ExportofChineseporcelainintheMingDynasty明朝時期中國瓷器出口情況（下）AttheendoftheMingDynasty,withupheavalwithintheMinggovernment,theImperialkilnsceasedproduction.Thecommoner'skilnsatJingdezhenbenefitedfromnewlydiscoveredsourceofKaolinandwerenowfreeoftherestraintposedbytheImperialkilns.Jingdezhencraftsmenproducedproductsofdifferentstylesandcharacteristicsfortheparticularneedsofitscustomers.明末由于朝政動蕩,官窯停燒,景德鎮的民窯陶工一方面找到了新的高嶺士資源,另一方面又擺脫了官窯的束縛,他們根據不同客戶的需要,生產著不同特色、不同風格、不同品種的產品。TheQinghuaporcelainofJingdezhenduringthattimehadtwoVariations-thickandthin.ThosewithathickbodyweremostlyshippedtoJapan(TheHonglucaiexportedtoJapanhadlargelythickbodieswithafewexceptions,andhavecreatedauniqueboldstyle),whilethethinbodiedpiecesstayedwithinChinaorweresoldtoothercountries.當時景德鎮的青花瓷一般分厚薄兩種。厚胎一般都是輸往日本去的(出口到日本的紅綠彩一般都做成厚胎,很少有薄胎,因而形成了一種特殊的豪放的風格);而薄胎則是在國內或其他國家銷售。Theirsurfaceswerefirstdividedintogeometricwindowsofeitherequalorunequalareas;eachareawouldbeadornedwithimagesoffruits,flowersandothergorgeousdesigns.其裝飾手法是將器皿不同部位分成等分相同或不同的幾何形“窗口”,然后再在里面配以水果、花卉等華麗的圖案。Thelargegeometricwindowswerefittedwithsmallerwindowsinbetween,whichcontainedthe“eighttreasures,""pearlandjade"andotherpatterns.而每格大“窗口”邊上又以小“窗口”隔開,在這小的“窗口”往往飾以八寶紋、瓔珞紋等。AtthecenteroftheplateswerepaintingsofstilllifeorlandscapethatwereratherpopulartheninnorthernEurope.在盤子中間的主要畫面里一般以當時北歐流行的靜物畫和風景畫為裝飾。

Therewasalsoatypeofwineflaskwithfloralwheeldecoration,whichwasdecoratedwithdesignsoftulipontheneck,andlotuspatternsonthebody.另有一種在壺頸上裝飾著郁金香、壺體上描繪著芙蓉手式的輪花紋酒壺,式樣非常優美,造型和歐洲的銀器很接近。InthefirstyearoftheChongzhenperiod(1628-1644AD),withalargerdemandthansupplyofLotusHandporcelainwares,theJapaneseteamerchantsfromOribealsoplacedordersforsomethingsimilar,whichwereneatlydesignedandillustrated,highlydecorativeteaware,withcertainJapaneseelements.Thisactionspurredawholenewbatchof"Xiangrui”styledporcelainfordailyuses.崇禎(1628-1644)初年,從日本遠州來的茶人向景德鎮訂購了一批工整性、圖案性、裝飾性都較強但又體現日本風味的茶器。也就是后來被冠之以“祥瑞”之名的日用器皿。Regardlessofthedifferingopinions,theChineseceramicsindustrybytheendoftheMingDynastytrulyinspiredJapan.ManyplacesinJapanincludingArita,Imari,KyotoandothersbegantheirownporcelainproductionandthewareswerealsoexportedtoEurope.明末中國陶瓷生產的確對當時的日本有很大的影響。日本的有田、伊萬里、京都等地,在中國的影響下也開始燒制瓷器,繼而出口到歐洲。

Da-MingWucai'sstylewasakintothatoftheQinghuaporcelainmadeforEuropeanmarkets,butwasalsoinfluencedbytheHonglucai'sfreeandexpressivestyle,thusitusedred,yellow,blue,green,purpleandblackpigmentsasdecoration.

大明五彩瓷的裝飾風格類似于出口到歐洲的裝飾性青花瓷,同時受到天啟紅綠彩奔放風格的影響,多用紅、黃藍、綠、紫、黑等顏色來裝飾。Da-MingWucaiwasveryparticularandrefined,enrichingcolorcompositiona