StandardStandardStandardsareben arksor“norms”formeasuringperformance.Inmanagerialaccounting,twotypesofstandardsarecommonlyused.tystandardsspecifyhowmuchofaninputshouldbeusedtomakeaproductprovidea

PricestandardsspecifyhowmuchshouldbepaidforeachunitoftheExamples:Firestone,Sears,McDonald’s,hospitals,constructionandmanufacturingcompanies.Develo UnitInputStandardsCostCostAssignmentApproachesManagersfocusManagersfocustiesandthatexceedstandards,apracticeknownmanagementbyTypeofProductDevelopmentoftyStandardsaredevelopedHistoricalEngineeringInputfrom 5DevelopmentofPriceStandardsarethejointresponsibility

6Standardsvs.ArestandardsthesameArestandardsthesameasbudgets?Abudgetissetfortotalcosts.Astandardisaperunitcost.Standardsareoftenusedwhenpreparingbudgets.SettingDirectMaterialFinal,deliveredcostofmaterials,netofdiscounts.

Useproductdesignspecifications.SettingDirectLaborUsesurveyslaborUsetimemotionstudieseachlaborTherateisTherateisvariableportionofthepredeterminedoverheadTheactivityisbaseusedtocalculatethepredeterminedStandardCostCard–VariableProductionCostAstandardcostcardforoneunitproductmightlooklikeABAxorperorDirect3.0$ per14.00per per Direct2.5Variablemfg.2.5Totalstandardunit Price tyPriceand tystandardsaredeterminedsepara yfortworeasons:ThepurchasingmanagerisresponsibleforrawmaterialpurchasepricesandtheproductionmanagerisresponsiblefortyofrawmaterialThebuyingandusingactivitiesoccuratdifferentRawmaterialpurchasesmaybeheldininventoryforaperiodoftimebeforebeingusedinproduction.AstandardcostvarianceAstandardcostvarianceistheamountbyanactualcostdiffersfromthestandardThisvarianceisunfavorablewhentheactualcostexceedsthestandardcost.Itisfavorableiftheactualislessthanthestandard ysisConductnextPreparestandardcostperformancePreparestandardcostperformanceStandardCostStandardCostPrice tyThedifferencebetweentheactualpriceandthestandardprice

Thedifferencebetweentheactual tyandthestandard AGeneralModelfor Price tyMaterialspricevarianceLaborratevarianceVOHspendingvariance

tyvarianceLaborefficiencyvarianceVOHefficiencyvarianceAGeneralModelfor ×Actual

×Standard

×StandardPrice tyStandardpriceStandardpriceistheamountthatshouldhavebeenpaidfortheresourcesacquired.AGeneralModelfor×Actual

×Standard

× Price ty tytyistyallowedthetheactualgood=StandardinputperunitofoutputXactualoutput.AGeneralModelfor×Actual

×Standard

×StandardPrice tyAQ(AP-AQ=Actual AP=ActualPrice

SP(AQ-SP=StandardPriceSQ=Standard MaterialVariancesGlacierPeakOutfittershasthefollowingdirectmaterialstandardforthefiberfillinitsmountain0.1kg.offiberfillperparkaat$5.00perLastmonth210kgsoffiberfillwerepurchasedandusedtomake2,000parkas.Thematerialcostatotalof$1,029.MaterialVariances ×Actual

×Standard

×Standard210210200×××$4.90per$5.00per$5.00per===Price$21

ty$50MaterialHowarethevariancescomputedHowarethevariancescomputediftheamountpurchaseddiffersfromtheamountused?ThepricevariancecomputedonthetytyiscomputedonlytyMaterial ×Actual

×StandardPrice ×Standard

×StandardtyThestandardpriceisThestandardpriceisusedtocomputetysothattheproductionmanagerisnotheldresponsiblethepurchasingmanager’s ty MaterialsPriceProductionProductionPurchasingLaborVariancesHansonInc.hasthefollowingdirectlaborstandardtomanufactureoneZippy:1.5standardhoursperZippyat$12.00directlaborLastweek1,550directlaborhourswereworkedatatotallaborcostof$18,910tomake1,000Zippies.Actual

LaborVariancesActual

×Actual×Standard×Standard1,5501,5501,500×××$12.20per$12.00per$12.00per===Rate$310

Efficiency$600ResponsibilityforLaborProductionmanagersareusuallyheldaccountableforlaborvariancesbecausetheycaninfluencethe:Production

Mixofskilllevelsassignedtoworktasks.LevelofemployeeQualityofproductionQualityoftrainingprovidedtoemployees.VariableManufacturingOverheadVariancesGlacierPeakOutfittershasthefollowingdirectvariablemanufacturingoverheadlaborstandardforitsmountainparka.1.2standardhoursperparkaat$4.00perLastmonthemployeesactuallyworked2,500hourstomake2,000parkas.ActualvariablemanufacturingoverheadforthemonthwasVariableManufacturingOverheadVariancesSummaryActual×Actual

Actual×Standard

Standard×Standard2,5002,5002,400×××$4.20per$4.00per$4.00per===Spending$500

Efficiency$400HowdoIknowwhichvariancestoLargervariances,HowdoIknowwhichvariancestoLargervariances,indollaramountorasapercentageofthestandard,areinvestigatedfirst.Information:Standardcost:$100,000;allowabledeviation:$10,000;actualcostsforsixmonths:Required:Plottheactualcostsovertimeagainsttheupperandlowercontrollimits.Determinewhenavarianceshouldbeinvestigated. Standard

PricingandHowcompaniespriceaproductorservice ydependsonthedemandandsupplyforitThreeinfluencesondemandandDifferencesAffectingPricing:LongRunvs.ShortRunCoststhatareoftenirrelevantforshort-run suchasfixedcoststhatcannotbechanged,aregenerallyrelevantinthelongrunbecausecostscanbealteredinthelongrunProfitmarginsinlong-runpricingdecisionsareoftensettoearnareasonablereturnoninvestment–pricesaredecreasedwhendemandisweakandincreasedwhendemandisstrongAlternativeLong-RunPricingMarket-Based:pricechargedisbasedonwhatcustomerswantandhowcompetitorsreactCost-Basedpricechargedisbasedonwhatitcosttoproducecoupledwiththeabilitytorecoupthecostsandstillachievearequiredrateofreturn以ThegeneralformulaaddsamarkupcomponenttothecostbasetodetermineaprospectivesellingpriceUsuallyonlyastartingpointintheprice-settingprocessMarkupissomewhatflexible,basedpartiallyoncustomersandcompetitorsFormsofCost-PlusSettingaTargetRateofReturnonInvestment:theTargetAnnualOperatingReturnthatanorganizationaimstoachieve,dividedbyInvestedCapitalSelectingdifferentcostbasesforthe“cost-plus”VariableManufacturingVariableManufacturingFullDigitalSolutionsInc.—100,000Variable

Direct$$DirectFactorySellingandadmin. TotalvariableFixedFactorySellingandadmin. Totalfixed TotalDesiredprofitTotalcosts

=Totalcostper Markup($16.70x Selling Onlythedesiredprofitiscoveredinthemarkup.MarketsandCompetitiveMarkets–usethemarket-based petitiveMarkets–canuseeitherthemarket-basedorcost-basedapproach petitiveMarkets–use