Whichquestionnolongerconcernsthemodernsoftwareengineer?(a)現(xiàn)如今的軟件工程師不再考慮以下哪個(gè)問(wèn)題？Whydoescomputerhardwarecostsomuch?計(jì)算機(jī)硬件為什么如此昂貴Whydoessoftwaretakealongtimetofinish?Whydoesitcostsomuchtodevelopapieceofsoftware?Whycan'tsoftwareerrorsberemovedfromproductspriortodelivery?Softwaredeterioratesratherthanwearsoutbecause(c)軟件通常是變壞而不是磨損的原因是SoftwaresuffersfromexposuretohostileenvironmentsDefectsaremorelikelytoariseaftersoftwarehasbeenusedoftenMultiplechangerequestsintroduceerrorsincomponentinteractions在組件交互中需求發(fā)生變化導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤SoftwaresparepartsbecomehardertoorderMostsoftwarecontinuestobecustombuiltbecause(d)大多數(shù)軟件產(chǎn)品是定制的原因是ComponentreuseiscommoninthesoftwareworldReusablecomponentsaretooexpensivetouseSoftwareiseasiertobuildwithoutusingsomeoneelse'scomponents.Offtheshelfsoftwarecomponentsarenotcommonlyavailable現(xiàn)成的軟件組件不常用Thenatureofsoftwareapplicationscanbecharacterizedbytheirinformation(d)軟件應(yīng)用的本質(zhì)可以被特色化，通過(guò)他們信息的complexitycontent內(nèi)容determinacy(確定性)choices"b"and"c"F)wasF)wasChangecannotbeeasilyaccommodatedinmostsoftwaresystems,unlessasystemdesignedwithchangeinmind.(T)需求變化不適應(yīng)于大多數(shù)的軟件系統(tǒng)，除非軟件在設(shè)計(jì)之初便考慮了變化因素Whichoftheitemslistedbelowisnotoneofthesoftwareengineeringlayers?(b)下面列出的項(xiàng)目是不是一個(gè)軟件工程的層？ProcessManufacturing制造業(yè)MethodsToolsWhatarethethreegenericphasesofsoftwareengineering?(a)軟件工程的三個(gè)一般的階段是definition,development,support定義階段、開(kāi)發(fā)階段、維護(hù)階段what,how,whereprogramming,debugging,maintenanceanalysis,design,testingWhichofthesetermsisalevelnameintheCapabilityMaturityModel? (b)AdhocRepeatable可重復(fù)的ReusableOrganizedThelinearsequentialmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis(a)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中的線性模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.當(dāng)需求被良好定義時(shí)的合理開(kāi)發(fā)方式。Agoodapproachwhenaworkingprogramisrequiredquickly.Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Anoldfashionedmodelthatisrarelyusedanymore.Il.Theprototypingmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis (b)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中的原型模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.Ausefulapproachwhenacustomercannotdefinerequirementsclearly.當(dāng)客戶(hù)無(wú)法清晰定義需求時(shí)的有效開(kāi)發(fā)方式Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Ariskymodelthatrarelyproducesameaningfulproduct.Therapidapplicationdevelopmentmodelis (c)快速開(kāi)發(fā)模型是Anothernameforcomponent-baseddevelopment.Ausefulapproachwhenacustomercannotdefinerequirementsclearly.Ahighspeedadaptationofthelinearsequentialmodel.線性順序模型的高速適應(yīng)方式Alloftheabove.Theincrementalmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis(b)軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中的增量模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.Agoodapproachwhenaworkingcoreproductisrequiredquickly.當(dāng)核心產(chǎn)品需要被迅速開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)的良好開(kāi)發(fā)方式Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Arevolutionarymodelthatisnotusedforcommercialproducts.Thespiralmodelofsoftwaredevelopment(c) 螺旋開(kāi)發(fā)模型EndswiththedeliveryofthesoftwareproductIsmorechaoticthantheincrementalmodelIncludesprojectrisksevaluationduringeachiteration 在每個(gè)迭代中都包括項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估AlloftheaboveOneofthemostdifficultpartsofsoftwarerequirementsanalysisisensuringthedeveloperunderstandsthecustomer'sneeds.(T)軟件需求分析中最困難的部分之一是確保開(kāi)發(fā)人員了解客戶(hù)的需求。WhichofthesepeoplewouldnotbelikelytopartoftheFASTteam? (a)softwareengineersdevelopingrepresentativemarketingrepresentativesseniorfinancialofficersWhichoftheserequirementsarenotconsideredduringqualityfunctiondeployment(QFD)? (a)excitingrequirementsexpectedrequirementnormalrequirementstechnologyrequirementsInformationflowrepresentsthemannerinwhichdataandcontrol （b）信息流表示其中數(shù)據(jù)及控制以這樣的方式arerelatedtooneanother.changeaseachmovesthroughthesystem.轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎麄€(gè)系統(tǒng)的每個(gè)動(dòng)作。willbeimplementedinthefinaldesign.noneoftheabove.Inthecontextofrequirementsanalysis,twotypesofproblempartitioningare （a）在需求分析的背景下，兩種類(lèi)型的問(wèn)題劃分為bottom-upandtop-downhorizontalandverticalsubordinateandsuperordinatenoneoftheaboveWhichviewshouldbeconsiderdfirstduringsoftwarerequirementsanalysis?（c）在軟件需求分析中哪個(gè)看法首先應(yīng)該考慮的？actorviewdataviewessentialviewimplementationviewWhichofthefollowingisnotaprinciplethatshouldbefollowedwhencreatingaspecification?以下哪一項(xiàng)不是必須建立一個(gè)規(guī)范時(shí)，應(yīng)遵循一個(gè)原則？（ b）createacognitivemodelratherthanadesignmodelmakesurethespecificationdotsevery"i"andcrossesevery"t"EstablishthecontextinwhichsoftwareoperatesseparatefunctionalityfromimplementationWhichofthefollowingisnotaguidelineforrepresentingrequirements?（d）diagramsshouldberestrictedinnumberandconsistentinuserepresentationformatandcontentshouldberelevanttothecontentrepresentationsshouldberevisableusenomorethan7plusorminus2colorsinanydiagramsThestatetransitiondiagram（d）狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換圖depictsrelationshipsbetweendataobjectsdepictsfunctionsthattransformthedataflowindicateshowdataaretransformedbythesystemindicatessystemreactionstoexternalevents用于顯示系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)外部事件Thedatamodelconsistsofthreepiecesofinterrelatedinformation（d）attributesdataobjectsrelationshipsalloftheaboveTherelationshipsshowninadatamodelmustbeclassifiedtoshowtheir（c）在一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)模型中顯示的關(guān)系必須被分類(lèi)，以顯示他們的WidthanddepthDirectionalityandreliabilitycardinalityandmodality基數(shù)和方式probabilityandriskForpurposesofbehaviormodelingastateisany（c）對(duì)于行為建模的目的，一個(gè)狀態(tài)是任何consumerorproducerofdata.dataobjecthierarchy.observablemodeofbehavior.觀察到的行為模式welldefinedprocess.Thedatadictionarycontainsdescriptionsofeachsoftware（b）數(shù)據(jù)字典包含了每個(gè)軟件的說(shuō)明configurationitemdataobject數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象diagramnotationThedataflowdiagrammustbeaugmentedbydescriptivetextinordertodescribethefunctionalrequirementsforasoftwareproduct.（T）數(shù)據(jù)流圖必須通過(guò)描述性文本以描述為一個(gè)軟件產(chǎn)品的功能性要求進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充。Whichofthefollowingisnotanareaofconcerninthedesignmodel? （d）以下哪一項(xiàng)不是在設(shè)計(jì)模式關(guān)注的一個(gè)區(qū)域？architecturedatainterfacesprojectscope項(xiàng)目范圍Theimportanceofsoftwaredesigncanbesummarizedinasingleword（d）軟件設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，可以歸納為一個(gè)字accuracycomplexityefficiencyquality質(zhì)量Whichoftheseisacharacteristicofagooddesign?（b）哪一個(gè)良好的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)？exhibitsstrongcouplingbetweenitsmodulesimplementsallrequirementsintheanalysismodel實(shí)現(xiàn)在分析模型中的所有規(guī)定includestestcasesforallcomponentsincorporatessourcecodefordescriptivepurposesThecontrolhierarchyrepresentsthe（b）控制層次代表了decisionorderorganizationofmodules組織模塊repetitionofoperationssequenceofprocessesSoftwareprocedurefocusesonthe（c）軟件過(guò)程關(guān)注于cessingdetailsofeachthesetofmodulescollectively.每個(gè)處理的細(xì)節(jié)的模塊集合統(tǒng)稱(chēng)relationshipbetweencontrolandprocedure.7Toachievehighmodularityofsoftwarecomponentsyouneed（C）為了達(dá)到你需要的軟件組件的高度模塊化highcouplingandhighcohesionhighcouplingandlowcohesionlowcouplingandhighcohesion低耦合和高聚合lowcouplingandlowcohesion8.Cohesionisaqualitativeindicationofthedegreetowhichamodule（b）凝聚力是在何種程度上一個(gè)模塊的定性指示canbewrittenmorecompactly.focusesonjustonething.專(zhuān)注于一件事isabletocompleteitsfunctioninatimelymanner.isconnectedtoothermodulesandtheoutsideworld.Couplingisaqualitativeindicationofthedegreetowhichamodule（d）耦合是一個(gè)模塊在何種程度上定性指標(biāo)canbewrittenmorecompactly.focusesonjustonething.isabletocompleteitsfunctioninatimelymanner.isconnectedtoothermodulesandtheoutsideworld. 連接到其他的模塊和外界Intransactionmappingthefirstlevelfactoringresultsinthe（c）在事務(wù)處理映射的第一層因子分解結(jié)果在creationofaCFDderivationofthecontrolhierarchydistributionofworkermodules 職工的模塊分布refinementofthemoduleviewAnecessarysupplementtotransformortransactionmappingneededtocreateacompletearchitecturaldesignis（c）一個(gè)必要的補(bǔ)充，改造或交易映射需要建立一個(gè)完整的體系結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)entityrelationshipdiagramsthedatadictionaryprocessingnarrativesforeachmodule每個(gè)模塊的處理敘述testcasesforeachmoduleWhichofthefollowinginterfacedesignprinciplesdoesnotallowtheusertoremainincontroloftheinteractionwithacomputer?（d）以下哪項(xiàng)界面設(shè)計(jì)原則不允許用戶(hù)保持與計(jì)算機(jī)的交互控制？allowinteractiontointerruptibleallowinteractiontobeundoablehidetechnicalinternalsfromcasualusersonlyprovideonerigidlydefinedmethodforaccomplishingatask只為完成任務(wù)提供1個(gè)嚴(yán)格的定義方法Whichofthefollowinginterfacedesignprinciplesreducetheuser'smemoryload?（d）以下哪項(xiàng)界面設(shè)計(jì)原則減少用戶(hù)的記憶負(fù)擔(dān)？

defineintuitiveshortcuts定義直觀的快捷鍵discloseinformationinaprogressive以循序漸進(jìn)的信息公開(kāi)establishmeaningfuldefaults建立有意義的默認(rèn)值alloftheaboveInterfaceconsistencyimpliesthat (a)接口的一致性意味著inputmechanismsremainthesamethroughouttheapplication整個(gè)應(yīng)用程序輸入的機(jī)制保持不變eachapplicationshouldhaveitsowndistinctivelookandfeelapplicationmethodsarecontextsensitiveanswersaandbtheimplementersofthesystemcreatea(c)designmodelusermodelsystemimage系統(tǒng)映像systemperceptionb)a)b)a)adaptiveuserprofilesandfunctionalshortcutserrorhandlingandsystemresponsetime錯(cuò)誤處理和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)時(shí)間resolutionofgraphicsdisplaysanddesignoficonsnoneoftheaboveWhichofthefollowingisnotafundamentalstructuredprogrammingconstruct?下列哪項(xiàng)不是一個(gè)根本性的結(jié)構(gòu)化編程結(jié)構(gòu)？recursion(遞歸)conditionrepetitionsequenceWhichoftheseisagraphicalnotationfordepictingproceduraldetail? (a)哪一項(xiàng)是描繪程序細(xì)節(jié)的圖形表示法？dataflowdiagram數(shù)據(jù)流程圖decisiontableERdiagramgraphmatrixIngeneral,boxdiagramsandflowchartsshould(a)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，盒圖和流程圖應(yīng)該是()beusedinplaceofprogrammingdesignlanguagesbeusedtodocumenttheentiredesignornotatallonlybeusedtodocumentorevaluatedesigninspecificinstancesnoneoftheaboveAdecisiontableshouldbeused(d)應(yīng)該使用決策表todocumentallconditionalstatementstoguidethedevelopmentoftheprojectmanagementplanonlywhenbuildinganexpertsystemwhenacomplexsetofconditionsandactionsappearsinacomponent當(dāng)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的條件和行動(dòng)出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)組件Aprogramdesignlanguage(PDL)isoftena(d)程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言(PDL)往往是一個(gè)usefulwaytorepresentsoftwarearchitecturelegitimate(合理的)programminglanguageinitsownrightmachinereadablesoftwaredevelopmentlanguagecombinationofprogrammingconstructsandnarrativetext程序結(jié)構(gòu)與敘事文本的結(jié)合Whichoftheseareobjectivesforsoftwaretesting? (d)這些軟件測(cè)試的目標(biāo)是什么？determinetheproductivityofprogrammerseliminatetheneedforfutureprogrammaintenanceeliminateeveryerrorpriortoreleaseuncoversoftwareerrors發(fā)現(xiàn)軟件錯(cuò)誤Whattypesoferrorsaremissedbyblack-boxtestingandcanbeuncoveredbywhite-boxtesting?(b)黑盒測(cè)試中的錯(cuò)誤是什么類(lèi)型的，可以通過(guò)白盒測(cè)試來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)？behavioralerrorssubtlelogicerrors微妙的邏輯錯(cuò)誤performanceerrorsinputerrorThecyclomaticcomplexitymetricprovidesthedesignerwithinformationregardingthenumberof(c)圈復(fù)雜度度量提供設(shè)計(jì)師的一些信息cyclesintheprogramerrorsintheprogramindependentlogicpathsintheprogram程序中的獨(dú)立邏輯路徑statementsintheprogramBlack-boxtestingattemptstofinderrorsinwhichofthefollowingcategories(a)incorrectormissingfunctionsinterfaceerrorsperformanceerrorsalloftheaboveWhatisthenormalorderofactivitiesinwhichsoftwaretestingisorganized? (a)活動(dòng)中，軟件測(cè)試組織的正常秩序是什么？unit,integration,system,validation單元，集成，系統(tǒng)，驗(yàn)證system,integration,unit,validationunit,integration,validation,systemnoneoftheaboveTop-downintegrationtestinghasasit'smajoradvantagethat(b)lowlevelmodulesneverneedtestingmajordecisionpointsaretestedearly主要的決策點(diǎn)是早試驗(yàn)nostubsneedtobewrittennoneoftheaboveBottom-upintegrationtestinghasasit'smajoradvantagethat(c)自下而上的整合測(cè)試，作為它的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)majordecisionpointsaretestedearlynodriversneedtobewrittennostubsneedtobewrittenregressiontestingisnotrequiredWhichofthefollowingisanapproachtodebugging?(d)以下哪一項(xiàng)是方法調(diào)試？backtracking回溯算法bruteforce暴力破解causeelimination消除原因alloftheaboveThewaterfallmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentisalsoknownasthe(a)瀑布模型的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)也被稱(chēng)為Classicallifecyclemodel古典生命周期模型FountainmodelSpiralmodelChaosmodel.2.Theincrementalmodelofsoftwaredevelopmentis( B) 增量的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)模型是Areasonableapproachwhenrequirementsarewelldefined.Agoodapproachwhenaworkingcoreproductisrequiredquickly.一種好方法，當(dāng)一個(gè)工作核心產(chǎn)品時(shí)需要快速Thebestapproachtouseforprojectswithlargedevelopmentteams.Arevolutionarymodelthatisnotusedforcommercialproducts.Theprocessofestablishingtheservicesthatthecustomerrequiresfromasystemandtheconstraintsunderwhichitoperatesandisdeveloped.TherequirementsthemselvesarethedescriptionsofthesystemservicesandconstraintsthatareDeliversoftwarethatmeetsthecustomer'sexpectations.Whatissoftware?Instructions、datastructuresanddocuments.指令、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和文檔Computerprogramsandassociateddocumentation.計(jì)算機(jī)程序和相關(guān)文檔。Howdosoftwarecharacteristicsdifferfromhardwarecharacteristics?軟件特性如何與硬件特性不同？Softwareisdeveloped,notmanufactured.軟件開(kāi)發(fā)，而不是制造。Mostsoftwareiscustombuilt.大多數(shù)軟件都是定制的。Whatdopeoplemeanbytheexpression"softwarecrisis"?“軟件危機(jī)”表達(dá)的意思是什么意思？Someproblemsencounteredinthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofcomputersoftware.在計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)和維護(hù)中遇到的一些問(wèn)題。Whatmythsaboutsoftwarestillexist?軟件還存在什么誤區(qū)？managementmyths管理誤區(qū)customermyths客戶(hù)誤區(qū)practitioner'smyths從業(yè)者的誤區(qū)Whatarethethreegenericphasesofsoftwareengineering?什么是軟件工程的三個(gè)通用階段 ？Definitionphase定義階段Developmentphase發(fā)展階段Supportphase支持階段WhatarethenamesofthefivelevelsoftheSEICapabilityMaturityModel?SEI的能力成熟度模型的五個(gè)層次的名稱(chēng)?Level1-initialoradhoclevel初始或特設(shè)的水平Level2-repeatablelevel可重復(fù)級(jí)Level3-definedlevel級(jí)別定義Level4-managedlevel管理水平Level5-optimizinglevel優(yōu)化級(jí)別Describethephasesoftheprototypingmodelforsoftwaredevelopment.描述原型模型的軟件開(kāi)發(fā)的階段1.listentocustomer聽(tīng)聽(tīng)客戶(hù)buildmock-up建立實(shí)體模型customertest-drivesmock-up客戶(hù)試車(chē)模擬Whyareevolutionarymodelsconsideredbymanytobethebestapproachtosoftwaredevelopment?為什么進(jìn)化模型被許多人認(rèn)為是軟件開(kāi)發(fā)的最佳方法？mostimportantly,reflectswhatreallyhappenswhencomplexsystemsarebuilt.最重要的是，反映的是真實(shí)發(fā)生的，復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)建設(shè)1.Whatarethefivephasesofsoftwarerequirementsanalysis?什么是軟件需求分析的五個(gè)階段?Problemrecognition問(wèn)題識(shí)別Evaluationandsynthesis評(píng)價(jià)和合成Modeling建模Specification規(guī)格Review審查1.Whatarethreeprimaryobjectivesoftheanalysismodel?什么是三個(gè)主要目標(biāo)的分析模型?todescribewhatthecustomerrequires來(lái)描述客戶(hù)的要求toestablishabasisforthecreationofasoftwaredesign建立軟件設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)作的基礎(chǔ)todefineasetofrequirementsthatcanbevalidatedoncethesoftwareisbuilt定義一組一旦建立了該軟件，則可以進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證的要求2.Whatarethedatamodelingelementsrepresentedintheentityrelationshipdiagram(ERD)?代表的實(shí)體關(guān)系圖(ERD)中的數(shù)據(jù)建模元素有哪些?Dataobjects-anyentityproducingorconsuminginformation數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象-任何實(shí)體生產(chǎn)或消費(fèi)信息Attributes-datacharacteristicsassociatedwithadataobjectinstance屬性--與一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象實(shí)例相關(guān)聯(lián)的數(shù)據(jù)特性Relationships-indicatemannerinwhichdataobjectsareconnected關(guān)系的表示的方式中，數(shù)據(jù)連接對(duì)象2.Listthreecharacteristicsthatcanserveasaguidetoevaluatedesignquality.列出可以作為指南設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)。Thedesignmustimplementalloftheexplicitrequirementscontainedintheanalysismodel設(shè)計(jì)必須實(shí)現(xiàn)所有包含在分析模型中的顯式要求Thedesignmustbeareadable