無(wú)機(jī)化合物命名NomenclatureofInorganicChemicalselementcompound第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè)一.

元素和單質(zhì)命名

“元素”和“單質(zhì)”英文意思都是“element”，有時(shí)為了區(qū)別，在強(qiáng)調(diào)“單質(zhì)”時(shí)可用“freeelementorelementarysubstance”。因此，單質(zhì)英文名稱與元素英文名稱是同樣。下面給出既是元素名稱，同時(shí)又是單質(zhì)名稱。第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)S-blockElement(S區(qū)元素)IAHydrogen(H)Lithium(Li)Sodium(Na)Potassium(K)Rubidium(Ru)Cesium(Ce)Francium(Fr)IIABeryllium(Be)Magnesium(Mg)Calcium(Ca)Strontium(Sr)Barium(Ba)Radium(Ra)P26第3頁(yè)第3頁(yè)

IIIA

boron(B)Aluminium(Al)Gallium(Ga)Indium(In)Thallium(Tl)

IVACarbon(C)Silicon(Si)Germanium(Ge)Tin(Sn)Lead(Pb)plumbi

VANitrogen(N)Phosphorus(P)Arsenic(As)

antimony(Sb)Bismuth(Bi)

VIA

oxygen(O)

sulfur(S)Selenium(Se)Tellurium(Te)Polonium(Po)

VIIA

fluorine(F)Chlorine(Cl)Bromine(Br)Iodine(I)Astatine(At)

0Helium(He)Neon(Ne)

argon(Ar)Krypton(Kr)Xenon(Xe)Radon(Ra)P-blockElement

(P區(qū)元素)第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)CommonTransitionElememtFe:iron;determine Mn:manganeseCu:copper;cuprumZn:zinc;spelterHg:mercury;quicksilverAg:silver;argentineAu:gold;aurum第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)二.化合物命名化合物命名順序都是依據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右讀，這與中文讀法順序是相反。表示原子個(gè)數(shù)時(shí)使用前綴：

(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-，(6)hexa-,(7)hepta-,(8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-，但是在不會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)，這些前綴都盡也許被省去。第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)monovalent:單價(jià)carbondioxane:CO2

tribromethane:CHBr3;

tetrachloromethane:CCl4

CO(Carbonmonoxide)

NO(Nitrogenoxide)NO2(Nitrogendioxide)

N2O3(Nitrogentrioxide)N2O5(Nitrogenpentoxide)

N2O(nitrousoxide)

FeO(Ferrousoxide),Fe2O3(Ferricoxide);

MnO(Manganousoxide)Mn2O3(Manganicoxide),H2MnO4(Manganicacid)

MnO2(Manganesedioxide)VB:valencebondtheoryMO:molecularorbitaltheory第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)1.化合物正電荷部分讀法1.1

Singlevalenceions

Cation’sname=Element

forexample:

Na+SodiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium如:CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4：Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后綴中a,o在后-o之前省去)ion:離子anion：陰離子cation:陽(yáng)離子第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)1.2MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrousFe3+Iron(III)orFerricCr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II)第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)2.化合物負(fù)電荷部分讀法2.1Monatomicanions

Anion’sname=Element’sroot-ide

Forexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-Oxide

Br-BromideOH-HydroxideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideH-Hydride

第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)2.2Polyatomicoxyanions2.2.1Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)

Anion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-ateForexample:ClO3-ChlorateIO3-IodatePO43-PhosphateNO3-NitrateSO42-SulfateCO32-Carbonate

第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)2.2.2Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)

Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-ite

Forexample:ClO-

Hypochlorite

IO-

HypoioditePO23-

Hypophosphite第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)2.2.3Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)Anion’sname=Per-CentralElement’sroot-ateForexample:ClO4-

Perchlorate

IO4-

PeriodateMnO4-

Permanganate第13頁(yè)第13頁(yè)2.2.4含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子采取前后綴不同組合顯示不同價(jià)態(tài)含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價(jià)態(tài)相同含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子含有相同前綴，不同后綴。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亞酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亞酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它前綴還有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代舉例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion第14頁(yè)第14頁(yè)3.Namingcompounds3.1Metaloxide

Metaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOIron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Fe2O3Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)Fe3O4

FerroferricoxidePb3O4

TrileadtetroxideNa2O2Sodiumperoxide第15頁(yè)第15頁(yè)Nonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxide

Forexample:COCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideSO3SulfurtrioxideN2O3

DinitrogentrioxideP2O5

DiphosphoruspentoxideN2O4

Dinitrogentetroxide

(tetra-,mono-后綴中a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物質(zhì)慣用俗稱,如NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxide3.2Nonmetaloxide第16頁(yè)第16頁(yè)4.非金屬氫化物除了水和氨氣使用俗稱water，ammonia以外，其它非金屬氫化物都用系統(tǒng)名稱，命名規(guī)則依據(jù)化學(xué)式寫(xiě)法不同而有所不同。4.1對(duì)于鹵族和氧族氫化物，H在化學(xué)式中寫(xiě)在前面，因此將其當(dāng)作與另一元素二元化合物。舉例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride第17頁(yè)第17頁(yè)4.2對(duì)于其它族非金屬氫化物，Ｈ在化學(xué)式中寫(xiě)在后面，可加后綴-ane，氮族還可加-ine。

舉例：

PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diboraneNH3:ammonia第18頁(yè)第18頁(yè)5.無(wú)氧酸命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-icacid舉例：HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosulfuricacidHF:hydrofluoricacidHBr:hydrobromicaicd第19頁(yè)第19頁(yè)總結(jié):

H2SO4

（+6）Sulfuricacid(正)H2SO3

（+4）sulfurousacid;(亞)H2SO5Peroxysulfuric,（過(guò)）H2SO7（+6）Pyrosulfuric,acid)(焦)H2S2O3

(Thiosulfuricacid）e.g.Na2S2O3（硫代）-H2O-O-O--OS→O第20頁(yè)第20頁(yè)HPO3

（偏）

(Metaphosphoric,)H3PO4(正)(Phosphoric,)H3PO3

（亞）(Phosphorous,)H3PO2

(次)(Hypo-phosphorous,)H4P2O7(焦)(Pyrophosphoric,)分子間-H2O分子內(nèi)-H2O-O-O+5+3+1

HNO3

(Nitricacid,+5);HNO2(Nitrousacid,+3)-O第21頁(yè)第21頁(yè)H3BO3(Orthoboric,)(原);HClO

(Hypochlorousacid)(次)HClO3(Chloricacid)(正)HClO4(Perchloricacid)(高)HClO2(Chlorousacid)(亞)-O-O-O+5+7+3+1第22頁(yè)第22頁(yè)6.BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3AluminumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideBa(OH)2BariumhydroxideCo(OH)2Cobalt(II)hydroxide第23頁(yè)第23頁(yè)7.鹽(Salts)7.1正鹽(Normalsalt)：依據(jù)化學(xué)式從左往右分別讀出陽(yáng)離子和陰離子名稱。

Normalsalt=Cation+anion

Forexample:

HgSO4Mercury(II)sulfateHg2SO4Mercury(I)sulfateKNO3PotassiumnitrateNa2CO3SodiumcarbonateNaClOSodiumhypochloriteFeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate第24頁(yè)第24頁(yè)7.2酸式鹽：(Acidicsalts)同正鹽讀法，酸根中Ｈ讀做hydrogen，氫原子個(gè)數(shù)用前綴表示。Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionForexample:NaHSO4SodiumhydrogensulfateNa2HPO4DisodiumhydrogenphosphateNaH2PO4SodiumdihydrogenphosphateCa(HSO4)2CalciumbisulfateNaHCO3Sodiumhydrogencarbonate或Sodiumbicarbonate第25頁(yè)第25頁(yè)7.3BasicsaltsBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anionForexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3:Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl:CalciumhydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4:Magnesiumhydroxyphosphate第26頁(yè)第26頁(yè)7.4復(fù)鹽(Mixedsalts)：同正鹽讀法。Mixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anionForexample:

NaKSO3:SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCaNH4PO4:CalciumammoniumphosphateAgLiCO3SilverlithiumcarbonateNaNH4SO4SodiumammoniumsulfateKNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:sodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphate第27頁(yè)第27頁(yè)7.5水合鹽：結(jié)晶水讀做water或hydrate如AlCl3?6H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)2?12H2O:aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water第28頁(yè)第28頁(yè)8.Acids

8.1Per-,hydro-,normalacid(itssalt-ate,-ide)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3CarbonicacidH2SO4SulfuricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidHNO3NitricacidHClO4PerchloricacidHClHydrochloricacid第29頁(yè)第29頁(yè)8.2Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3SulfurousacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidHNO2NitrousacidHClOHypochlorousacidHClO2Chlorousacid第30頁(yè)第30頁(yè)

命名時(shí)先命名陽(yáng)離子部分，最后命名陰離子部分，陰離子配體以字母順序列出，中心陽(yáng)離子價(jià)態(tài)普通以羅馬數(shù)字在名稱后標(biāo)出。K[BF4]potassiumtetrafluoroborate(III)K4[Fe(CN)6]potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate[Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)]NO3Diamminediaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate9.絡(luò)合物命名

（Namingcoordinationcomplex）第31頁(yè)第31頁(yè)9.1Ligands(配體)9.1.1Negativeionsasligands

Ligand=Element’sroot-oForexample:CN-CyanoNO2-NitroF-FluoroNO3-NitratoCl-ChloroCO32-CarbonatoBr-BromoCH3COO-AcetatoO2-OxoH-HydridoOH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato第32頁(yè)第32頁(yè)9.1.2NeutralmoleculesasligandLigand=RadicalnameForexample:NH3AmmineCOCarbonylH2OAquaCH3NH2MethylamineH2NCCNH2Ethylenediamine第33頁(yè)第33頁(yè)9.2Complexions9.1Neutralcomplexorcomplexionswithpositivecharge

Complexion=n-Ligand-metalion(N)Forexample:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)[Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)第34頁(yè)第34頁(yè)9.2ComplexionswithnegativechargeComplexion=n-Ligand-metal’sroot-ate(N)

Forexample:[Fe(CN)6]4-Hexafluoroferrate(II)[BF4]-Tetrafluoroborate(III)[AlF6]3-Hexafluoroaluminate(III)[AuCl4]-Tetrachloroaurate(III第35頁(yè)第35頁(yè)9.3NamingcomplexComplex=Cation+anionForexample:Li[AlH4]Lithiumtetrahydroaluminate(III)[Ag(NH3)2]ClDiamminesilver(I)chlorideK4[Fe(CN)6]Potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)[Cu(NH3)4]SO4Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfateNi(CO)4Tetracarbonylnickel(0)第36頁(yè)第36頁(yè)常見(jiàn)配體名稱第37頁(yè)第37頁(yè)10.Halide(鹵化物):

NH4Cl(AmmoniumChloride),CaF2(Calciumfluoride),

NaBr(Potassiumbromide),

KI(PotassiumIodide)PCl3(Phosphorustrichloride)

TheNameofCation+Halide第38頁(yè)第38頁(yè)InorganicChemistryIntroduce:Inorganicchemistryisthestudyofthesynthesisandbehaviorofinorganicandorganometalliccompounds.Ithasapplicationsineveryaspectofthechemicalindustry–includingcatalysis,materialsscience,pigments,surfactants,coatings,medicine,fuel,andagriculture.第39頁(yè)第39頁(yè)Inorganicchemists

areemployedinfieldsasdiverseastheminingandmicrochipindustries,environmentalscience,andeducation.Theirworkisbasedonunderstandingthebehaviorandtheanaloguesforinorganicelements,andhowthesematerialscanbemodified,separatedorused–ofteninproductapplications.Itincludesdevelopingmethodstorecovermetalsfromwastestreams;employmentasanalyticalchemistsspecializinginanalysisofminedores;performingresearchontheuseofinorganicchemicalsfortreatingsoil.第40頁(yè)第40頁(yè)

Manyinorganicchemistsgointoindustry,buttheyarealsoatuniversitiesandingovernmentlabs.Inorganicchemistswhoworkingovernmentsaytheirtimeisincreasinglyspentwritinggrantproposalsandcompetingforasmallpoolofresearchmoney.Inorganicchemistscomparetheirjobstothoseofmaterialsscientistsandphysicists.Allthreefieldsexploretherelationshipbetweenphysicalpropertiesandfunctions,butinorganicchemistryisthemostkeenlyfocusedonthesepropertiesatthemolecularlevel.第41頁(yè)第41頁(yè)IsaCreativeField

Thefieldofinorganicchemistryhastraditionallybeencharacterizedbyscientistswithanartisticorcreativeflair.Manyinorganicchemistssaythattheyweredrawntothefieldinpartbytheprettycolorsofthemetalsinthelabandbytheinterestingthingsthatcouldbedoneinthelab.Theyoftensaytheopportunitiesforcreativityandinferentialthinkingarewhattheylikebestabouttheirwork.Describingthemselvesastinkerers,inorganicchemistslikeputtingthingstogetherandsolvingproblemsandstresstheimportanceofbeingdetailoriented,precise,andpersistent.Inorganicchemistsdescribetheirworkasaconstantchallenge."Thejobchangesallthetime,"saysSteveCaldwell,aninorganicchemistworkingatDowChemical."EverydaythereareanewsetofissuesandIhavetodeterminewhicharethemostimportantonestoworkonfirst.It'sdefinitelynotaninetofivejob."第42頁(yè)第42頁(yè)IntegratesManyDisciplines

Inorganicchemistry,likemanyscientificfields,isbecomingmoreinterdisciplinary.Breakthroughsareanticipatedintheinterfacebetweenfieldsratherthaninthemoretraditionalarea."Inthefuture,jobswillnotbefilledbysuperspecialists,"saysSauer,"butbyscientistswithabroadbaseofknowledge."Eventhoughacourseofstudylikematerialsscienceorpolymersciencemayappeartobetterpositionanindividualforthisinterdisciplinaryfuture,chemistsinthefieldstillstronglyrecommendgettingadegreeininorganicchemistry.Adegreeinthebasicdiscipline,willgiveabetterunderstandingofbonding,valence,andorbitaltheory.

第43頁(yè)第43頁(yè)

Inaddition,studentsareadvisedtotakecoursesoutsideinorganicchemistrybothtopreparethemselvestointegrateknowledgetowardsproblemsolvingaswellasbeflexibleintoday'stoughjobmarket."Don'tjuststicktoinorganicchemistry,"