TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-speakingCountries

1TheSocietyandCultureofMa

Unit1

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom(1)

2

Unit1

ABriefInWarming-upquestionsHowdoyousay“英國”inEnglish?2.

Thinkofthemostwell-knownsymbolsandtokensofUK?3Warming-upquestions3Howdoyousay“英國”inEnglish?EnglandBritainGreatBritainTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritishIsles4Howdoyousay“英國”inEnglisUKGreatBritainThedifferencebetweentheUK,GreatBritainandtheBritishIslesBritishIsles5UKGreatBritainThedifferenceTheUKEngland,Scotland,WalesNorthernIrelandGreatBritaintheBritishIslesGreatBritainIrelandhundredsofsmallislands.

6TheUKEngland,GreatBritainthWhatistheproperwayforustocallthepeopleintheUK?EnglishmenScotsmanWelshmenIrishmen7Whatistheproperwayforus88991010Objectives

ThisunitwillgiveyouabriefdescriptionofsomebasicfactsofUK,suchasthename,size,population,religion,thephysicalfeature,briefhistoryYouwillgettoknowthedistinctivedifferencesineveryaspectofthe3regionsofUK:England,ScotlandandWales.Youwilllearnandmastersomerelatedwords

andexpressionsaboutdifferentaspectsofUK.11Objectives

ThisunitwillgivRelatedTermsBritishEmpire（大英帝國）:namegiventoUKanditsformercolonies,andotherterritoriesthroughouttheworldfromthelate1500stothemiddleofthe20thcent.Itwasthelargestempireinhistory.Atitszenith(極盛時期),theBritishEmpirestretchedover?oftheearth'ssurface.Thefirsthalfofthe20thcenturysawtheUK'sstrengthseriouslydepleted(耗盡)intwoWorldWars.Thesecondhalfwitnessedthedismantling(瓦解)oftheEmpireandtheUKrebuildingitselfintoamodernandprosperousEuropeannation.

12RelatedTerms12BritishEmpire13BritishEmpire132.TheCommonwealthofNations(英聯(lián)邦國家)Theempiremaintainslinksthroughalooseorganization—CommonwealthofNations.TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstates,mostofwhichwereoncegovernedbytheUnitedKingdomandareitsformercolonies.ItwasformerlyknownastheBritishCommonwealth(orBritishCommonwealthofNations),andmanystillcallitbythatname,eitherforhistoricalreasonsortodistinguishitfromthemanyothercommonwealtharoundtheworld.FlagoftheCommonwealthofNations

142.TheCommonwealthofNationsBritishCommonwealthalooseassociationconnectedmoreeconomicallythanpolitically15BritishCommonwealthalooseas3.

TheEuropeanUnion(歐洲聯(lián)盟):

establishedunderthatnamebytheTreatyonEuropeanUnion(commonlyknownastheMaastrichtTreaty《馬斯特里赫特條約》（簡稱“馬約”）onNov.1,1993.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isasupranational(超國家的)organizationofEuropeancountries,whichcurrentlyhas27memberstates.163.TheEuropeanUnion(歐洲聯(lián)盟):1FlagofTheEuropeanUnionThe12starsinacirclesymbolizetheidealsofunity,solidarityandharmonyamongthepeoplesofEurope.17FlagofTheEuropeanUnionThe歐盟的27個成員國：法國、德國、意大利、荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡、英國、丹麥、愛爾蘭、希臘、葡萄牙、西班牙、奧地利、瑞典、芬蘭、馬耳他、塞浦路斯、波蘭、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞、愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛、羅馬尼亞、保加利亞。

MemberstatesofEU18歐盟的27個成員國：法國、德國、意大利、荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡TheEU’sprincipalgoal

istopromoteandexpandcooperationamongmemberstatesineconomicsandtrade,socialissues,foreignpolicy,securityanddefense,andjudicialmatters.Europeancitizenshavegreaterfreedomtolive,work,andstudyinanyofthememberstates.TheEUhasasinglecurrency,the

euro（歐元）,foritsmembercountries.InJanuary2002euroreplacedthenationalcurrenciesof12EUmembernations.

Other15

EUmembersdonotcurrentlyparticipateinthesinglecurrency.19TheEU’sprincipalgoal194.TheGroupofSeven(G7)(七國集團)acoalition（聯(lián)合）ofthemajorindustrialdemocracies:theUnitedKingdom,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,andtheUnitedStates--theoriginalG6whichmetthefirsttimein1975--andCanadawhichjoinedin1976,thensupersededin1998bytheadditionofRussia,whichcreatedtheGroupofEight(G8).

204.TheGroupofSeven(G7)(七國集團ContentssomebasicfactsofUK12

3PartsofUK

EnglandScotlandWales21ContentssomebasicfactsofUKII.BasicFactsaboutUKName:

--Fullname:

TheUnitedKingdomof

Great

Britain

and

NorthernIreland（大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國）

--Shortform:

theUnitedKingdom,UKLocation:

WesternEurope,islandsincludingthenorthernone-sixthoftheislandofIrelandbetweentheNorthAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea,northwestofFranceArea:

total:244,820sqkm

land:241,590sqkm

water:3,230sqkm

Population:

60,441,457(July2005)

22II.BasicFactsaboutUKName:Ethnicgroups:

white92.1%,black2%,Indian1.8%,Pakistani1.3%,mixed1.2%,other1.6%(2001census)Religions:

Christian71.6%,Muslim2.7%,Hindu（印度教）1%,other1.6%,none23.1%

(2001census)

23Ethnicgroups:white92.1%,bEnglish,theofficiallanguageintheUKLanguagesintheUKWelsh,alanguagespokenpartlyinWalesGaelic,alanguagespokenbypeopleintheHighlandsinScotlandBilingualroadsignsinEnglishandGaelic24English,theofficiallanguageFlagofUKTheNationalAnthem--GodSavetheQueen25FlagofUKTheNationalAnthemHowtheUnionFlagcameintobeing?26HowtheUnionFlagcameintob

NationalEmblem(Badge):

EnglandScotland(unicorn)Ireland(harp)27

NationalEmblem(Badge):EngNationalflower：RoseNationalbird：紅胸鴿(redbreast/robin)28Nationalflower：Rose28UKhasbeenamemberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1973.UKremainsamemberoftheGroupofSeven.ImmigrationfromsomeCommonwealthcountries—India,Pakistan,andthecountriesoftheCaribbeanUKisamultiracialsociety.29UKhasbeenamemberoftheEuThedistinctionbetweenthe4constituentparts

ReligiousdifferencesClassdifference:TheclassstructureofUKisrelativelyobvious.Regionaldifference:the“highland”and“l(fā)owland”Scots;culturaldistinctionbetweennorthandsouthEnglandthedifferencebetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces30Thedistinctionbetweenthe4

TheislandofGreatBritaincanbedividedintotwomajornaturalregions:Thehighlandzone:anareaofhighhillsandmountainsinthenorthandwest.Thelowlandzone:

Thesouthandeastconsistsmostlyofrollingplains.Thelowlandzonehasamilderclimateandbettersoilsforfarming.

Historically,mostpeopleinBritainhavelivedinthelowlandzone.

31TheislandofGreatBritainc

Capital:CityofLondon--thelargestcityinthecountry--Oneseventhofitspop.

--Seatofgovernment--Culturalcenter:homeofmajornewspapers,TV

stations,widestselectionofgalleries,theatersandmuseums--Businesscenter:headquartersofvastmajorcompanies--Financialcenterofthenation,oneofthe3majorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld--CombinedfunctionofBeijing,Shanghaiand

GuangzhouorNewYork,WashingtonandLos

Angeles32Capital:CityofLondon32LondonTowerBridge倫敦塔橋33LondonTowerBridge倫敦塔橋333434EnglandArea:

130,423sqkm(UKtotal244820sqkm)53.4%ofthetotalareaPopulation:

48.7million(UKtotal59.6million)Religion:

Protestant3/5,Catholicism,Muslin,Jewsandothers

35EnglandArea:130,423sqkm(UK3636IntroductionEnglandisthelargest,mostpopulous,andwealthiestpartofUK.Englandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivinginthecity,2%workinginagriculture.Largestcityisthecapital:London.England’sdominanceinsize---largestofthe4nationswithlargestpopulationisreflectedinaculturalandeconomicdominance37Introduction37II.History-ahistoryofinvasion

Beforethe1stcent.AD,

BritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople

Celts38II.History-ahistoryofinvasTheRomanConquest(43AD-AD.5thcent)

in43ADtheRomanEmpireinvadedEnglandandWaleswhichbecamepartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years.TheydrovemanyoftheCelticpeopleintothemountainsinScotlandandWales.39TheRomanConquest(43AD-AD.TheRomansintroducedtheircivilizationintoEngland.

TheybroughttheLatinalphabet,theirreligion,ChristianitytoBritain.

Theybuilttowns,temples,theatres,finebuildingsandroadsinEngland

(AllroadsleadtoRome).TheRomansestablishedLondon

asthecapital.InfluenceoftheRomanconquest40TheRomansintroducedtheirciTheAnglo-SaxonsInvasion(446—871)

Inthe5thcent.theAnglo-Saxons(Germanicpeoples)invadedBritainandsettleddownthereeversince.Theybroughtalongtheirlanguage,oldEnglish

andtheyweretheforefatheroftheEnglishraceandthefoundersofEngland.41TheAnglo-SaxonsInvasion41TheDanishInvasions

Fromlate8thcent.twogroupsofVikings(DaneswerepartoftheVikingforces)fromScandinaviasettledinEnglandandcontrolledlargeareasofnorthernandeasternEngland.

TheNormanConquest(1066)

TheFrench-speakingNormans（諾曼底人）fromNormandyofFranceinvadedin1066.WilliamtheConquerorintroducedarulingclass,theFrencharistocracy.ThelocalCeltswerepushedordisplacedtotheWalesandsouthofScotland.42TheDanishInvasions42WilliamI,knownasWilliamtheConqueror,waskingofEnglandfrom1066to1087.Asking,Williamreorganizedthefeudalsystem,makingalllandholderssweargreaterloyaltytohimratherthantotheirseparatelords.Williamalsoorderedanexhaustivesurveyofthelandedwealthinhisrealm.

William

I

of

England43WilliamI,knownasWilliamth

Arthurwas

the

legendarykingoftheBritonsinthe6thcent.whoexpelledforeignersfromBritain,broughtpeacetothecountryandcreatedthe“roundtable”whichmeantequalprecedence（平等位置）IIILengends1.KingArthurandhisRoundTable44IIILengends1.KingArthuranAccordingtolegend,ArthurReceivingExcalibur（魔劍）soonafterhebecamerulerofBritain,hereceivedhisswordExcaliburfromahandthatrosemysteriouslyfromalake.

45Accordingtolegend,ArthurRe

RobinHood:theSaxonnoblemanhidintheforest,rebelledagainstNormansandrobbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor(DuringtheperiodofNormanrule)

--acluetotheEnglishCharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity(體現(xiàn)英國人個性的跡象:表面上似乎一致,但實際上保持著一種強烈的獨特的生活方式)2.RobinHood46RobinHood:theSaxonnoblemaIV．TheCharacteristicsoftheEnglish

silent,wordless,tendtokeepadistancebetweenthestrangersself-contradictory,gentleandpolitehypocritical,obviousandnotoriousclassstructure.

47IV．TheCharacteristicsoftheScotlandArea:

7.8822sqkm,2ndlargestpartofUKPop:5.111millionReligion:The

Church

of

Scotland,Protestant70%,theRomanCatholicandothers.48ScotlandArea:7.8822sqkm4949I.Introduction

Scotland

is

the

second

largest

both

in

area

and

population.Capital:

EdinburghLargest

City:

GlasgowPeople:

Celts,

Anglo-Saxons

Language:

English,

Gaelic

50I.Introduction50Edinburgh,

Scotland

eastcoast,famousforitsbeauty,dominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrock51Edinburgh,Scotland51EdinburghCastle

52EdinburghCastle52Gardens

in

Edinburgh53GardensinEdinburgh53largestcity:

Glasgow

inthewestofLowlandzone54largestcity:Glasgow54George

Square喬治廣場

,

Glasgow

George

Square

lies

at

the

heart

of

Glasgow,

Scotland,

a

bustling

seaport

and

industrial

center.

55GeorgeSquare喬治廣場,Glasgow5Three

distinct

regions:the

HighlandsB.

The

Central

Lowlands

C.

the

Southern

Uplands.

II.NaturalRegions56II.NaturalRegions56TheHighland:More

than

half

of

the

surface

of

Scotland

is

occupied

by

the

Scottish

Highlands,

the

most

rugged

region

in

Great

Britain.

They

consist

of

parallel

mountain

chains

with

a

general

northeast-to-southwest

trend,

broken

by

deep

ravines(峽谷)and

valleys.Theyaremostlycoveredwithbushes.57TheHighland:57TheHighlandofScotland58TheHighlandofScotland585959Ben

Nevis,

Scotland

Ben

Nevis,

in

western

Scotland’s

Grampian

Mountains,

is

the

tallest

mountain

in

the

British

Isles

and

a

popular

tourist

destination.60BenNevis,Scotland60TheCentralLowland

isthemostimportanteconomicregioninScotland.Andthechieffarmingdistrict,urbancenters,industries,andmines.3/4ofthepop.livehere.Scotland’slargestcity,GlasgowandthecapitalEdinburgharelocatedinthecentrallowland.61TheCentralLowland61TheCentralLowlandofScotland62TheCentralLowlandofScotlanSouthernUplandsisanareaofroundedhillsandbroadvalleysandmuchoftheareaconsistsofmoorlands(高沼地)usedforgrazingsheep.63SouthernUplands63The

Scottish

Highlanders

consider

themselves

the

“true”

Scots,

and

they

wear

their

national

dress,

the

kilt(蘇格蘭短裙),with

pride.

Kilts

are

pleated

skirt

made

of

material

with

a

squared,

colored

design

called

a

tartan.

They

probably

derive

from

the

costume

of

the

Roman

conquerors.

Each

Scottish

clan

has

its

own

tartan

with

specific

colors

and

design,

and

only

membersof

that

clan

are

entitled

to

wear

it.3.PeopleinScotland643.PeopleinScotland646565Scottish

Dance66ScottishDance66

VI.Governmentandpoliticalparties

EnglandandScotlandhavesharedamonarchsince1603andaparliamentsince1707.InMay1999,ScotlandelecteditsownparliamentforthefirsttimeIthad129membersinitsparliamentin1999.Scotlandsends72representativestoLondonparliament.QueenElizabethopenedthenewparliamentonJuly2,1999.67

VI.Governmentandpolitical

PoliticalParties

TheLaborPartyisthelargestparty.TheScottishNationalPartywhichwantsanindependentScotlandisthesecondlargest.TheConservativeParty,thethirdlargest.

68PoliticalPartiesTheLabor69697070WalesArea:20,700sqkmPop：2.9million(2002)

People；Celts,Anglo-Saxons.

3/4ofthepop.Liveintheminingcentersinthesouth.Religion:NonconformistProtestants（不隨俗的新教徒）,Anglicans（英國圣公會教徒）Catholics（天主教）Language:English,Welsh.Capital:CardiffIIntroduction71WalesArea:20,700sqkmIIntr7272Cardiff,

the

capital

of

Wales,

is

located

at

the

mouth

of

the

River

Taff,an

important

industrial,

commercial,

and

government

center

in

Wales.Cardiff's

City

Center73Cardiff,Cardiff'sCityCenterII.NaturalResourcesMining

in

Mountain

Ash

Coal

was

once

a

major

mineral

resource

in

Wales.

Today,

nearly

all

mining

in

Mountain

Ash

has

ceased.74II.NaturalResourcesMininginCountryside

of

Wales75CountrysideofWales75III.GovernmentandPoliticalParties

Wales

is

governed

as

apartofEngland,andisrepresentedby40membersintheHouseofCommons.In1999Waleselecteditsownassembly.TheWelshAssemblyhas60membersandisledbyanexecutivecommittee.In1997,theLaborPartycameintopower.ThePlaidCymruPartyistheWelsh

nationalistparty,whichsupportsanindependentWales76III.GovernmentandPoliticalUKismadeof4regionsEngland

Scotland

Wales

NorthernIreland

77UKismadeof4regionsEngland

England-

thesouthernpartofGreatBritain.capital:LondonScotland-thenorthofGreatBritain.Capital:Edinburgh7878Wales-thewestofGreatBritain.Capital:CardiffNorthernIreland-thefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast79Wales-thewestofGreatBrit

TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-speakingCountries

80TheSocietyandCultureofMa

Unit1

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom(1)

81

Unit1

ABriefInWarming-upquestionsHowdoyousay“英國”inEnglish?2.

Thinkofthemostwell-knownsymbolsandtokensofUK?82Warming-upquestions3Howdoyousay“英國”inEnglish?EnglandBritainGreatBritainTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandBritishIsles83Howdoyousay“英國”inEnglisUKGreatBritainThedifferencebetweentheUK,GreatBritainandtheBritishIslesBritishIsles84UKGreatBritainThedifferenceTheUKEngland,Scotland,WalesNorthernIrelandGreatBritaintheBritishIslesGreatBritainIrelandhundredsofsmallislands.

85TheUKEngland,GreatBritainthWhatistheproperwayforustocallthepeopleintheUK?EnglishmenScotsmanWelshmenIrishmen86Whatistheproperwayforus8788898910Objectives

ThisunitwillgiveyouabriefdescriptionofsomebasicfactsofUK,suchasthename,size,population,religion,thephysicalfeature,briefhistoryYouwillgettoknowthedistinctivedifferencesineveryaspectofthe3regionsofUK:England,ScotlandandWales.Youwilllearnandmastersomerelatedwords

andexpressionsaboutdifferentaspectsofUK.90Objectives

ThisunitwillgivRelatedTermsBritishEmpire（大英帝國）:namegiventoUKanditsformercolonies,andotherterritoriesthroughouttheworldfromthelate1500stothemiddleofthe20thcent.Itwasthelargestempireinhistory.Atitszenith(極盛時期),theBritishEmpirestretchedover?oftheearth'ssurface.Thefirsthalfofthe20thcenturysawtheUK'sstrengthseriouslydepleted(耗盡)intwoWorldWars.Thesecondhalfwitnessedthedismantling(瓦解)oftheEmpireandtheUKrebuildingitselfintoamodernandprosperousEuropeannation.

91RelatedTerms12BritishEmpire92BritishEmpire132.TheCommonwealthofNations(英聯(lián)邦國家)Theempiremaintainslinksthroughalooseorganization—CommonwealthofNations.TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstates,mostofwhichwereoncegovernedbytheUnitedKingdomandareitsformercolonies.ItwasformerlyknownastheBritishCommonwealth(orBritishCommonwealthofNations),andmanystillcallitbythatname,eitherforhistoricalreasonsortodistinguishitfromthemanyothercommonwealtharoundtheworld.FlagoftheCommonwealthofNations

932.TheCommonwealthofNationsBritishCommonwealthalooseassociationconnectedmoreeconomicallythanpolitically94BritishCommonwealthalooseas3.

TheEuropeanUnion(歐洲聯(lián)盟):

establishedunderthatnamebytheTreatyonEuropeanUnion(commonlyknownastheMaastrichtTreaty《馬斯特里赫特條約》（簡稱“馬約”）onNov.1,1993.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isasupranational(超國家的)organizationofEuropeancountries,whichcurrentlyhas27memberstates.953.TheEuropeanUnion(歐洲聯(lián)盟):1FlagofTheEuropeanUnionThe12starsinacirclesymbolizetheidealsofunity,solidarityandharmonyamongthepeoplesofEurope.96FlagofTheEuropeanUnionThe歐盟的27個成員國：法國、德國、意大利、荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡、英國、丹麥、愛爾蘭、希臘、葡萄牙、西班牙、奧地利、瑞典、芬蘭、馬耳他、塞浦路斯、波蘭、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞、愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛、羅馬尼亞、保加利亞。

MemberstatesofEU97歐盟的27個成員國：法國、德國、意大利、荷蘭、比利時、盧森堡TheEU’sprincipalgoal

istopromoteandexpandcooperationamongmemberstatesineconomicsandtrade,socialissues,foreignpolicy,securityanddefense,andjudicialmatters.Europeancitizenshavegreaterfreedomtolive,work,andstudyinanyofthememberstates.TheEUhasasinglecurrency,the

euro（歐元）,foritsmembercountries.InJanuary2002euroreplacedthenationalcurrenciesof12EUmembernations.

Other15

EUmembersdonotcurrentlyparticipateinthesinglecurrency.98TheEU’sprincipalgoal194.TheGroupofSeven(G7)(七國集團)acoalition（聯(lián)合）ofthemajorindustrialdemocracies:theUnitedKingdom,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,andtheUnitedStates--theoriginalG6whichmetthefirsttimein1975--andCanadawhichjoinedin1976,thensupersededin1998bytheadditionofRussia,whichcreatedtheGroupofEight(G8).

994.TheGroupofSeven(G7)(七國集團ContentssomebasicfactsofUK12

3PartsofUK

EnglandScotlandWales100ContentssomebasicfactsofUKII.BasicFactsaboutUKName:

--Fullname:

TheUnitedKingdomof

Great

Britain

and

NorthernIreland（大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國）

--Shortform:

theUnitedKingdom,UKLocation:

WesternEurope,islandsincludingthenorthernone-sixthoftheislandofIrelandbetweentheNorthAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea,northwestofFranceArea:

total:244,820sqkm

land:241,590sqkm

water:3,230sqkm

Population:

60,441,457(July2005)

101II.BasicFactsaboutUKName:Ethnicgroups:

white92.1%,black2%,Indian1.8%,Pakistani1.3%,mixed1.2%,other1.6%(2001census)Religions:

Christian71.6%,Muslim2.7%,Hindu（印度教）1%,other1.6%,none23.1%

(2001census)

102Ethnicgroups:white92.1%,bEnglish,theofficiallanguageintheUKLanguagesintheUKWelsh,alanguagespokenpartlyinWalesGaelic,alanguagespokenbypeopleintheHighlandsinScotlandBilingualroadsignsinEnglishandGaelic103English,theofficiallanguageFlagofUKTheNationalAnthem--GodSavetheQueen104FlagofUKTheNationalAnthemHowtheUnionFlagcameintobeing?105HowtheUnionFlagcameintob

NationalEmblem(Badge):

EnglandScotland(unicorn)Ireland(harp)106

NationalEmblem(Badge):EngNationalflower：RoseNationalbird：紅胸鴿(redbreast/robin)107Nationalflower：Rose28UKhasbeenamemberoftheEuropeanUnionsince1973.UKremainsamemberoftheGroupofSeven.ImmigrationfromsomeCommonwealthcountries—India,Pakistan,andthecountriesoftheCaribbeanUKisamultiracialsociety.108UKhasbeenamemberoftheEuThedistinctionbetweenthe4constituentparts

ReligiousdifferencesClassdifference:TheclassstructureofUKisrelativelyobvious.Regionaldifference:the“highland”and“l(fā)owland”Scots;culturaldistinctionbetweennorthandsouthEnglandthedifferencebetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces109Thedistinctionbetweenthe4

TheislandofGreatBritaincanbedividedintotwomajornaturalregions:Thehighlandzone:anareaofhighhillsandmountainsinthenorthandwest.Thelowlandzone:

Thesouthandeastconsistsmostlyofrollingplains.Thelowlandzonehasamilderclimateandbettersoilsforfarming.

Historically,mostpeopleinBritainhavelivedinthelowlandzone.

110TheislandofGreatBritainc

Capital:CityofLondon--thelargestcityinthecountry--Oneseventhofitspop.

--Seatofgovernment--Culturalcenter:homeofmajornewspapers,TV

stations,widestselectionofgalleries,theatersandmuseums--Businesscenter:headquartersofvastmajorcompanies--Financialcenterofthenation,oneofthe3majorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld--CombinedfunctionofBeijing,Shanghaiand

GuangzhouorNewYork,WashingtonandLos

Angeles111Capital:CityofLondon32LondonTowerBridge倫敦塔橋112LondonTowerBridge倫敦塔橋3311334EnglandArea:

130,423sqkm(UKtotal244820sqkm)53.4%ofthetotalareaPopulation:

48.7million(UKtotal59.6million)Religion:

Protestant3/5,Catholicism,Muslin,Jewsandothers

114EnglandArea:130,423sqkm(UK11536IntroductionEnglandisthelargest,mostpopulous,andwealthiestpartofUK.Englandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivinginthecity,2%workinginagriculture.Largestcityisthecapital:London.England’sdominanceinsize---largestofthe4nationswithlargestpopulationisreflectedinaculturalandeconomicdominance116Introduction37II.History-ahistoryofinvasion

Beforethe1stcent.AD,

BritainwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople

Celts117II.History-ahistoryofinvasTheRomanConquest(43AD-AD.5thcent)

in43ADtheRomanEmpireinvadedEnglandandWaleswhichbecamepartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years.TheydrovemanyoftheCelticpeopleintothemountainsinScotlandandWales.118TheRomanConquest(43AD-AD.TheRomansintroducedtheircivilizationintoEngland.

TheybroughttheLatinalphabet,theirreligion,ChristianitytoBritain.

Theybuilttowns,temples,theatres,finebuildingsandroadsinEngland

(AllroadsleadtoRome).TheRomansestablishedLondon

asthecapital.InfluenceoftheRomanconquest119TheRomansintroducedtheirciTheAnglo-SaxonsInvasion(446—871)

Inthe5thcent.theAnglo-Saxons(Germanicpeoples)invadedBritainandsettleddownthereeversince.Theybroughtalongtheirlanguage,oldEnglish

andtheyweretheforefatheroftheEnglishraceandthefoundersofEngland.120TheAnglo-SaxonsInvasion41TheDanishInvasions

Fromlate8thcent.twogroupsofVikings(DaneswerepartoftheVikingforces)fromScandinaviasettledinEnglandandcontrolledlargeareasofnorthernandeasternEngland.

TheNormanConquest(1066)

TheFrench-speakingNormans（諾曼底人）fromNormandyofFranceinvadedin1066.WilliamtheConquerorintroducedarulingclass,theFrencharistocracy.ThelocalCeltswerepushedordisplacedtotheWalesandsouthofScotland.121TheDanishInvasions42WilliamI,knownasWilliamtheConqueror,waskingofEnglandfrom1066to1087.Asking,Williamreorganizedthefeudalsystem,makingalllandholderssweargreaterloyaltytohimratherthantotheirseparatelords.Williamalsoorderedanexhaustivesurveyofthelandedwealthinhisrealm.

William

I

of

England122WilliamI,knownasWilliamth

Arthurwas

the

legendarykingoftheBritonsinthe6thcent.whoexpelledforeignersfromBritain,broughtpeacetothecountryand