomusicOtherstaketheviewthatcommutingshouldmakeyoufit.Theywalk,run,cycle,row,sail,skateandskate-boardintowork.

26.SanFrancisco’sBayAreaRapidTransitscheme

.

A)tookalongtimetobecomesuccessful

B)waseagerlyawaited

C)couldnotcopewiththenumbersofpassengers

D)hasbeenabigsuccess27.Asasolutiontotheriseinthenumberofcommuters,trainsandsubwaysare

.

A)moreeffectivethannewroads

B)notaseffectiveasnewroads

C)rathermoreeffectivethannewroads

D)scarcelyanymoreeffectivethannewroabs28.Itismorepleasanttoliveincitieswhich

.

A)aresmallenoughforpeoplenottoneedtocommute

B)encouragecommuting

C)haveefficientpublictransportsystems

D)improveconditionsforcommuters29.Washington’smetrotrainsare

.

A)lesspopularthanitsbuses

B)morepopularthanitsbuses

C)aspopularasitsbuses

D)asunpopularasitsbuses30.Themajorityoftravelers

.

A)don’tenjoywastingtheirtimecommuting

B)makethemostofthetimetheyspendcommuting

C)keepfitwhilecommuting

D)exercisetheirmindswhilecommuting

PassageSeven:

Onephaseofthebusinesscycleistheexpansionphase.Thisphaseistwo-foldone,includingrecoveryandprosperity.Duringtherecoveryperiodthereisever-growingexpansionofexistingfacilities,andnewfacilitiesforproductionarecreated.Morebusinessesarecreatedandolderonesexpanded.Improvementsofvariouskindsaremade.Thereisaneverincreasingoptimismaboutthefutureofeconomicgrowth.Muchcapitalisinvestedinmachineryor"heavy"industry.Morelaborisemployed.Morerawmaterialsarerequired.AsonepartoftheeconomyDevelops,otherpartsareaffected.Forexample,agreatexpansioninautomobilesresultsinanexpansionofthesteel,glassandrubberindustries.Roadsarerequired,thusthecementandmachineryindustriesarestimulatedDemandforlaborandmaterialsresultsingreaterprosperityforworkersandsupplestofrawmaterials,includingthevarioussegmentsofthepopulation.Thisprosperityperiodmaycontinuetoriseandrisewithoutanapparentend.However,atimecomeswhenthisphasereachesapeakandstopsspiralingupwards.Thisistheendoftheexpansionphase.31.Wemayassumethatinthenextparagraphtheauthorwilldiscuss____.

A.cyclicalindustries

B.uniondemands

C.thehighercostofliving

D.economicdeclineperiod32.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideaofthispassageis_____

ATheRecoveryStage

B.Attainprosperity

C.anExpandingsociety

D.thePeriodofGoodTimes33.Prosperityinoneindustry_____

A.reflectsitselfinmanyotherindustries

B.willspiralupwards

C.willendabruptly

D.willhelpallsegmentsofsocietyexceptthefarm34Whichofthefoolingindustrieswillprobablybeagoodindicatoroftheperiodofexpansion?

A.Foodstuffs.

B.Machinetools

C.Cosmetics

DFarming35.Duringtheperiodofprosperity,peopleregardthefuture_____.A.cautiously

B.inaconfidentmanner

C.indffferently

Dinahappymood

PassageEight:

Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthoursmorethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmorehouseholdworkandparticipatedinmoresuchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet(芭蕾舞).Involvementinsports,inparticular,rosealmost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspendanaverageoffouraweekplayingsports;girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,children’sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthedayin1981to25%.“Childrenareaffectedbythesametimecrunch(危機)thataffectstheirparents,”saysSandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudyofchildren’stimetable.Achiefreason,shesa